Arundina

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Arundina
Arundina graminifolia on Kadavoor.jpg
Arundina graminifolia in Kerala
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Arethuseae
Subtribe: Arethusinae
Genus: Arundina
Rich. [1]
Species:
A. graminifolia
Binomial name
Arundina graminifolia
Synonyms [2] [3]
  • Bletia graminifoliaD.Don
  • Arundina bambusifoliaLindl.
  • Cymbidium bambusifoliumRoxb.
  • Arundina chinensisBlume
  • Arundina speciosaBlume (type species) [4]
  • Arundina densaLindl.
  • Cymbidium meyeniiSchauer
  • Arundina meyenii(Schauer) Rchb.f.
  • Arundina philippiiRchb.f.
  • Arundina pulchellaTeijsm. & Binn.
  • Cymbidium speciosumReinw. ex Lindl.
  • Arundina pulchraMiq.
  • Arundina densifloraHook.f.
  • Limodorum graminifoliumBuch.-Ham. ex Hook.f.
  • Arundina sanderianaKraenzl.
  • Arundina speciosa var. sarasinorumSchltr.
  • Arundina maculataJ.J.Sm.
  • Arundina chinensis var. majorS.Y.Hu
  • Arundina graminifolia var. chinensis(Blume) S.S.Ying

Arundina graminifolia is a species of orchid and the first sole accepted species of the genus Arundina, followed by A. caespitosa discovered in 2007. This tropical Asiatic genus extends from Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Islands, Malaysia, Singapore, China to Indonesia, the Philippines and New Guinea. It has become naturalized in Réunion, Fiji, French Polynesia, Micronesia, the West Indies, Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, and Hawaii. [2] [5] It is also called bamboo orchid. [6] There are medicinal benefits to utilizing components of A. graminifolia, including soothing, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-pain properties and is frequently used in Chinese medicine. [7]

Contents

Description

botanical illustration from 1883 The Orchid Album-03-0133-0139-Arundina bambusaefolia.png
botanical illustration from 1883

Arundina graminifolia is a terrestrial, perennial orchid with reedy stems, forming into large clumps growing to a height between 70 cm and 2 m.

The plaited linear leaves are oblong lanceolate, with a length of 9 to 19 cm and a width of 0.8 to 1.5 cm. The apex is acuminate. There are amplexicaul (clasping the stem) sheathing stipules.

This orchid blooms in summer and autumn, showing rather open clusters of showy terminal flowers, ten at the most. They bloom in succession on the terminal racemes,which are 7 to 16 cm long. These flowers, 5–8 cm in diameter, are a rosy lilac and white disc with a purple lip. The bracts are broadly triangular and surround the main stalk of the flower cluster. The occasional fertilized seed pods contain minute powdery seeds, and small plants often develop near the cane ends after flowering, which likely aid in propagation if allowed to reach the soil. A. graminifolia is pollinator dependent, and requires pollination to produce capsules. [8]

At one point in time only 200 of the plants were recorded growing naturally in Singapore, rendering the species close to extinction. This was due to the destruction of its natural habitat, namely the rainforests and mangrove forests. However, through replanting efforts by NParks, the species is now listed as a "common" cultivated plant. [9] In Malaysia A. graminifolia is commonly called tapah and can be found in secondary forests or at forest fringes. It is very common in road cuts and other disturbed areas in full sun in Sarawak, where it is often the most common flowering plant seen along the roadsides.

Arundina gramnifolia in Hawai'i Arundina graminifolia in Kahuku.jpg
Arundina gramnifolia in Hawai'i

A. graminifolia follows patterns of invasive activity in tropical areas in Hawaii, Mauritiues, and Puerto Rico. [10]

Varieties

Two varieties are currently recognized (May 2014): [2]

References

  1. ↑ Blume, Carl (Karl) Ludwig von. 1825. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 8: 401
  2. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Arundina graminifolia
  3. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Arundina graminifolia subsp. graminifolia
  4. ↑ lectotype designated by Garay et Sweet, Orchids S. Ryukyu Islands 52. 1974
  5. ↑ US Department of Agriculture Plants profile
  6. ↑ See e.g. Das, S & Duttachoudhury, Manabendra & Mazumder, Pranab. (2013). In vitro propagation of Arundina graminifolia D. Don. Hochr - A bamboo orchid. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 6. 156-158.
  7. ↑ Kaur, H., Sena, S., Jha, P., Lekhak, M. M., Singh, S. K., Goutam, U., Arencibia, A. D. &Kumar, V. (2022). Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. (Orchidaceae): A review of its medicinal importance, phytochemistry and pharmacology activities. South African Journal of Botany, 150, 956-964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.08.048
  8. ↑ Sugiura, Naoto (August 7, 2013). "Pollination and floral ecology of Arundina graminifolia (Orchidaceae) at the northern border of the species' natural distribution". Journal of Plant Research. 127 (1): 131–139.
  9. ↑ "Arundina graminifolia". www.singapore.biodiversity.online. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  10. ↑ Ackerman, James D.; Recart, Wilnelia; Soifer, Lydia; Falcon, Wilfredo; Baider, Claudia (September 28, 2024). "Invasions of the bamboo orchid: performance variability on islands oceans apart". Biological Invasions. 26: 4229–4243.
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