Bad (tour)

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Bad
World tour by Michael Jackson
Bad World Tour Poster.jpg
Promotional poster for the tour
Location
Associated album Bad
Start dateSeptember 12, 1987
End dateJanuary 27, 1989
Legs7
No. of shows123
Attendance4,400,000
Box office$125 million ($307.25 million in 2021 dollars) [1]
Michael Jackson concert chronology

Bad was the first solo concert tour by American singer Michael Jackson, launched in support of his seventh studio album Bad (1987). The 123-show world tour began on September 12, 1987 in Japan, and concluded on January 27, 1989 in the United States, and sponsored by soft drink manufacturer Pepsi. It grossed a total of $125 million, making it the second highest-grossing tour of the 1980s after Pink Floyd's Momentary Lapse of Reason tour, and earning two new entries in the Guinness World Records for the largest grossing tour in history and the tour with the largest attended audience. [2] It was nominated for "Tour of the Year 1988" at the inaugural International Rock Awards. [3]

Contents

At the end of the Bad tour, Jackson made a public statement that he intended for it to be his last as a touring artist, as he had plans to transition to filmmaking; [4] however, it was followed by the Dangerous World Tour in 1992–1993 and the HIStory World Tour in 1996–1997. Except for two shows in Hawaii during the HIStory Tour, this would be the only time that Jackson would tour the United States as a solo artist.

Background

On June 29, 1987, Jackson's manager Frank DiLeo held a press conference in Tokyo to announce that the 29-year-old Jackson would embark on his first concert tour as a solo artist. It marked his first concerts since the Victory Tour in 1984 which he performed with his brothers as the Jacksons. DiLeo said the tour would start with a Japanese leg because of the country's loyal fans. [5] In a written statement, Jackson, who was completing Bad in Los Angeles, promised "thrilling and exciting" concerts. [6] The soft drink manufacturer Pepsi, with whom Jackson and his brothers had a deal worth an estimated $5 million per year, sponsored the tour. Sales of the drink in Japan doubled during the summer following the announcement, helped by an advertising campaign that offered free tickets and 30,000 souvenirs. [7] The entire entourage were instructed not to be seen drinking a product from rival Coca-Cola in public. [8] Marlon Brando's son Miko joined the tour as a production assistant. [9]

Auditions for the musicians, and subsequent rehearsals, were held at the Leeds facility in North Hollywood. Keyboardist Rory Kaplan, who had played on the Victory Tour, was touring with the Chick Corea Elektric Band when he was asked by Jackson's secretary to join his group as musical director, which Kaplan accepted. [10] The original idea was to bring in former Victory Tour drummer Jonathan Moffett and guitarist David Williams, but the pair were on tour with Madonna. [11] Jackson wanted the music on stage to sound like the albums, and asked Chris Currell, who had played the Synclavier synthesizer and sampler on Bad, to play it live. [11] Currell arranged to have three complete systems: two to handle the music on stage and one for his hotel room for Jackson to record ideas while travelling, plus a dismantled setup for spare parts in case of a problem, and a full time technician. Currell estimated the Synclaviers alone cost $1.4 million. [11] Since he was primarily a guitarist and not a keyboardist, he purchased a SynthAxe MIDI controller guitar to trigger cues to a computer which operated the Synclaviers. [11] The audition performances were filmed and played to Jackson at his home in the evening. [11] The band had just two weeks to rehearse at Leeds before production rehearsals followed at Universal Studios for another three, although no full production in its entirety happened until the first show. [10] [8]

Overview

Japan and Australia (1987)

Tour logo MichaelJackson BadTourLogo.png
Tour logo

The tour began with a 14-date leg across Japan, marking Jackson's first performances in the country since 1973 as part of the Jackson 5. [12] Nine shows were originally announced but they sold out within hours, so five more were added due to the high demand. [13] The shows cost the sponsors $8.6 million to stage. [14] Jackson arrived at Tokyo's Narita International Airport on September 9, where over 300 reporters and photographers greeted him upon his arrival. The staging, lighting, and musical equipment for the 1987 dates weighed 110,000 lbs. Jackson assisted in the stage design, which consisted of 700 lights, 100 speakers, 40 lasers, three mirrors, and two 24-by-18 foot screens. Performers wore 70 costumes, four of which were attached with fiber optic lights. [15]

While in Osaka, Jackson received the key to the city by the mayor. [16] In Tokyo, Jackson donated $20,000 to the parents of Yoshiaki Hagiwara, a five-year-old boy who was kidnapped and murdered, after he watched a news report about the tragedy. [17] Attendance figures for the first 14 dates in Japan totaled a record-breaking 450,000. [13] Crowds of 200,000 were what past performers could manage to draw for a single tour. [18] Some shows were filmed by Nippon TV and the September 26 show in Yokohama was broadcast on Japanese television. [14] Jackson wrapped the Japanese leg by donating several personalised items for a charity auction, including clothes and glasses worn during the tour. [19]

Jackson left Japan for a rest period in Hong Kong and China before the Australian leg. [20] [21] On October 30, a planned New Zealand leg was cancelled as local promoters were unable to meet demands that the audience be seated, [22] although dates there and Australia were also cancelled due to low ticket sales. [23] Between November 13 and 28, Jackson performed five concerts in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. The loud and enthusiastic crowds were a contrast to the Japanese audience, who were instructed to remain quiet and make little noise, and made it difficult for the group to hear the count-ins at the beginning of a number. [8] The November 28 show in Brisbane was recorded and broadcast. During the concert, Jackson brought Stevie Wonder on stage to sing "Bad" with him. [8]

North America (1988)

Following the 1987 dates Jackson wanted to revamp the production with a larger stage set-up, the addition of new numbers including "Smooth Criminal" and "Man in the Mirror", and new musical arrangements. Kaplan revisited the studio recordings and prepared tapes for each band member to follow. During this time Phillinganes took over as musical director and Kaplan became technical director. [10] Rehearsals for the new set-up took place at the Pensacola Civic Center in Florida from January 22 to February 18, 1988. [24] Vincent Paterson, who had worked with Jackson on several videos, was brought in to choreograph and co-direct the tour. On the final day, Jackson allowed 420 school pupils to watch him perform a full dress rehearsal after the children made him a rap music video in his honor. [25] The band rehearsed "Speed Demon" from Bad prior to Jackson's arrival two weeks in, and he liked the performance, but it was dropped from the set as he had no choreography to accompany the song. [8] Siegfried and Roy were brought in to advise on some stage illusions. [8]

The first performances were to begin in Atlanta, but Pepsi officials objected the plan as it was home to Coca-Cola. [26] For both Atlanta shows, Jackson gave 100 tickets to the Children's Wish Foundation for terminally ill children to attend. [27] The first of three concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City in March served as a benefit to raise $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund. [28] Jackson presented a check of $600,000 to the fund. [29] He performed songs The Way You Make Me Feel and Man in the Mirror during 30th Anniversary Grammy Awards on March 2nd. [30]

Europe (1988)

Jackson performing in Cardiff on July 26, 1988 Michael Jackson in Cardiff, July 26, 1988.jpg
Jackson performing in Cardiff on July 26, 1988

The European leg began in Rome on May 23, where police and security guards rescued hundreds of fans from being crushed in the crowd of 35,000. [31] Police reported 130 women had fainted at the concert in Vienna. [32] While in Switzerland, Jackson went to Vevey to meet Oona O'Neill, the widow of actor Charlie Chaplin. [33] On June 19, Jackson performed in West Berlin close to the Berlin Wall in front of the Reichstag Building. After Jackson's death it was revealed that the Stasi had kept a file on him, making extensive preparations to prevent East German fans to gather at the Brandenburg Gate to listen to the concert. The plan also involved broadcasting the concert in a stadium in East Berlin with a two-minute delay, so the East Germans could replace the live performance with a videotape of a previous performance in case Jackson made any undesirable political comments. [34]

The most successful of the European dates were those in London at Wembley Stadium, where demand for the five July dates exceeded 1.5 million, enough to fill the 72,000-capacity venue 20 times. [35] Jackson went on to perform seven sold-out shows at Wembley for a total of 504,000 people which entered him into the Guinness World Records , the first of three times from the tour alone. [36] The record surpassed the previous attendance record shared by Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, and Genesis. More shows could have been added, but the venue had reached its quota for live performances. [35] The third concert was attended by Diana, Princess of Wales and Prince Charles, and subsequently released as Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 . [37] On July 30, NBC aired Michael Jackson Around the World, a 90-minute special documenting the singer on tour. [38] On August 29, after a birthday performance in Leeds, Jackson donated $130,000 to Give for Life. [36] The final European show was held in Liverpool at Aintree Racecourse, where 1,550 fans were reported injured among the crowd of 125,000, the largest show of the tour. [36] [39]

North America and Japan (1988–1989)

Jackson toured the United States for a second time between September 1988 and January 1989, with a return to Tokyo for nine shows in December which included a concert on Christmas Day. This would be the last time he toured his native country, aside from two shows in Hawaii in 1997 and a handful of one-off appearances in 2001 and 2002. On October 23, 1988, he donated $125,000, the net proceeds of the first show in Auburn Hills, to the city's Motown Museum. [40] This second American tour alone grossed a total of $20.3 million, the sixth largest of the year. [2] The tour was planned to end in Tokyo, but Jackson suffered from swollen vocal cords after the first of six concerts in Los Angeles in November, and the remaining five were rescheduled for January 1989. Due to this rescheduling, Phillinganes had to disembark from the tour in early January, having already made commitments to tour with Eric Clapton. Studio musician John Barnes was hired to take Phillinganes' place. [41]

During the run of shows in Tokyo, nine-year-old Ayana Takada was selected to receive a certificate by Jackson to commemorate the four millionth person to attend the tour. [42]

Five performances in Los Angeles were held to conclude the tour on January 27, 1989. Currell remembered a minor earthquake shook the stage as the band were taking their final bow at the end of the final show. [8] In 16 months, Jackson performed 123 concerts in 15 countries to an audience of 4.5 million for a total gross of $125 million. [2] [43] The American tour alone grossed a total of $20.3 million, the sixth largest of the year. [2] Guinness World Records recognized the tour as the largest grossing in history and the tour to play to the most people ever. [2] In April 1989, the tour was nominated for "Tour of the Year 1988" at the inaugural International Rock Awards. It lost to Amnesty International. [44]

Concert film and other recordings

A live album and DVD of the July 16, 1988, concert in London titled Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 was released along with the special edition reissue of the Bad album titled Bad 25 on September 18, 2012, as well as a stand-alone DVD. [45] Video of the September 26, 1987, Concert in Yokohama, Japan, was broadcast on Nippon Television and is available on YouTube. A number of amateur-shot concerts and short snippets were leaked on YouTube a few years later. Half-show footage of Rome (May 23, 1988) and Brisbane (November 28, 1987), and a high-quality 30-minute segment of live footage of Tokyo (December 9, 1988), as well as full low-quality leaks of Tokyo (September 12 & 13, 1987) and Osaka (October 10, 1987) are also available online. Audio recordings of the final Los Angeles (January 27, 1989) concert have been crowdfunded and released on YouTube. Audio recordings from the rehearsal at Pensacola, Florida (February 18, 1988) have also been released as well. Atlanta (April 13, 1988), Auburn Hills (October 24, 1988), Osaka (October 12, 1987), Tokyo (September 13, 1987), have been leaked.

Opening acts

Tour dates

List of 1987 concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue
DateCityCountryVenueAttendanceRevenue
September 12, 1987 Tokyo Japan Korakuen Stadium 135,000 / 135,000$52,423,603 [48] [lower-alpha 1]
September 13, 1987
September 14, 1987
September 19, 1987 Nishinomiya Hankyu Nishinomiya Stadium 120,000 / 120,000
September 20, 1987
September 21, 1987
September 25, 1987 Yokohama Yokohama Stadium 240,000 / 240,000
September 26, 1987
September 27, 1987
October 3, 1987
October 4, 1987
October 10, 1987 Osaka Osaka Stadium 120,000 / 120,000
October 11, 1987
October 12, 1987
November 13, 1987 Melbourne Australia Olympic Park Stadium 45,000 / 45,000—
November 20, 1987 Sydney Parramatta Stadium 90,000 / 90,000
November 21, 1987
November 27, 1987 Brisbane Brisbane Entertainment Centre 27,000 / 27,000
November 28, 1987
List of 1988 concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]
DateCityCountryVenueAttendanceRevenue
February 23, 1988 Kansas City United States Kemper Arena 50,877 / 50,877$963,137
February 24, 1988
March 3, 1988 New York City Madison Square Garden 57,000 / 57,000$1,800,000
March 5, 1988
March 6, 1988
March 13, 1988 St. Louis St. Louis Arena 17,000 / 17,000—
March 18, 1988 Indianapolis Market Square Arena 34,000 / 34,000
March 19, 1988
March 20, 1988 Louisville Freedom Hall 19,000 / 19,000
March 24, 1988 Denver McNichols Sports Arena 40,251 / 40,251$842,918
March 25, 1988
March 26, 1988
March 30, 1988 Hartford Hartford Civic Center 45,188 / 45,188$1,071,148
March 31, 1988
April 1, 1988
April 8, 1988 Houston The Summit 51,000 / 51,000—
April 9, 1988
April 10, 1988
April 13, 1988 Atlanta Omni Coliseum 51,000 / 51,000
April 14, 1988
April 15, 1988
April 19, 1988 Rosemont Rosemont Horizon 40,000 / 40,000
April 20, 1988
April 21, 1988
April 25, 1988 Dallas Reunion Arena 57,000 / 57,000
April 26, 1988
April 27, 1988
May 4, 1988 Bloomington Met Center 50,662 / 50,662$1,139,895
May 5, 1988
May 6, 1988
May 23, 1988 Rome Italy Stadio Flaminio 80,000 / 80,000—
May 24, 1988
May 29, 1988 Turin Stadio Comunale 60,000 / 60,000
June 2, 1988 Vienna Austria Praterstadion 55,000 / 55,000
June 5, 1988 Rotterdam Netherlands Stadion Feijenoord 145,200 / 145,200
June 6, 1988
June 7, 1988
June 11, 1988 Gothenburg Sweden Eriksberg 106,000 / 106,000
June 12, 1988
June 16, 1988 Basel Switzerland St. Jakob Stadium 50,000 / 50,000
June 19, 1988 West Berlin West Germany Platz der Republik 43,000 / 43,000
June 27, 1988 Paris France Parc des Princes 63,000 / 63,000
June 28, 1988
July 1, 1988 Hamburg West Germany Volksparkstadion 50,000 / 50,000
July 3, 1988 Cologne Müngersdorfer Stadion 70,000 / 70,000
July 8, 1988 Munich Olympiastadion 72,000 / 72,000
July 10, 1988 Hockenheim Hockenheimring 80,000 / 80,000
July 14, 1988 London England Wembley Stadium 504,000 / 504,000 [lower-alpha 2]
July 15, 1988
July 16, 1988
July 22, 1988
July 23, 1988
July 26, 1988 Cardiff Wales Cardiff Arms Park 55,000 / 55,000
July 30, 1988 Cork Ireland Páirc Uí Chaoimh 130,000 / 130,000
July 31, 1988
August 5, 1988 Marbella Spain Estadio Municipal de Marbella 28,000 / 28,000
August 7, 1988 Madrid Vicente Calderón Stadium 60,000 / 60,000
August 9, 1988 Barcelona Camp Nou 95,000 / 95,000
August 12, 1988 Montpellier France Stade Richter 35,000 / 35,000
August 14, 1988 Nice Stade Charles-Ehrmann 35,000 / 35,000
August 19, 1988 Lausanne Switzerland Stade olympique de la Pontaise 45,000 / 45,000
August 21, 1988 Würzburg West Germany Talavera Mainwiesen43,000 / 43,000
August 23, 1988 Werchter Belgium Werchter Festivalpark 55,000 / 55,000
August 26, 1988 London England Wembley Stadium — [lower-alpha 2]
August 27, 1988
August 29, 1988 Leeds Roundhay Park 90,000 / 90,000
September 2, 1988 Hannover West Germany Niedersachsenstadion 40,000 / 40,000
September 4, 1988 Gelsenkirchen Parkstadion 52,000 / 52,000
September 6, 1988 Linz Austria Linzer Stadion 40,000 / 40,000
September 10, 1988 Milton Keynes England Milton Keynes Bowl 60,000 / 60,000
September 11, 1988 Liverpool Aintree Racecourse 125,000 / 125,000
September 26, 1988 Pittsburgh United States Civic Arena 48,694 / 48,694$1,144,917
September 27, 1988
September 28, 1988
October 3, 1988 East Rutherford Brendan Byrne Arena 61,061 / 61,061$1,600,755
October 4, 1988
October 5, 1988
October 10, 1988 Richfield Richfield Coliseum 38,000 / 38,000—
October 11, 1988
October 13, 1988 Landover Capital Centre 69,883 / 69,883$1,747,075
October 17, 1988
October 18, 1988
October 19, 1988
October 24, 1988 Auburn Hills The Palace of Auburn Hills 50,010 / 50,010—
October 25, 1988
October 26, 1988
November 7, 1988 Irvine Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre 45,000 / 45,000
November 8, 1988
November 9, 1988
November 13, 1988 Los Angeles Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 93,198 / 93,198 [lower-alpha 3] $2,423,603 [lower-alpha 3]
December 9, 1988 Tokyo Japan Tokyo Dome 450,000 / 450,000 [58] — [lower-alpha 1]
December 10, 1988
December 11, 1988
December 17, 1988
December 18, 1988
December 19, 1988
December 24, 1988
December 25, 1988
December 26, 1988
List of 1989 concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue
DateCityCountryVenueAttendanceRevenue
January 16, 1989 Los Angeles United States Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena — [lower-alpha 3] — [lower-alpha 3]
January 17, 1989
January 18, 1989
January 26, 1989
January 27, 1989
Total4,559,065 / 4,559,065 (100%)$63,212,402

Known planned dates

List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, and reason for cancellation
DateCityCountryVenueReason
October 17, 1987 Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Coliseum Cancelled for unknown reasons [59]
October 18, 1987
November 3, 1987 Perth Australia WACA Ground Cancelled for unknown reasons
November 8, 1987 Adelaide Thebarton Oval
December 2, 1987 Wellington New Zealand Athletic Park
December 6, 1987 Auckland Mount Smart Stadium
March 14, 1988 St. Louis United States St. Louis Arena Laryngitis
April 1, 1988 Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum Tour restructuring [60] There were also initial plans to take the tour to Birmingham, AL and Chapel Hill, NC [61]
April 2, 1988
May–June, 1988 Milan Italy San Siro Tour restructuring (Jackson was initially planned to do 2 concerts in Milan between late May and early June, but the San Siro stadium was unusable due to renovations) [62]
June 23, 1988 Lyon France Stade de Gerland Low ticket sales
October 31, 1988 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome Laryngitis [63]
November 1, 1988
November 2, 1988
1988–1989N/ACanadaN/APlanned concerts did not take place due to unknown reasons [64]

Personnel

Band

  • Michael Jackson – co-director, co-choreographer, lead vocals, dancing
  • Greg Phillinganes – musical director, keyboards
  • Rory Kaplan – keyboards
  • Christopher Currell – Synclavier synthesizers, digital guitar, sound effects
  • Ricky Lawson – drums, percussion
  • Jennifer Batten – rhythm and lead guitar [65]
  • Jon Clark – lead and rhythm guitar
  • Don Boyette – bass guitar, synth bass
  • John Barnes – keyboards (1989 shows only)

Vocals

  • Darryl Phinnessee – backing vocals
  • Sheryl Crow – backing vocals
  • Dorian Holley – backing vocals
  • Kevin Dorsey – vocal music director, backing vocals

Dancers

  • Randy Allaire
  • Eddie Garcia
  • Dominic Lucero
  • LaVelle Smith Jr.
  • Tatiana Thumbzten (Kansas City and first New York City show only)
  • Keith "DJ Proper" Jordan (1989 shows only)

Wardrobe and crew

  • Karen Faye – hair and makeup
  • Tommy Simms – stylist
  • Bill Frank Whitten – costume design
  • Dennis Tompkins – costume design
  • Michael Bush – costume design
  • Jolie Levine – Jackson's personal assistant
  • Meredith Besser – assistant

Production and management

  • Jaun C. Marin – assistant director
  • Vincent Paterson – co-director, choreographer
  • Tom McPhillips – set designer
  • Allen Branton – lighting designer
  • Frank DiLeo – Jackson's manager
  • Sal Bonafede – tour co-ordinator
  • John Draper – tour manager
  • Benny Collins – production manager
  • Nelson Hayes – production co-ordinator
  • Rob Henry – production co-ordinator
  • Gerry Bakalian – stage manager
  • Tait Towers, Inc. – set construction
  • Clair Bros. – sound
  • Kevin Elison – house sound engineer
  • Rick Coberly – monitor engineer
  • Ziffren, Brittenham and Branca – attorneys
  • Gelfand, Rennert and Feldman – business management
  • Solters/Roskin, Friedman Inc. – public relations
  • Bob Jones – VP of communications
  • Glen Brunman – media relations
  • Michael Mitchell – tour publicist
  • Gretta Walsh of Revel Travel – travel agent
  • Patrick "Bubba" Morrow – Nocturne Video
  • Mo Morrison – production team

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Revenue combined with the 1988 Tokyo Dome dates.
  2. 1 2 Attendance combined with the attendance from July 14–16, and 22–23, and August 26–27, 1988.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Boxscore combined with the boxscore from November 13, 1988, and January 16–18 and 26–27, 1989.

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The Back in Black Tour was a concert tour by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC in support of their seventh studio album Back in Black, which was released on 25 July 1980.

The Heat is a co-headlining concert tour by American recording artists Anita Baker and Luther Vandross. The tour primarily played over 50 shows in the United States during the fall and winter of 1988. Shows in New York City, Los Angeles and Rosemont were instant sellouts.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Campbell 1993, p. 236.
  3. ↑ Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (July 2003). Michael Jackson The Solo Years. England: New Generation Publishing. p. 85. ISBN   978-0755200917.
  4. ↑ "Why Michael Jackson Stopped Performing at His Peak? | the detail". YouTube . January 20, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Jackson set for his first solo world tour". Desert Dispatch. June 30, 1987. p. 9. Retrieved February 10, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Michael Jackson sets new concert tour dates". The Daily Advertiser. July 5, 1987. p. 28. Retrieved February 12, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ Jones, Terril (September 20, 1987). "Jackson tour gives boost to Pepsi sales in Japan". Daily Record. p. D14. Retrieved February 10, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Currell, Christopher (May 26, 2015). "The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 4". Headphone Guru.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  9. ↑ Kaplan, Lisa Faye (July 9, 1987). "Brando's son is behind the 'Bad' concerts". Mount Vernon Argus. p. C1. Retrieved February 12, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  10. 1 2 3 Darter, Sibyl (March 1989). "Rory Kaplan" (PDF). After Touch. Vol. 5, no. 3. pp. 10–11. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Currell, Christopher (May 26, 2015). "The Event Horizon – "Synclavier, Music and Michael Jackson" – Part 3". Headphone Guru.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ "Michael Jackson's new tour to start in Japan". Manila Standard. July 2, 1987. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
  13. 1 2 Campbell 1993, p. 208.
  14. 1 2 "Michael Jackson arrives in Tokyo". Asbury Park Press. September 11, 1987. p. C8. Retrieved February 12, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
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  27. ↑ Campbell 1993, p. 213.
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  36. 1 2 3 Halstead 2003, p. 80.
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  52. ↑ "Billboard Boxscore" (PDF). Billboard . Vol. 100, no. 17. April 23, 1988. p. 23. ISSN   0006-2510.
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Sources

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