Bidens hyperborea | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Bidens |
Species: | B. hyperborea |
Binomial name | |
Bidens hyperborea | |
Synonyms [2] [3] [4] | |
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Bidens hyperborea (common names estuary beggarticks, [5] northern beggarticks, [6] or estuary bur-marigold [7] ) is a variable species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, known from estuarine regions in northeastern North America. It is similar to Bidens cernua , Bidens laevis , and Bidens eatonii . [4] [8] B. hyperborea is listed as an endangered species in the state of Massachusetts, where it is threatened by habitat degradation, [9] and is listed by NatureServe as critically imperiled (S1) in the province of Ontario and possibly extirpated from New Hampshire. [1]
Bidens hyperborea is an annual herb, growing up to 70 cm (28 inches) tall. It produces yellow flower heads, sometimes one at a time, sometimes 2 or 3, each containing both disc florets and (usually) ray florets. The species grows in salt marshes and along the banks of marine estuaries. [10] [11]
Bidens hyperborea was first described by Edward Lee Greene in 1901 based on specimens by James Melville Macoun collected at James Bay, originally identified as Bidens cernua . [11] In 1915, Meritt Lyndon Fernald and Harold St. John described Bidens colpophila from specimens collected near the mouth of the Kennebec River, noting its similarities to Greene's B. hyperborea but distinguishing it based on characteristics of the achenes. [12]
A subsequent 1918 review by Fernald concluded that B. hyperborea and B. colpophila were conspecific, but the variability of the species in numerous isolated localities led to the circumscription of a number of varieties, distinguished by the length of the achenes, leaf morphology, and growth habit. [4] In 1925, Norman Carter Fassett described two new varieties, var. laurentiana and var. svensonii, separating them based on their leaf morphology and involucral bracts. Fassett also described an interspecific hybrid of B. hyperborea and B. cernua. [8]
Most authorities currently do not recognize the varieties of B. hyperborea and treat it without subspecific divisions. [2]
It grows along the coasts of Hudson Bay, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean in eastern Canada (Labrador, [13] Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) and the northeastern United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York). [14]
Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide. Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bis ("two") and dens ("tooth").
Bidens tripartita is a common and widespread species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, commonly known as three-lobe beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks or trifid bur-marigold. It is native to much of Eurasia, North Africa, and North America, with naturalized populations in Australia and on some Pacific Islands.
Bidens frondosa is a North American species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Canada, the United States, and Mexico It is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species, including Europe, Asia, Morocco, and New Zealand. Its many common names include devil's beggarticks, devil's-pitchfork, devil's bootjack, sticktights, bur marigold, pitchfork weed, tickseed sunflower, leafy beggarticks, and common beggar-ticks.
Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands, and is classified as an invasive species in some regions of the world.
Bidens cernua is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. Bidens cernua is distributed throughout much of Eurasia and North America. It is commonly called nodding beggarticks or nodding bur-marigold.
Bidens laevis is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names larger bur-marigold and smooth beggarticks. It is native to South America, Mexico, and the southern and eastern United States. It grows in wetlands, including estuaries and riverbanks.
Bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names big devils beggarticks and tall beggarticks. It is native to eastern and central North America from Nova Scotia to northern Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It is an introduced species on the West Coast of North America as well as parts of Europe.
Erigeron petrophilus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names rockloving erigeron or cliff fleabane. It is native to the mountain ranges of California from Siskiyou County south as far as San Luis Obispo County and El Dorado County. It also grows in southwestern Oregon.
Bidens aristosa, known by many common names such as bearded beggarticks, western tickseed, showy tickseed, long-bracted beggarticks, tickseed beggarticks, swamp marigold, and Yankee lice, is an herbaceous, annual plant in the Asteraceae family. It is native to the central United States, but has been introduced to the eastern United States, Canada, France, Great Britain, and India. It grows in marshes, meadows, pine forests and disturbed sites.
Bolboschoenus novae-angliae, common names New England bulrush, and Salt march bulrush is a plant species found along the Atlantic seacoast of the United States from Alabama to Maine. It grows in brackish and salt-water marshes and estuaries along the coast.
Bidens amplissima, also known as the Vancouver Island beggarticks, is a wetland annual species in the sunflower family, Asteraceae that is listed as Special Concern in Canada and has a limited global range. More than 85% of known populations occur in southwestern British Columbia, with the remainder in northwestern Washington. Bidens amplissima occurs across a remarkable range of environmental conditions, both along the edges of freshwater ponds and under saline conditions in estuaries. Bidens amplissima displays a broad range of morphological variation and overlaps in morphological characteristics with two closely related and occurring species, B. cernua and B. tripartita.
Bidens aurea , the Arizona beggarticks, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Mexico and found also in Arizona and Guatemala. The species is also naturalized in parts of Europe and South America.
Bidens connata , the purplestem beggarticks or London bur-marigold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Eurasia, North Africa, and North America, and naturalized in Australia and on certain Pacific Islands.
Bidens discoidea, commonly known as small beggarticks, is an annual, herbaceous, flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. It is widespread across eastern Canada and the eastern and central United States, from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Bidens eatonii is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.
Bidens heterodoxa, the Connecticut beggarticks, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern Canada and the northeastern United States (Connecticut).
Bidens mitis, the smallfruit beggarticks, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern, southeastern, and south-central parts of the United States, from eastern Texas to southern New Jersey.
Bidens acuticaulis is an annual herbaceous flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found in parts of tropical Africa. There are two currently accepted varieties of this species – B. acuticaulis var. acuticaulis, and B. acuticaulis var. filirostris.