Bony labyrinth

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Bony labyrinth
Right osseous labyrinth svg hariadhi.svg
Lateral view of right osseous labyrinth
Right osseous labyrinth interior svg hariadhi.svg
Interior view of right osseous labyrinth
Details
Identifiers
Latin labyrinthus osseus
TA2 692
FMA 60179
Anatomical terminology

The bony labyrinth (also osseous labyrinth or otic capsule) is the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone. It consists of three parts: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. These are cavities hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum. They contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated.

A fracture classification system in which temporal bone fractures detected by computed tomography are delineated based on disruption of the otic capsule has been found to be predictive for complications of temporal bone trauma such as facial nerve injury, sensorineural deafness and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. On radiographic images, the otic capsule is the densest portion of the temporal bone. [1] [2]

In otospongiosis, a leading cause of adult-onset hearing loss, the otic capsule is exclusively affected. This area normally undergoes no remodeling in adult life and is extremely dense. With otospongiosis, the normally dense enchondral bone is replaced by Haversian bone, a spongy and vascular matrix that results in sensorineural hearing loss due to compromise of the conductive capacity of the inner ear ossicles. This results in hypodensity on CT, with the portion first affected usually being the fissula ante fenestram . [3]

The bony labyrinth is studied in paleoanthropology as it is a good indicator for distinguishing Neanderthals and modern humans. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vestibulocochlear nerve</span> Cranial nerve VIII, for hearing and balance

The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply CN VIII, is a cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. Through olivocochlear fibers, it also transmits motor and modulatory information from the superior olivary complex in the brainstem to the cochlea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otosclerosis</span> Condition characterized by an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear

Otosclerosis is a condition of the middle ear where portions of the dense enchondral layer of the bony labyrinth remodel into one or more lesions of irregularly-laid spongy bone. As the lesions reach the stapes the bone is resorbed, then hardened (sclerotized), which limits its movement and results in hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo or a combination of these. The term otosclerosis is something of a misnomer: much of the clinical course is characterized by lucent rather than sclerotic bony changes, so the disease is also known as otospongiosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semicircular canals</span> Organ located in innermost part of ear

The semicircular canals are three semicircular interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear, the inner ear. The three canals are the lateral, anterior and posterior semicircular canals. They are the part of the bony labyrinth, a periosteum-lined cavity on the petrous part of the temporal bone filled with perilymph. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temporal bone</span> Bone of the neurocranium

The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ear</span> Organ of hearing and balance

An ear is the organ that enables hearing and body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone. The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ear canal is cleaned via earwax, which naturally migrates to the auricle. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</span> Research institute based in Leipzig, Germany

The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology is a research institute based in Leipzig, Germany, that was founded in 1997. It is part of the Max Planck Society network.

The Rinne test is used primarily to evaluate loss of hearing in one ear. It compares perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction through the mastoid. Thus, one can quickly screen for the presence of conductive hearing loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perilymph</span> Extracellular fluid located within the inner ear

Perilymph is an extracellular fluid located within the inner ear. It is found within the scala tympani and scala vestibuli of the cochlea. The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The major cation in perilymph is sodium, with the values of sodium and potassium concentration in the perilymph being 138 mM and 6.9 mM, respectively. It is also named Cotunnius' liquid and liquor cotunnii for Domenico Cotugno.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squamosal bone</span> Skull bone in most reptiles, amphibians and birds

The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In fishes, it is also called the pterotic bone.

Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes is a common occurrence. Many of these multianomaly disorders involve structural malformations of the outer or middle ear, making a significant hearing loss highly likely.

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Jebel Irhoud or Adrar n Ighoud, is an archaeological site located just north of the locality known as Tlet Ighoud, approximately 50 km (30 mi) south-east of the city of Safi in Morocco. It is noted for the hominin fossils that have been found there since the discovery of the site in 1960. Originally thought to be Neanderthals, the specimens have since been assigned to Homo sapiens and, as reported in 2017, have been dated to roughly 300,000 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grotte du Renne</span> Cave in France and significant archaeological site

The Grotte du Renne is one of the many caves at Arcy-sur-Cure in France, an archaeological site of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic period in the Yonne departement, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It contains Châtelperronian lithic industry and Neanderthal remains. Grotte du Renne has been argued to provide the best evidence that Neanderthals developed aspects of modern behaviour before contact with modern humans, but this has been challenged by radiological dates, which suggest mixing of later human artifacts with Neanderthal remains. However, it has also been argued that the radiometric dates have been affected by post-recovery contamination, and statistical testing suggests the association between Neanderthal remains, Châtelperronian artefacts and personal ornaments is genuine, not the result of post-depositional processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Jacques Hublin</span> French paleoanthropologist

Jean-Jacques Hublin is a French paleoanthropologist. He is a professor at the Max Planck Society, Leiden University and the University of Leipzig and the founder and director of the Department of Human Evolution at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He is best known for his work on the Pleistocene hominins, and on the Neandertals and early Homo sapiens, in particular.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vindija Cave</span> Cave and archaeological site in Croatia

Vindija Cave is an archaeological site associated with Neanderthals and modern humans, located in the municipality of Donja Voća, northern Croatia. Remains of three Neanderthals were selected as the primary sources for the first draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome project in 2010. Additional research was done on the samples and published in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neanderthal anatomy</span> Anatomical composition of the Neanderthal body

Neanderthal anatomy differed from modern humans in that they had a more robust build and distinctive morphological features, especially on the cranium, which gradually accumulated more derived aspects, particularly in certain isolated geographic regions. This robust build was an effective adaptation for Neanderthals, as they lived in the cold environments of Europe. In which they also had to operate in Europe's dense forest landscape that was extremely different from the environments of the African grassland plains that Homo sapiens adapted to with a different anatomical build.

Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted through bone conduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columella (auditory system)</span> Bony structures in the skull that serve the purpose of transmitting sounds

In the auditory system, the columella contributes to hearing in amphibians, reptiles and birds. The columella form thin, bony structures in the interior of the skull and serve the purpose of transmitting sounds from the eardrum. It is an evolutionary homolog of the stapes, one of the auditory ossicles in mammals.

Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας kokhlias. The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for translating the vibrations it receives from surrounding fluid-filled ducts into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain to process sound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michel aplasia</span> Medical condition

Michel aplasia, also known as complete labyrinthine aplasia (CLA), is a congenital abnormality of the inner ear. It is characterized by the bilateral absence of differentiated inner ear structures and results in complete deafness (anacusis). Michel aplasia should not be confused with michel dysplasia. It may affect one or both ears.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krapina Neanderthal site</span> Archaeological site in Croatia

Krapina Neanderthal site, also known as Hušnjakovo Hill is a Paleolithic archaeological site located near Krapina, Croatia.

References

  1. Little, S. C.; Kesser, B. W. (2006). "Radiographic classification of temporal bone fractures: Clinical predictability using a new system". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery . 132 (12): 1300–4. doi: 10.1001/archotol.132.12.1300 . PMID   17178939.
  2. Brodie, H. A.; Thompson, T. C. (1997). "Management of complications from 820 temporal bone fractures". The American Journal of Otology . 18 (2): 188–97. PMID   9093676.
  3. Ho, Mai-Lan; Eisenberg, Ronald L (2014). Neuroradiology signs. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN   978-0-07-180432-5. OCLC   1073561197.
  4. Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Spoor, Fred; Braun, Marc; Zonneveld, Frans; Condemi, Silvana (1996). "A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts". Nature . 381 (6579): 224–226. Bibcode:1996Natur.381..224H. doi:10.1038/381224a0. ISSN   1476-4687. OCLC   8520954555. PMID   8622762. S2CID   4370339.
  5. Coutinho-Nogueira, Dany; Coqueugniot, Hélène; Santos, Frédéric; Tillier, Anne-marie (20 August 2021). "The bony labyrinth of Qafzeh 25 Homo sapiens from Israel" (PDF). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences . 13 (9): 151. doi:10.1007/s12520-021-01377-2. ISSN   1866-9565. S2CID   237219305 . Archived (PDF) from the original on Dec 21, 2023.
  6. Spoor, Fred; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Braun, Marc; Zonneveld, Frans (16 February 2003). "The bony labyrinth of Neanderthals". Journal of Human Evolution . 44 (2): 141–165. doi:10.1016/s0047-2484(02)00166-5. ISSN   0047-2484. PMID   12662940 via WorldCat and Elsevier Science Direct.
  7. Stoessel, Alexander; David, Romain; Gunz, Philipp; Schmidt, Tobias; Spoor, Fred; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (2016-10-11). "Morphology and function of Neandertal and modern human ear ossicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 113 (41): 11489–11494. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605881113 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   5068335 . PMID   27671643.

PD-icon.svgThis article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1047 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)