Bronze-winged jacana

Last updated

Bronze-winged jacana
Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus).jpg
Bronze-winged jacana
calls
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Jacanidae
Genus: Metopidius
Wagler, 1832
Species:
M. indicus
Binomial name
Metopidius indicus
(Latham, 1790)
Metopidius indicus map.png
Synonyms

Parra indicaprotonym
Parra aeneaCuvier

Mating pair Bronze-winged jacana bySaptarshiGayen.jpg
Mating pair

The bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus) is a wader in the family Jacanidae. It is found across South and Southeast Asia and is the sole species in the genus Metopidius. Like other jacanas it forages on lilies and other floating aquatic vegetation, the long feet spreading out its weight and preventing sinking. The sexes are alike but females are slightly larger and are polyandrous, maintaining a harem of males during the breeding season in the monsoon rains. Males maintain territories, with one male in the harem chosen to incubate the eggs and take care of the young. When threatened, young chicks may be carried to safety by the male under his wings.

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

 
Phylogeny of the Jacanidae based on an analysis of mitochondrial gene sequences [2]

The bronze-winged jacana was formally described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1790 and given the binomial name Parra indica. He placed it in the genus Parra along with all the other jacanas. [3] [4] Latham had earlier included the species in a supplement to his A General Synopsis of Birds but had not coined a scientific name. [5] The present genus Metopidius was introduced by the German zoologist Johann Georg Wagler in 1832. [6] The bronze-winged jacana is the only species within the genus. [7] The name Metopidius is from the Ancient Greek word metōpidios meaning "on the forehead", referring to the frontal lappet. The specific epithet indicus is the Latin word for "Indian". [8] There are no recognised subspecies. [9]

A comparison of the wing bones Jacanidae wing bones.svg
A comparison of the wing bones

Like other jacanas it has 10 tail feathers and the oil gland is tufted. [10] Many jacana species have a carpal spur that is used in territorial fights. In some species the spur is reduced but the wing bones are modified. The carpal spur is reduced to a tubercle in the bronze-winged jacana. In the genera Actophilornis , and Irediparra the radius bone is flattened and blade-like (and associated with a reduced spur [11] ) and is thought to be an adaptation either for territorial combat, or for brooding eggs and carrying young under the wings. [12] [13] [2] In Metopidius, the radius curves and diverges to form a broad gap between the radius and ulna. [14] Male jacanas, based on observations in the African jacana, incubate eggs and move their forewings under the eggs so as to hold them between the body and the wing. This behaviour known as wing-brooding may be aided by the flattened radius bone. [15]

Description

Bronze-winged jacanas are rail-like, large, short tailed birds that appear dark at a distance except for the supercilium. [16] They are 29 cm (11 in) in length. The sexes are similar but the females are slightly larger than the males. [17] The wings are bronzy brown with a green sheen and have a reduced tubercular carpal spur. [16] The head, neck and breast are black and contrast with the broad white supercilium that runs from over the eye to the back of the neck. The lower back and tail coverts are chestnut. The tail is stubby and reddish brown with black terminal band. The greenish yellow bill has a red-base to the upper mandible. A lappet or frontal shield extends up over the forehead and is reddish purple. The legs are greenish. The toes are long and the straight and the elongated nail on the hind toe is longer than the toe. [17] Downy chicks are light brown with a dark stripe running down the nape. [9] [18] Young birds have brown upperparts, a rufous crown, white underparts, a buff foreneck, an undeveloped frontal shield, and may have a dull supercilium. [19] Adults can be confused at a distance with the common moorhen (which is found in similar habitat) [20] and with the watercock and while young can appear similar to the young of the pheasant-tailed jacana, they lack the black necklace seen in that species. [21]

Measurements of 43 males and 25 females from southern India [22]
Measurement (± s.e.)MalesFemales
mass (g)176.2 ± 1.68282.4 ± 5.22
bill (mm)22.5 ± 0.9625.1 ± 0.15
shield height (mm)22.5 ± 0.1724.1 ± 0.34
wing (mm)162 ± 0.46189 ± 1.03
tarsus (mm)70.2 ± 0.3678.6 ± 0.60
tail (mm)45.5 ± 0.4751.2 ± 0.73

Distribution and habitat

The species is widely distributed across the Indian Subcontinent (but not Sri Lanka or western Pakistan) and Southeast Asia mainly in low elevations. Both this species and the pheasant-tailed jacana can occur in the same habitat. It is sedentary apart from seasonal dispersal in response to drought and rains. [19] They are able to use wetlands covered in introduced weeds such as water hyacinth and make use of the cover provided by Ipomoea aquatica when breeding. [23]

Behaviour and ecology

Downy young Bronze-winged Jacana (Metopidius indicus) juveniles W IMG 6688.jpg
Downy young
A bare nest on a Victoria amazonica leaf Bronze-winged Jacana over its egg on Victoria amazonica (Gaint Lily) I IMG 9190.jpg
A bare nest on a Victoria amazonica leaf

Bronze-winged jacanas are found singly or in pairs foraging on aquatic vegetation. They balance on their long legs and long toes, and feed on plant material (claimed to be purely incidental [24] ), insects and other invertebrates picked from the floating vegetation or the water's surface. Call is a wheezy piping seek-seek-seek given mostly in alarm. When threatened they sometimes hide by submerging themselves. The breeding season starts after the rains (June to September in India but occasional breeding in March rains reported in Rajasthan [25] ). Males defend territories from other males with open wing and neck stretched displays which can escalate to pecking. [26] The territory maintenance activities are at a maximum from around 9 to 11 AM. [27] The nest is a small platform of stems and leaves of Pistia, Nymphoides, Hydrilla, and Eichhornia placed on a mat of vegetation but eggs may also be laid directly on the leaf of a lotus plant. The usual clutch is four, the eggs are very conical, glossy brown with irregular black zig-zag markings. Incubation and care of the young is entirely left to males. The eggs hatch in 29 days. Predation rates of eggs are high, up to 94% were lost in one study to various predators including birds and turtles. [22] Young chicks may be sheltered between the wings and carried to safety. [19] They become independent of their father when they are about ten weeks old. [22]

Nematode parasites, Gongylonema indica and Stellocaronema alii [28] and the feather louse Rallicola indicus [29] [30] have been described from specimens of the bronze-winged jacana. [31]

Mating system

Bronze-winged jacanas, like other jacanas, [32] show a reversal of sex-roles with the female being larger, territorial, polyandrous, and competing with other females to maintain harems of males to incubate their clutches of eggs. Each female's territory encompasses one to four males and their individual territories. Heavier males defend their territories from other males and the degree of polyandry of females is a trade-off based on the sizes of the male territories and the number of males in the harems. Females mate with multiple males, leading to intense sperm competition, and the male that receives (termed as receivers) a clutch of eggs for incubation may destroy clutches in which their paternity is in doubt. [33] In addition to the territorial males, there may be many "floater" males that attempt to copulate with females. [34] Females may copulate more often with receiver males to ensure clutch survival while also copulating with non-receivers to maintain their harem. The fitness cost of clutches destroyed by receivers is much higher than losing males from her harem. Males make a yelling call to gain the attention of females. Males yell more when in larger harems. Females appear to use yells to assess male quality, and copulate with males that yelled more. [35] [36]

Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus) immature, Chambal River, Uttar Pradesh, India. A composite of 8 images shot over 30 seconds in a sequence showing the bird deal with a grasshopper. Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus) immature composite.jpg
Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus) immature, Chambal River, Uttar Pradesh, India. A composite of 8 images shot over 30 seconds in a sequence showing the bird deal with a grasshopper.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-winged kite</span> Raptor native to Eurasia

The black-winged kite, also known as the black-shouldered kite, is a small diurnal bird of prey in the family Accipitridae best known for its habit of hovering over open grasslands in the manner of the much smaller kestrels. This Palearctic and Afrotropical species was sometimes combined with the Australian black-shouldered kite and the white-tailed kite of North and South America which together form a superspecies. This kite is distinctive, with long wings; white, grey and black plumage; and owl-like forward-facing eyes with red irises. The owl-like behaviour is even more pronounced in the letter-winged kite, a nocturnal relative in Australia. Although mainly seen on plains, they are sometimes seen on grassy slopes of hills in the higher elevation regions of Asia. They are not migratory, but show nomadism in response to weather and food availability. They are well adapted to utilize periodic upsurges in rodent populations and can raise multiple broods in a single year unlike most birds of prey. Populations in southern Europe have grown in response to human activities, particularly agriculture and livestock rearing. Now present in SouthWest France

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-wattled lapwing</span> Species of bird

The red-wattled lapwing is an Asian lapwing or large plover, a wader in the family Charadriidae. Like other lapwings they are ground birds that are incapable of perching. Their characteristic loud alarm calls are indicators of human or animal movements and the sounds have been variously rendered as did he do it or pity to do it leading to the colloquial name of did-he-do-it bird. Usually seen in pairs or small groups not far from water, they sometimes form large aggregations in the non-breeding season (winter). They nest in a ground scrape laying three to four camouflaged eggs. Adults near the nest fly around, diving at potential predators while calling noisily. The cryptically patterned chicks hatch and immediately follow their parents to feed, hiding by lying low on the ground or in the grass when threatened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater painted-snipe</span> Species of bird

The greater painted-snipe or goudsnip is a species of wader in the family Rostratulidae. They are widely distributed across Africa and southern Asia. The birds are found in a variety of wetland habitats, including swamps and the edges of larger water bodies such as lakes and rivers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African jacana</span> Species of bird

The African jacana is a wader in the family Jacanidae. It has long toes and long claws that enables it to walk on floating vegetation in shallow lakes, its preferred habitat. It is widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. For the origin and pronunciation of the name, see Jacanidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pheasant-tailed jacana</span> Species of bird

The pheasant-tailed jacana is a jacana in the monotypic genus Hydrophasianus. Like all other jacanas, they have elongated toes and nails that enable them to walk on floating vegetation in shallow lakes, their preferred habitat. They may also swim or wade in water reaching their body while foraging mainly for invertebrate prey. They are found in tropical Asia from Yemen in the west to the Philippines in the east and move seasonally in parts of their range. They are the only jacanas that migrate long distances and have different non-breeding and breeding plumages. The pheasant-tailed jacana forages by swimming or by walking on aquatic vegetation. Females are larger than males and are polyandrous, laying several clutches that are raised by different males in their harem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carolina wren</span> Species of bird

The Carolina wren is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the United States of America, the extreme south of Ontario, Canada, and the extreme northeast of Mexico. Severe winters restrict the northern limits of their range, while favorable weather conditions lead to a northward extension of their breeding range. Their preferred habitat is in dense cover in forest, farm edges, and suburban areas. This wren is the state bird of South Carolina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater coucal</span> Species of bird

The greater coucal or crow pheasant, is a large non-parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is divided into several subspecies, some being treated as full species. They are large, crow-like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens. They are weak fliers, and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects, eggs and nestlings of other birds. They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pin-tailed sandgrouse</span> Species of bird

The pin-tailed sandgrouse is a medium large bird in the sandgrouse family. It has a small, pigeon-like head and neck and a sturdy, compact body. It has long pointed wings, which are white underneath, a long tail and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn. The call is a loud kattar-kattar. This gregarious species breeds on dry open treeless plains and similar habitats. Its nest is a ground scrape into which two or three cream-coloured eggs with cryptic markings are laid. Both sexes incubate the eggs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wattled jacana</span> Species of bird

The wattled jacana is a wader in the family Jacanidae found throughout much of South America east of the Andes, as well as western Panama and Trinidad. It is the only species in the Jacanidae family with such a large distribution. Wattled jacanas have long toes and claws which help them walk through aquatic vegetation. Like the majority of species of jacanas, the female is larger than the male, and forms harems of up to 4 or 5 males at any given time. There is also a major difference in proportional development or ornamentation and defense relative to body size when compared to males.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern jacana</span> Species of bird

The northern jacana or northern jaçana is a wader which is known as a resident breeder from coastal Mexico to western Panama, and on Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola in the Caribbean. It sometimes known to breed in Texas, United States, and has also been recorded on several occasions as a vagrant in Arizona. The jacanas are a group of wetland birds, which are identifiable by their huge feet and claws, which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. In Jamaica, this bird is also known as the 'Jesus bird', as it appears to walk on water. Jacana is Linnæus' scientific Latin spelling of the Brazilian Portuguese jaçanã, pronounced, from the Tupi name of the bird. See jacana for pronunciations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-legged buttonquail</span> Species of bird

The yellow-legged buttonquail is a buttonquail, one of a small family of birds which resemble, but are unrelated to, the true quails. This family is peculiar in that the females are larger and more colourful than the males and are polyandrous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-faced buzzard</span> Species of bird

The grey-faced buzzard is an Asian bird of prey. It is typically 41–46 cm (16–18 in) in length, making it a small-sized raptor. It breeds in Manchuria, Korea and Japan; it winters in South-east Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser jacana</span> Species of bird

The lesser jacana is a wader in the family Jacanidae and can be found in Africa. It can be recognized by its long legs and claws that allow it to walk on aquatic vegetation – although it is not to be confused with the larger African Jacana. The lesser jacana is insectivorous. Its conservation status is of least concern.

M. indicus may refer to:

Polygyny is a mating system in which one male lives and mates with multiple females but each female only mates with a single male. Systems where several females mate with several males are defined either as promiscuity or polygynandry. Lek mating is frequently regarded as a form of polygyny, because one male mates with many females, but lek-based mating systems differ in that the male has no attachment to the females with whom he mates, and that mating females lack attachment to one another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyandry in animals</span> Class of mating system in non-human species

In behavioral ecology, polyandry is a class of mating system where one female mates with several males in a breeding season. Polyandry is often compared to the polygyny system based on the cost and benefits incurred by members of each sex. Polygyny is where one male mates with several females in a breeding season . A common example of polyandrous mating can be found in the field cricket of the invertebrate order Orthoptera. Polyandrous behavior is also prominent in many other insect species, including the red flour beetle and the species of spider Stegodyphus lineatus. Polyandry also occurs in some primates such as marmosets, mammal groups, the marsupial genus' Antechinus and bandicoots, around 1% of all bird species, such as jacanas and dunnocks, insects such as honeybees, and fish such as pipefish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacanidae</span> Family of birds

The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found in the tropical regions around the world. They are noted for their elongated toes and toenails that allow them to spread out their weight while foraging on floating or semi-emergent aquatic vegetation. They are also among the somewhat rare groups of birds in which females are larger, and several species maintain harems of males in the breeding season with males solely responsible for incubating eggs and taking care of the chicks.

Wetthegan Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in Myanmar's Magway Region with an area of 4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi) at an elevation of 60–90 m (200–300 ft). It was established in 1939. The sanctuary's 2 km2 (0.77 sq mi) lake and surrounding marshland provide habitat for waterfowl and freshwater fish. It is located about 16 km (9.9 mi) west of the Irrawaddy River close to the city of Salin in Salin Township. It receives south-west monsoon rains of about 723 mm (28.5 in) per year from June to August. It is one of four protected wetlands in the country.

Hail Haor Wildlife Sanctuary is a major wildlife sanctuary in Bangladesh. It is one of the most important wetlands in the Sylhet Basin for the resident and migratory waterfowls. It is also important watersource for the inhabitants living around when all other sources dry up during summer. The sanctuary is located in Moulvibazar District, in the northeast region of the country.

Lashari wala Forest is forest located near Taunsa Barrage, a ramsar site in Punjab Pakistan. Taunsa ramsar site is among 19 ramsar sites in Pakistan. Taunsa Barrage was designated a ramsar site on 22 March 1996. The western brink of Head Taunsa Barrage stretches around 5,000-km in Kot Adu Muzaffargarh District of South Punjab, Pakistan, about 90 km from Multan and 10 km from Kot Adu.

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Metopidius indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22693547A93412093. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693547A93412093.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Whittingham, L.A.; Sheldon, F.H.; Emlen, S.T. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of jacanas and its implications for morphologic and biogeographic evolution" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (1): 22–32. doi: 10.1093/auk/117.1.22 .
  3. ↑ Latham, John (1790). Index Ornithologicus, Sive Systema Ornithologiae: Complectens Avium Divisionem In Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Ipsarumque Varietates (in Latin). Vol. 2. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 765.
  4. ↑ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 228.
  5. ↑ Latham, John (1787). Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. London: Printed for Leigh & Sotheby. pp. 257–258.
  6. ↑ Wagler, Johann Georg (1832). "Mittheilungen über einige merkwürdige Thiere". Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 275-281 [279].
  7. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Grebes, flamingos, buttonquail, plovers, painted-snipes, jacanas, plains-wanderer, seedsnipes". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  8. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 204, 252. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. 1 2 Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: the Ripley guide. Vol. 2: Attributes and Status (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 150. ISBN   84-87334-67-9.
  10. ↑ Forbes, W. A. (1881). "Notes on the anatomy and systematic position of the jaçanás (Parridæ)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 49 (3): 639–647. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1881.tb01319.x.
  11. ↑ Forbes, W.A. (1881). "Notes on the Anatomy and Systematic Position of the Jaçanás (Parridae)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 645–647.
  12. ↑ Fry, C.H. (1983). "The jacanid radius and Microparra, a neotenic genus". Gerfaut. 73: 173–184.
  13. ↑ Elliot, D.G. (1888). "The Jacanidæ" (PDF). The Auk. 5 (3): 288–305. JSTOR   4067321.
  14. ↑ Fry, C.H. (1983). "The Jacanid radius and microparra, a neotenic genus". Le Gerfaut. 73: 173–184.
  15. ↑ Fry, C.H. "Short notes. Incubation, brooding, and a structural character of the African Jacana". Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology. 54 (3): 172–184. doi:10.1080/00306525.1983.9634467.
  16. 1 2 Lucas, Frederic A. (1893). "The weapons and wings of birds". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 653–663.
  17. 1 2 Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds (4 ed.). London: Gurney and Jackson. pp. 456–457.
  18. ↑ Ramachandran, N. K.; Vijayan, V.S. (1995). "Breeding ecology of the bronzewinged (Metopidius indicus) and pheasant-tailed (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) jacanas in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 92: 322–334.
  19. 1 2 3 Ali, Salim; Ripley, S. Dillon (1980). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 2. Megapodes to Crab Plover (2 ed.). Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 201–202.
  20. ↑ Ramachandran, N. K. (1998). "Interspecific association of jacanas (Hydrophasianus chirurgus and Metopidius indicus) and the role of habitat". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 95: 76–86.
  21. ↑ Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, A.J. (1988). Shorebirds. Helm. pp. 218–219. ISBN   0-7470-1403-5.
  22. 1 2 3 Butchart, S.H.M. (2000). "Population structure and breeding system of the sex-role reversed, polyandrous Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus". Ibis. 142 (1): 93–102. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb07688.x.
  23. ↑ Ramachandran, N. K.; Vijayan, V. S. (1997). "Population and distribution of Bronzewinged (Metopidius indicus) and Pheasant-Tailed (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) Jacanas in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94: 307–316.
  24. ↑ Jenni, D.A.; Bonan, A. (2019). "Jacanas (Jacanidae)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  25. ↑ Vyas, Rakesh (1995). "Unusual nesting season of Bronzewinged Jacana Metopidius indicus (Latham)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 92: 119–120.
  26. ↑ Mathew, D.N. (1964). "Observations on the breeding habits of the Bronze-winged Jacana (Metopidius indicus (Latham))". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 61: 295–302.
  27. ↑ Ramachandran, N. K. (1998). "Activity patterns and time budgets of the pheasant-tailed (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) and bronzewinged (Metopidius indicus) jacanas". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 95: 234–245.
  28. ↑ Wong, P.L. (1985). "Revision of the genus Stellocaronema Gilbert, 1930 (Nematoda: Habronematoidea)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (10): 2430–2436. doi:10.1139/z85-359.
  29. ↑ Valim, Michel P. (2009). "Type specimens of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (17). doi: 10.1590/S0031-10492009001700001 . ISSN   0031-1049.
  30. ↑ Emerson, K.C.; Elbel, Robert E. (1961). "A new species of Rallicola (Mallophaga) from Southeast Asia". Entomological News: 130–132.
  31. ↑ Cordeiro, Helrik da Costa; Melo, Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos; Giese, Elane Guerreiro; Santos, Jeannie Nascimento dos (2018). "Gongylonema parasites of rodents: a key to species and new data on Gongylonema neoplasticum". Journal of Parasitology. 104 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1645/17-3. PMID   29135391. S2CID   46818970.
  32. ↑ Emlen, S.T.; Wrege, P.H. (2004). "Size dimorphism, intrasexual competition and sexual selection in wattled jacana Jacana jacana, a sex-role-reversed shorebird in Panama". Auk. 121 (2): 391–403. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0391:SDICAS]2.0.CO;2.
  33. ↑ Butchart, S.H.M. (1999). "Sexual conflicts and copulation patterns in polyandrous bronze-winged jacanas (Metopidius indicus)". Behaviour. 136 (4): 443–468. doi:10.1163/156853999501414.
  34. ↑ Moreno, Juan (2016). "The unknown life of floaters: the hidden face of sexual selection". Ardeola. 63: 49–77. doi: 10.13157/arla.63.1.2016.rp3 .
  35. ↑ Butchart, S.H.M.; Seddon, N.; Ekstrom, J.M.M. (1999). "Yelling for sex: harem males compete for female access in bronze-winged jacanas". Animal Behaviour. 57 (3): 637–646. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0985. PMID   10196054. S2CID   24253395.
  36. ↑ Butchart, S.H.M.; Seddon, N.; Ekstrom, J.M.M. (1999). "Polyandry and competition for territories in bronze-winged jacanas". Journal of Animal Ecology. 68 (5): 928–939. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00341.x .

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Metopidius indicus at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.