Larus

Larus
	Great black-backed gull Larus marinus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Subfamily:	Larinae
Genus:	Larus ; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Larus marinus ; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	See list

Last updated December 27, 2024

Larus is a large genus of gulls with worldwide distribution (by far the greatest species diversity is in the Northern Hemisphere).

Many of its species are abundant and well-known birds in their ranges. Until about 2005–2007, most gulls were placed in this genus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of the genera Chroicocephalus , Ichthyaetus , Hydrocoloeus , and Leucophaeus for many other species formerly included in Larus.

They are in general medium-large birds, typically pale grey to black above and white below and on the head, often with black markings with white spots ("mirrors") on their wingtips and in a few species also some black on the tail. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet; in winter, the head is often streaked or smudged dark grey. The young birds are brown, and take three to five years to reach adult plumage, with subadult plumages intermediate between the young and adult.^[1]

The taxonomy of the large gulls in the herring and lesser black-backed complex is complicated, with different authorities recognising from two species in the past, increasingly up to eight species more recently.

Taxonomy

The genus Larus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae .^[2] The genus name is from Ancient Greek laros (λάῥος) or Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird.^[3]

The type species is the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus).^[4]^[5] The Latin name Larus marinus translates as "sea gull", and the gulls in this genus generally are the species most often known colloquially as "seagulls".

Species

The genus contains 25 extant species.^[6]

Genus **Larus** – Linnaeus, 1758 – twenty five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Pacific gull	Larus pacificus Latham, 1801 Two subspecies L. p. pacificusLatham, 1801 L. p. georgisKing, 1826	Australia.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Belcher's gull or band-tailed gull	Larus belcheri Vigors, 1829	the Pacific coast of South America.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black-tailed gull	Larus crassirostris Vieillot, 1818	coasts of the East China Sea, Japan, Manchuria and the Kuril Islands, to western Alaska in North America.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Olrog's gull	Larus atlanticus Olrog, 1958	Atlantic coast of southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Heermann's gull	Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852	Pacific coast of the United States, Mexico and extreme southwestern British Columbia.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Common gull	Larus canus Linnaeus, 1758 Three subspecies L. c. canus – Linnaeus, 1758 L. c. heinei – Homeyer, 1853 L. c. kamtschatschensis – Bonaparte, 1857	northern Palearctic (northern Europe, northern Asia), wintering south to the Mediterranean and China.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Short-billed gull or mew gull	Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson, 1831	northwestern North America.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Ring-billed gull	Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815	Canada and the northern United States, wintering south to the Caribbean.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-footed gull	Larus livens Dwight, 1919	Gulf of California in Mexico.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Western gull	Larus occidentalis Audubon, 1839	from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Caspian gull	Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811	Black and Caspian Seas and adjacent river basins, extending east into Central Asia; wintering west into Europe and south to the coasts of Arabia.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Kelp gull (called southern black-backed gull or karoro in New Zealand)	Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823) Five subspecies L. d. dominicanus, (Lichtenstein, 1823) L. d. vetula, (Bruch, 1853) L. d. judithae, (Jiguet, 2002) L. d. melisandae, (Jiguet, 2002) L. d. austrinus, (Fleming, 1924)	Antarctic Peninsula, southern South America, southern Africa, Southern Ocean Islands, southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
European herring gull	Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 Two subspecies L. a. argentatus – Pontoppidan, 1763 L. a. argenteus – Brehm & Schilling, 1822	northern and northwestern Europe.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Vega gull (or East Siberian gull)	Larus vegae Palmén, 1887	northeastern Siberia, wintering in Japan, Korea, southern and eastern China, and Taiwan.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Mongolian gull	Larus mongolicus (Sushkin, 1925)	Mongolia and southeastern Russia, wintering in Japan, Korea, southern and eastern China, and Taiwan.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-legged gull	Larus michahellis Naumann, 1840 Two subspecies L. m. michahellis Naumann, 1840 L. m. atlantis(Dwight, 1922), syn. Larus fuscus atlantis, Dwight, 1922	Mediterranean Sea and Macaronesia, dispersing north as far as the British Isles after breeding.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
	Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934	interior Turkey, the Caucasus and the Middle East, wintering in the eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Great black-backed gull	Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758	northwest European coasts, northeast North American coasts, and islands of the North Atlantic.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Glaucous gull	Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 Four subspecies L. h. hyperboreus, Gunnerus, 1767 L. h. pallidissimus, Portenko, 1939 L. h. barrovianus, Ridgway, 1886 L. h. leuceretes, Schleep, 1819	Arctic Ocean coasts, wintering in the North Atlantic and North Pacific as far south as the British Isles and northernmost states of the United States, also on the Great Lakes.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Lesser black-backed gull	Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 Five subspecies L. f. graellsii Brehm, 1857 L. f. intermedius Schiøler, 1922 L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 L. f. heuglini Bree, 1876 L. f. barabensis Johansen, 1960	Atlantic coasts of Europe and northwest Asia, wintering south to central Africa and India.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
California gull	Larus californicus Lawrence, 1854 Two subspecies L. c. californicus Lawrence , 1854 L. c. albertaensisJehl, 1987	western interior North America from the Northwest Territories, Canada south to eastern California and Colorado, wintering south to western Mexico.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
American herring gull	Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862	North America from central and southern Alaska to the Great Lakes and northeast coast of the United States from Maine south to North Carolina, wintering south to the Caribbean.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Glaucous-winged gull	Larus glaucescens Naumann, 1840	Pacific Ocean coasts of Russia and Alaska to the coast of Washington, wintering south to Japan and northwest Mexico.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Slaty-backed gull	Larus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884	northeastern coasts of Asia, wintering south to eastern China.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Iceland gull	Larus glaucoides Meyer, B, 1822 Three subspecies L. g. glaucoidesMeyer, 1822 L. g. kumlieni Brewster, 1883 L. g. thayeri Brooks, WS, 1915	Arctic Ocean coasts of Canada and Greenland, wintering from Iceland south to the British Isles and the far northeast USA, with subspecies thayeri wintering on the Pacific coast of North America.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

Fossils

Fossils of Larus gulls are known from the Middle Miocene, about 20-15 million years ago; allocation of earlier fossils to this genus is generally rejected. Biogeography of the fossil record suggests that the genus evolved in the northern Atlantic and spread globally during the Pliocene, when species diversity seems to have been highest, as with most seabirds.

Larus sp. (Middle Miocene of Grund, Austria)
Larus sp. (Middle Miocene of Romania)^[7]
Larus sp. (Late? Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, U.S.) - several species^[7]
Larus elmorei (Middle Pliocene of Bone Valley, southeastern U.S.)
Larus lacus (Late Pliocene of Pinecrest, southeastern U.S.)
Larus perpetuus (Pliocene of southeastern U.S.)
Larus sp. (San Diego Late Pliocene of the southwestern U.S.)
Larus oregonus (Late Pliocene - Late Pleistocene of the west-central U.S.)
Larus robustus (Late Pliocene - Late Pleistocene of the west-central U.S.)
Larus sp. (Late Pleistocene of Lake Manix western U.S.)

"Larus" raemdonckii (Early Oligocene of Belgium) is now at least tentatively believed to belong in the procellariiform genus Puffinus . "L." elegans (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene of St-Gérand-le-Puy, France) and "L." totanoides (Late Oligocene?/Early Miocene of southeastern France) are now in Laricola , while "L." dolnicensis (Early Miocene of the Czech Republic) was actually a pratincole; it is now placed in Mioglareola .

The Early Miocene "Larus" desnoyersii (southeastern France) and "L." pristinus (John Day Formation, Willow Creek, U.S.) probably do not belong in this genus; the former may be a skua.^[8]

Ring species

The circumpolar group of Larus gull species has often been cited as a classic example of the ring species. The range of these gulls forms a ring around the North Pole. The European herring gull, which lives primarily in Great Britain and Northern Europe, can hybridize with the American herring gull (living in North America), which can also interbreed with the Vega or East Siberian gull, the western subspecies of which, Birula's gull, can hybridize with Heuglin's gull which, in turn, can interbreed with the Siberian lesser black-backed gull (all four of these live across the north of Siberia). The last is the eastern representative of the lesser black-backed gulls back in northwestern Europe, including Great Britain. However, the lesser black-backed gulls and herring gull are sufficiently different that they rarely interbreed; thus, the group of gulls forms a continuum except in Europe, where the two lineages meet. However, a recent genetic study has shown that this example is far more complicated than presented here, and probably does not constitute a true ring species.^[9]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatidae</span> Biological family of water birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesser black-backed gull</span> Species of bird

The lesser black-backed gull is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. However, it has increased dramatically in North America, especially along the east coast. Formerly just a winter visitor to North America, it has increased and occurs in large numbers some winters and birds are now recorded year-round. However, there is serious concern about decline in many parts of its range. The species is on the UK Amber List because the UK is home to 40 per cent of the European population and more than half of these are found at fewer than ten breeding sites.

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References

↑ Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsen, Hans (2003). Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. London: Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-7087-5.
↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 136.
↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
↑ Selby, Prideaux John (1840). A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-Generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, Arranged According to the Natural System. Newcastle: T. and J. Hodgson. pp. 48–49.
↑ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 313.
↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
1 2 Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.j. Laridae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology8: 181-182. Academic Press, New York.
↑ (Olson, 1985).
↑ Liebers, Dorit; de Knijff, Peter & Helbig, Andreas J. (2004). "The herring gull complex is not a ring species". Proc. R. Soc. B . 271 (#1542): 893–901. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2679. PMC 1691675 . PMID 15255043. Supplemental material: Electronic appendices

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[1] Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsen, Hans (2003). Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. London: Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-7087-5.

[2] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 136.

[job-3] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[4] Selby, Prideaux John (1840). A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-Generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, Arranged According to the Natural System. Newcastle: T. and J. Hodgson. pp. 48–49.

[5] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 313.

[ioc-6] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 September 2024.

[olsen-7] 1 2 Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section X.D.2.j. Laridae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology8: 181-182. Academic Press, New York.

[8] (Olson, 1985).

[lieb-9] Liebers, Dorit; de Knijff, Peter & Helbig, Andreas J. (2004). "The herring gull complex is not a ring species". Proc. R. Soc. B . 271 (#1542): 893–901. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2679. PMC 1691675 . PMID 15255043. Supplemental material: Electronic appendices

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v t e Gulls (family: Laridae)
Genus	Species († indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
Larus	Pacific gull Belcher's gull Olrog's gull Black-tailed gull Heermann's gull Common gull Short-billed gull Ring-billed gull California gull Great black-backed gull Kelp gull (or Cape gull) Glaucous-winged gull Western gull Yellow-footed gull Glaucous gull Iceland gull Thayer's gull European herring gull American herring gull Yellow-legged gull Caspian gull Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull) Armenian gull Slaty-backed gull Lesser black-backed gull Heuglin's gull
Ichthyaetus	White-eyed gull Sooty gull Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull) Audouin's gull Mediterranean gull Relict gull
Leucophaeus	Dolphin gull Laughing gull Franklin's gull Lava gull Grey gull
Chroicocephalus	Silver gull Red-billed gull Huahine gull † Hartlaub's gull Brown-hooded gull Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull) Andean gull Black-billed gull Brown-headed gull Black-headed gull Slender-billed gull Bonaparte's gull Saunders's gull
Hydrocoloeus	Little gull
Rhodostethia	Ross's gull
Rissa	Black-legged kittiwake Red-legged kittiwake
Pagophila	Ivory gull
Xema	Sabine's gull
Creagrus	Swallow-tailed gull
Gull eggs as food Hybridisation in gulls