Chaparral Cars

Last updated
Chaparral Cars
IndustryAutomotive Manufacturing
Founded1962;62 years ago (1962)
Founder
Defunct1970 (1970)

Chaparral Cars was a pioneering American automobile racing team and race car developer that engineered, built, and raced cars from 1963 through 1970. Founded in 1962 by American Formula One racers Hap Sharp and Jim Hall, it was named after the roadrunner, a fast-running ground cuckoo also known as a chaparral bird.

Contents

Background

Dick Troutman and Tom Barnes were builders of the original Chaparral race cars (later referred to as Chaparral 1). [1] Jim Hall purchased two Chaparral 1s to race. When Hall and Sharp began building their own cars, they asked Troutman and Barnes if they could continue to use the Chaparral name. That is why the Hall/Sharp cars are all named Chaparral 2s (models 2A through 2J for sports cars/CanAm cars, and the 2K which was the 1979–1982 Indycar). Despite winning the Indianapolis 500 in 1980, they left motor racing in 1982. Chaparral cars also featured in the SCCA/CASC Can-Am series and Endurance racing.[ citation needed ]

Jim Hall was a leader in the innovation and design of spoilers, wings, and ground effects. A high point was the 1966 2E Can-Am car. The 2J Can-Am "sucker car" was the first "ground-effect" car.[ citation needed ]

The development of the Chaparral chronicles the key changes in race cars in the 1960s and 1970s in both aerodynamics and tires. Hall's training as an engineer taught him to approach problems in a methodical manner, and his access to the engineering teams at Chevrolet and at Firestone was instrumental in changing race car aerodynamics and handling from an art to an empirical science. The embryonic data acquisition systems created by the GM research and development group aided these efforts. An interview with Hall by Paul Haney illustrates many of these developments. [2]

Models

1

Chaparral 1 front 1962 Chaparral 1 (004) at New Canaan, front right.jpg
Chaparral 1 front

In 1957, Hall raced the front-engined Chaparral (retroactively called the "Chaparral 1") through 1962, bought from Troutman and Barnes (like the Scarab, the Chaparral 1 cars were built in California by Troutman and Barnes). Hall and Hap Sharp extensively modified their Chaparral and eventually decided to build their own car. They obtained permission from Troutman and Barnes to use the Chaparral name, which is why all of Hall's cars are called Chaparral 2s.

2

The Chaparral 2A at the 2005 Monterey Historic Chaparral 2A front-left 2005 Monterey Historic.jpg
The Chaparral 2A at the 2005 Monterey Historic
Joakim Bonnier 1966 in the Chaparral 2D during practice at the Nurburgring Bonnier, Chaparral 2D, 1966-06-03 (Sp).jpg
Joakim Bonnier 1966 in the Chaparral 2D during practice at the Nürburgring
The Chaparral 2E Chaparral2Emuseum.jpg
The Chaparral 2E
Mike Spence 1967 in the Chaparral 2F during practice at the Nurburgring Chaparral 2F - Mike Spence - 1967.jpg
Mike Spence 1967 in the Chaparral 2F during practice at the Nürburgring
The Chaparral 2H at the 2005 Monterey Historic Chaparral 2H front-right 2005 Monterey Historic.jpg
The Chaparral 2H at the 2005 Monterey Historic

The first Chaparral 2-series was designed and built to compete in the United States Road Racing Championship and other races of the time, particularly the West Coast Pro Series that were held each fall. Hall had significant "under the table" assistance from GM, including engineering and technical support in the development of the car and its automatic transmission (this is evidenced by the similarity between the Chevy Corvette GS-II "research and development" model and the Chaparral 2A through 2C models).

First raced in late 1963, the Chaparral 2 developed into a highly competitive car in the Can-Am series in 1966 and 1967. Designed for the 200-mile races of the Can-Am series, it was also a winner in longer endurance races. In 1965, it shocked the sports car world by winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in a pouring rainstorm, on one of the roughest tracks in North America.

The Chaparral 2 featured the innovative use of fiberglass as a chassis material. The Chaparral 2C had a conventional aluminum chassis.

It is very difficult to identify all iterations of the car as new ideas were being tested continually.

Alongside the development of aerodynamics was Hall's development of race tires. Jim Hall owned Rattlesnake Raceway, located adjacent to his race shop; its proximity allowed him to participate in much of Firestone's race tire development.

A two-article series in Car and Driver magazine featured Hall's design theories, turning speculation about vehicle handling into applied physics. Hall's theories were the precursor to the elaborate data collection and management of current racing teams.

The 2D was the first closed cockpit variant of the 2-series, designed for endurance racing in 1966. It won at 1000 km Nürburgring in 1966 with Phil Hill and Joakim Bonnier driving. It also competed in the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans, withdrawing after 111 laps. The 2D was equipped with a 327 cubic-inch displacement (5.3-liter) aluminum alloy Chevrolet engine producing 420 horsepower; the car weighed only 924 kg.

The 2E was based on the Chevrolet-designed aluminum 2C chassis and presented Hall's most advanced aerodynamic theories to the racing world in 1966. The 2E established the paradigm for virtually all racing cars built since. [3] It was startling in appearance, with its radiators moved from the traditional location in the nose to two ducted pods on either side of the cockpit and a large pivoting variable-incidence wing-mounted several feet above the rear of the car on struts. As opposed to an aircraft wing, it generated downforce instead of lift and was attached directly to the rear suspension uprights, loading the tires for extra adhesion while cornering. A ducted nose channeled air from the front of the car upwards, creating extra downforce as well. By depressing a floor pedal that was in the position of the clutch in other cars, Hall was able to feather or flatten out, the "normally" negative-incidence wing's angle when downforce was not needed (as on a straight track section) to reduce drag and increase top speed. An interconnected air dam also closed off the nose ducting for streamlining. When the pedal was released, the front ducting and wing returned to full downforce position. Until they were banned, many race cars, including some in Formula One, had wings on tall struts. The resulting accidents from their failures led to pivoting wings mounted on the suspension prior to being fully banned.

The 2E scored only one win, at the 1966 Laguna Seca Raceway Can-Am with Hill driving. Hall stuck to an aluminum 5.3-liter Chevrolet engine in his lightweight racer while the other teams were using 6- to 7-liter iron engines, trading weight for power.

The 2E was a crowd favorite and remains Hall's favorite car.

In the 2F Hall applied the aerodynamic advances of the aluminum 2E to the older fiberglass chassis closed-cockpit 2D for the 1967 racing season. A movable wing mounted on struts loaded the rear suspension while an air dam kept the front end planted. The radiators were moved to positions next to the cockpit. [4] An aluminum 7-liter Chevrolet 'big block' engine replaced the 5.3-liter engine of the 2D. While always extremely fast, the extra power of the larger engine was too much for the automatic transmission to handle and it broke with regularity. After solving the transmission problems, the 2F scored its only win on 30 July 1967 in the BOAC 500 at Brands Hatch with Hill and Mike Spence driving. [4] After this race the FIA changed its rules, outlawing not only the 2F but also the Ford GT40 Mk.IV (winner at Le Mans that year) and the Ferrari 330 P3/4 (winner, 24 Hours of Daytona) and 365 P4 (finished second, Le Mans). [4] As with the 2D, the 2F raced wearing Texas license plates.

The 1967 2G was a development of the 2E. It featured wider tires and a 427 cu in aluminum Chevrolet V-8 engine. While on par with its competitors in terms of power, the lightweight 2C chassis was stretched to the limit and it was only Hall's driving skills that kept the car competitive. For the 1968 Can-Am series, still larger tires were added to increase grip.

Hall's racing career was effectively ended in a severe crash at the Stardust Grand Prix Can-Am race when he rear-ended the slow-moving McLaren of Lothar Motschenbacher, although he did drive in the 1970 Trans-American Sedan Championship while fielding a team of Chevrolet Camaros.

Hall noted that the increasing downforce also created enormous drag. Seeking a competitive edge, the highly advanced 2H was built in 1968 as the replacement for the 2G to minimize drag. Not only was it extremely slippery, it was narrow to reduce frontal area. Development problems kept it out of the Can Am series, forcing Hall to update the 2G for the 1968 series, during which his catastrophic accident occurred. Hall was consistently the best driver for Chaparral and knew how to get the best out of his cars. John Surtees was brought in as driver for the 1969 Can Am series but never figured out how to drive the 2H to take advantage of its low drag potential. Surtees complained he couldn't see out of the car and demanded a redesign which ruined the aerodynamics, then ran the rear wing almost upright, negating any advantage of the compact slippery shape. Ultimately, by 1969 the massive amount of power being generated from the big block Chevrolet engines that Hall effectively debugged in 1967 and 1968, downforce was more important than low drag. Had the 2H kept the low drag shape but with a wider track it most likely would have been very competitive, but the true monocoque construction made changes to the chassis almost impossible. Beautifully constructed, the 2H looks as if it was made by NASA.

2J

The Chaparral 2J at the Goodwood Festival of Speed Chaparral 2J.jpg
The Chaparral 2J at the Goodwood Festival of Speed

The most unusual Chaparral was the 2J. On the chassis' sides bottom edges were articulated Lexan plastic skirts that sealed against the ground (a technology that would later appear in Formula One). Two fans adapted from a military tank engine were housed at the rear, driven by a single two-stroke twin-cylinder engine. [5] The skirting produced a zone within which the fans could create a vacuum producing downforce on the order of 1.25 to 1.50 g when the car was fully loaded (fuel, oil, coolant). Tremendous gripping power and greater maneuverability at all speeds were produced. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

The 2J competed in the Can-Am series and qualified at least two seconds quicker than the next fastest car, but mechanical problems limited its success. It only ran in the 1970 season, after which it was outlawed by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). Although originally approved by the SCCA, they succumbed to pressure from other teams who argued that the fans constituted "movable aerodynamic devices". Sanctioning body FIA had banned such devices beginning with the 2E. There were also complaints of debris generated by the fans damaging the following cars. McLaren argued that if the 2J were not outlawed, the Can-Am series would be ruined by its dominance something McLaren had been doing since 1967. [11] A similar fan was used in Formula One in 1978 on the Brabham BT46B. [12] [13] [14] [15]

2K

Chaparral 2K on display in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum Chaparral 2K.jpg
Chaparral 2K on display in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum

The 2K was a Formula One-inspired ground effect Indy car designed by Briton John Barnard. Debuting in 1979 with driver Al Unser Sr., it went on to win six races in 27 starts over three seasons. Its greatest success came in 1980 when Johnny Rutherford won both the Indy 500 and CART championship. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Indy car team

1970s

Chaparral started fielding Indy cars in 1978 with Al Unser driving the No. 2 First National City Traveler's Checks Lola T500-Cosworth DFX. Unser then managed to win the 1978 Indianapolis 500. Later in the season Unser added wins at the California 500 at Ontario Motor Speedway and the Schaefer 500 at Pocono International Raceway; this remains the only time a driver has won the Triple Crown. Despite these wins, Unser lost the championship to Tom Sneva (who failed to win a race). With the formation of CART, Hall fielded Unser in the No. 2 Pennzoil Lola T500-Cosworth DFX. At the 1979 Indianapolis 500, Hall and fellow CART board men Roger Penske, Pat Patrick, Teddy Mayer, Ted Field, and Robert Fletcher were initially not allowed to compete in the race since it was part of the USAC National Championship. At the same time Hall was going to introduce the Chaparral 2K-Cosworth DFX. In the race Unser lead for 89 of the 200 laps but an engine fire on lap 105 ended his participation. He later won the season-ending Miller High Life 150 at Phoenix International Raceway and finished fifth in CART standings but was ineligible for USAC points.

1980s

By 1980 Unser was replaced by Johnny Rutherford after having disagreements with Hall. The only change to 2K was its number, now four. Rutherford won five races that season, including the 1980 Indianapolis 500, the Datsun Twin 200 at Ontario Motor Speedway, the Red Roof Inn 150 at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course; the Norton 200 at Michigan International Speedway, and the Tony Bettenhausen 200 at the Wisconsin State Fair Park Speedway. He also won the 1980 IndyCar and CRL championships. In 1981 Rutherford returned with the No. 1 Pennzoil Chaparral 2K-Cosworth DFX and won the season-opening Kraco Car Stereos 150 at Phoenix International Raceway. The rest of the season proved to be inconsistent as he dropped to fifth in points. The team also competed in the opening round of the USAC Gold Crown season at the 1981 Indianapolis 500. Rutherford led for three laps early on but fuel pump issues ended the team's day after only 25 laps. By the 1982 IndyCar season the 2K was becoming outdated, with its best result in fourth place at the Miller High Life 150. After four races he ranked 18th in points. By the time of the Norton Michigan 500 at Michigan International Speedway, the team was using a March 82C-Cosworth DFX purchased from Bob Fletcher Racing. Rutherford's results managed to improve as he took his season-best finish of third at the AirCal 500K at Riverside International Raceway. Rutherford ended up in 12th place in points that year. The team also competed at the USAC Gold Crown season finale, the 1982 Indianapolis 500, where Rutherford started 12th and finished 8th.

1990s

In the 1991 CART season Hall returned to Indy cars in conjunction with VDS Racing, with the team being called Hall-VDS Racing with John Andretti driving the No. 4 Pennzoil Z-7 Lola T91/00-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8. The team managed to get a victory in their debut, the Gold Coast IndyCar Grand Prix on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit. The team also got a second-place finish at the Miller Genuine Draft 200 at the Milwaukee Mile. Also, at the 1991 Indianapolis 500 Andretti got a fifth-place finish. At the end of the season Andretti was ranked a career-best eighth in points. In the 1992 CART season Andretti drove the No. 8 Pennzoil Z-7 Lola T92/00-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8 for the team. However, Andretti's best finish came at the Pioneer Electronics 200 at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course where he came in fourth place. At the end of the year Andretti finished eighth in points again. He then left the team at the end of the season to compete in the NHRA Winston Drag Racing Series for Jack Clark. So in the 1993 CART season the team fielded Teo Fabi in the No. 8 Pennzoil Lola T93/00-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8. Fabi's best finish was fourth, at the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on his way to an 11th-place finish in points. In the 1994 CART season Fabi drove the No. 11 Pennzoil Reynard 94i-Ilmor D. Fabi's best results that season were a pair of fourth-place finishes at the Marlboro 500 at Michigan International Speedway and the Texaco/Havoline 200 at Road America. Fabi went on to end the season ranked ninth in points. At the end of the season he left to drive for Forsythe Racing. For the 1995 CART season VDS dropped out of the venture and the team became known as Hall Racing and rookie Gil de Ferran was signed on to pilot the No. 8 Pennzoil Reynard 95i-Ilmor-Mercedes-Benz IC108. In four of the first six races de Ferran managed to qualify in the top-10. Although he only scored two points during that time. His season soon turned around starting with a pole position at the Budweiser Grand Prix of Cleveland at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport where he was leading with five laps to go when he collided with the lapped car of Scott Pruett taking him out of the race. De Ferran avenged this later in the season when he won the season-ending Toyota Monterey Grand Prix at Laguna Seca Raceway. He finished 14th in points and won the Jim Trueman PPG IndyCar World Series Rookie of the Year Award. For the 1996 IndyCar season he drove the No. 8 Pennzoil Reynard 96i-Honda Indy V8 and qualified for the pole at the 1996 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach. He also won the Medic Drug Grand Prix of Cleveland and finished sixth in the final points standings. Despite the recent success Hall closed up the Indy car team for good, after which de Ferran drove for Walker Racing in the 1997 CART season. In total Hall won 13 races and two championships.

Museum entrance to the Chaparral display ChaparralCarMuseum.jpg
Museum entrance to the Chaparral display

Museum

In 2005, a wing of the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum in Midland, Texas, was dedicated to the permanent display of the remaining Chaparral cars and the history of their development. The cars are driven from time to time at the museum grounds to keep them running properly.

Tributes

Racecars

YearCarImageCategory
1958 Chaparral 1 1962 Chaparral 1 (004) at New Canaan, front right.jpg Sports car racing
1963 Chaparral 2A Chaparral 2A front-left 2005 Monterey Historic.jpg Sports prototype
1965 Chaparral 2C Sports prototype
1966 Chaparral 2D Bonnier, Chaparral 2D, 1966-06-03 (Sp).jpg Group 6
Chaparral 2E Chaparral2Emuseum.jpg Group 7
1967 Chaparral 2F Chaparral 2F front-left 2005 Monterey Historic.jpg Group 6
Chaparral 2G Group 6
1968Chaparral 2H Chaparral 2H front-right 2005 Monterey Historic.jpg Group 7
1970 Chaparral 2J Chaparral 2J front 2005 Monterey Historic.jpg Group 7
1979 Chaparral 2K Chaparral 2K.jpg IndyCar

Complete PPG CART Indycar World Series results

(key)

YearChassisEngineDriversNo.1234567891011121314151617Pts PosPos
Chaparral Cars
1979 PHX ATL INDY TRTMCHWGLTRTONTMCHATLPHX
Lola T500 Cosworth DFX Flag of the United States.svg Al Unser 246364th2,163
Chaparral 2K22212133551051
Lola T500 Flag of the United States.svg Dennis Firestone (R)8631NC
1980 ONT INDY MILPOCMDOMCHWGLMILONTMCHMXCPHX
Chaparral 2K Cosworth DFX Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford 4112211512410131st4,723
1981 PHXMILATLMCHRIVMILMCHWGLMXCPHX
Chaparral 2K Cosworth DFX Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford 11*62*32221420226215th120
1982 PHXATLMILCLEMCHMILPOCRIVROAMCHPHX
Chaparral 2K Cosworth DFX Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford 541523281712312DNS2112th62
Hall-VDS Racing
1991 SFR LBHPHX INDY MILDETPORCLEMEATORMCHDENVANMDOROANAZLAG
Lola T91/00 Chevrolet 265A Flag of the United States.svg John Andretti 51181152619154567710199198th105
1992 SFR PHXLBH INDY DETPORMILNHA TOR MCHCLEROAVANMDONAZLAG
Lola T92/00 Chevrolet 265A Flag of the United States.svg John Andretti 86620821595561261541858th94
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Didier Theys 38DNQ40th0
1993 SFR PHXLBH INDY MILDETPORCLETORMCHNHAROAVANMDONAZLAG
Lola T93/07 Chevrolet 265C Flag of Italy.svg Teo Fabi 8954992225814616882411811th64
1994 SFR PHXLBH INDY MILDETPORCLETORMCHMDONHAVANROANAZLAG
Reynard 94i Ilmor 265D Flag of Italy.svg Teo Fabi 1172697174279842120184659th79
Jim Hall Racing
1995 MIA SFR PHXLBHNAZ INDY MILDETPORROATORCLEMCHMDONHAVANLAG
Reynard 95i Mercedes-Benz IC108B Flag of Brazil.svg Gil de Ferran (R)825161127192981610211614*1224721*14th56
1996 MIA RIO SFR LBH NAZ 500 MIL DET PORCLE TOR MCHMDOROAVANLAG
Reynard 96i Honda HRH V8 t Flag of Brazil.svg Gil de Ferran 8210115*2399321*181917254256th104

Jim Hall Racing - IndyCar wins

#SeasonDateSanctionTrack / RaceNo.Winning DriverChassisEngineTireGridLaps Led
1 1978 May 28 USAC Indianapolis 500 (O)2 Flag of the United States.svg Al Unser Lola T500 Cosworth DFX V8 t Goodyear 5121
2June 25USAC Pocono 500 (O)2 Flag of the United States.svg Al Unser (2)Lola T500Cosworth DFX V8tGoodyear1065
3September 3USAC Ontario 500 (O)2 Flag of the United States.svg Al Unser (3)Lola T500Cosworth DFX V8tGoodyear774
4 1979 October 20 CART Phoenix International Raceway (O)2 Flag of the United States.svg Al Unser (4) Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyear2138
5 1980 April 13CARTOntario (O)4 Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyearPole74
6May 25USAC Indianapolis 500 (O)4 Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford (2)Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyearPole118
7July 13CART Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course (R)4 Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford (3)Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyear419
8July 20CART Michigan (O)4 Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford (4)Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyear262
9August 10CART Milwaukee Mile (O)4 Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford (5)Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyearPole63
10 1981 March 22CARTPhoenix International Raceway (O)1 Flag of the United States.svg Johnny Rutherford (6)Chaparral 2KCosworth DFX V8tGoodyear368
11 1991 March 17CART Gold Coast Indy 300 (S)4 Flag of the United States.svg John Andretti Lola T91/00 Chevrolet 265A V8 t Goodyear94
12 1995 September 10CART Laguna Seca Raceway (R)8 Flag of Brazil.svg Gil de Ferran (R) Reynard 95i Mercedes-Benz IC108B V8tGoodyear354
13 1996 June 30CART Grand Prix of Cleveland (S)8 Flag of Brazil.svg Gil de Ferran (2)Reynard 96i Honda HRH V8 t Goodyear734

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The March 86C is a highly successful and extremely competitive open-wheel race car, designed by Adrian Newey, and built by March Engineering, to compete in the 1986 CART Indy Car season, and eventually the 1987 Indy Car season. The season was another whitewash and a clean-sweep for March, following up on the success of their 1985 campaign. The 86C chassis dominated the season, winning 14 out of the 17 races, and taking 13 pole positions. Newey's March 86C chassis successfully clinched the 1986 CART Indy Car championship and the 1986 Indianapolis 500 with Bobby Rahal. It was primarily powered by the Ford-Cosworth DFX turbo V8 engine, but also used both the Buick Indy V6 turbo engine, and the Ilmor-Chevrolet 265-A Indy V8 turbo engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">March 87C</span> Race car by March Engineering

The March 87C is open-wheel race car, designed and built by March Engineering, to compete in the 1987 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, alongside the 85C and 86C. The results for the 87C were formidable, but slightly less-successful than the results achieved by the 86C a season earlier. The 87C won eight races and six poles and placed second, third, and fourth in the final points standings. It was powered by the Cosworth DFX turbo engine., as well as the Ilmor-Chevrolet, the Brabham-Honda (Judd), and the Buick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lola T89/00</span> Racing car designed and built by Lola Cars

The Lola T89/00 is an open-wheel racing car chassis, designed and built by Lola Cars that competed in the CART open-wheel racing series, for competition in the 1989 IndyCar season. It won a total of 5 races that season; 1 for Bobby Rahal, 2 for Michael Andretti, and 2 for Al Unser Jr., and took 3 pole positions; 2 for Michael Andretti, 1 for Al Unser Jr. It was mainly powered by the Ford-Cosworth DFX, but also used the Buick Indy V6.

The March 88C is an open-wheel race car, designed and built by March Engineering, to compete in the 1988 IndyCar season. The 88C chassis won four out of the 15 races, all with Al Unser Jr., but only managed to score 1 pole position, with Michael Andretti in Milwaukee. It was powered by numerous engines, including the Cosworth DFX turbo engine, the Ilmor-Chevrolet 265-A engine, the Porsche Indy V8 engine, the Buick Indy V6 engine, and the Judd AV.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lola T500</span> Open-wheel racing car chassis

The Lola T500 is an open-wheel racing car chassis, designed, developed and built by Lola Cars, that competed in the CART open-wheel racing series, for competition in the 1978, 1979, and 1980 USAC Championship Car seasons. It was powered by the 840 hp (630 kW) Ford-Cosworth DFX. Only 5 models were produced. It won a total of 3 races, all in 1978, including the famous and prestigious 1978 Indianapolis 500, being driven by Al Unser.

References

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