Combination puzzle

A combination puzzle collection

A disassembled modern Rubik's 3x3

A combination puzzle, also known as a sequential move puzzle, is a puzzle which consists of a set of pieces which can be manipulated into different combinations by a group of operations. Many such puzzles are mechanical puzzles of polyhedral shape, consisting of multiple layers of pieces along each axis which can rotate independently of each other. Collectively known as twisty puzzles, the archetype of this kind of puzzle is the Rubik's Cube. Each rotating side is usually marked with different colours, intended to be scrambled, then solved by a sequence of moves that sort the facets by colour. Generally, combination puzzles also include mathematically defined examples that have not been, or are impossible to, physically construct.

Description

A combination puzzle is solved by achieving a particular combination starting from a random (scrambled) combination. Often, the solution is required to be some recognisable pattern such as "all like colours together" or "all numbers in order". The most famous of these puzzles is the original Rubik's Cube, a cubic puzzle in which each of the six faces can be independently rotated. Each of the six faces is a different colour, but each of the nine pieces on a face is identical in colour in the solved condition. In the unsolved condition, colours are distributed amongst the pieces of the cube. Puzzles like the Rubik's Cube which are manipulated by rotating a section of pieces are popularly called twisty puzzles. They are often face-turning, but commonly exist in corner-turning and edge-turning varieties.

The mechanical construction of the puzzle will usually define the rules by which the combination of pieces can be altered. This leads to some limitations on what combinations are possible. For instance, in the case of the Rubik's Cube, there are a large number of combinations that can be achieved by randomly placing the coloured stickers on the cube, but not all of these can be achieved by manipulating the cube rotations. Similarly, not all the combinations that are mechanically possible from a disassembled cube are possible by manipulation of the puzzle. Since neither unpeeling the stickers nor disassembling the cube is an allowed operation, the possible operations of rotating various faces limit what can be achieved.

Although a mechanical realization of the puzzle is usual, it is not actually necessary. It is only necessary that the rules for the operations are defined. The puzzle can be realized entirely in virtual space or as a set of mathematical statements. In fact, there are some puzzles that can only be realized in virtual space. An example is the 4-dimensional 3×3×3×3 tesseract puzzle, simulated by the MagicCube4D software.

Types

There have been many different shapes of Rubik type puzzles constructed. As well as cubes, all of the regular polyhedra and many of the semi-regular and stellated polyhedra have been made.

Regular cuboids

A cuboid is a rectilinear polyhedron. That is, all its edges form right angles. Or in other words (in the majority of cases), a box shape. A regular cuboid, in the context of this article, is a cuboid puzzle where all the pieces are the same size in edge length. Pieces are often referred to as "cubies".

Picture	Data	Comments
	Commercial name: Pocket Cube Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 2×2×2 Main article: Pocket Cube	Simpler to solve than the standard cube in that only the algorithms for the corner pieces are required. It is nevertheless surprisingly non-trivial to solve.
	Commercial name: Rubik's Cube Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 3×3×3 Main article: Rubik's Cube	The original Rubik's Cube
	Commercial name: Rubik's Revenge Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 4×4×4 Main article: Rubik's Revenge	Solution is much the same as 3×3×3 cube except additional (and relatively simple) algorithm(s) are required to unscramble the centre pieces and edges and additional parity not seen on the 3x3x3 Rubik's Cube.
	Commercial name: Professor's Cube Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 5×5×5 Main article: Professor's Cube	Solution is much the same as 3×3×3 cube except additional (and relatively simple) algorithm(s) are required to unscramble the centre pieces and edges.
	Commercial name: V-CUBE Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 2×2×2 to 11×11×11 Main articles: V-Cube 6, V-Cube 7, and V-Cube 8	Panagiotis Verdes holds a patent to a method which is said to be able to make cubes up to 11×11×11. He has fully working products for 2×2×2 - 9×9×9 cubes.
	4-Dimensional puzzle Geometric shape: Tesseract Piece configuration: 3×3×3×3 Main article: N-dimensional sequential move puzzles	This is the 4-dimensional analog of a cube and thus cannot actually be constructed. However, it can be drawn or represented by a computer. Significantly more difficult to solve than the standard cube, although the techniques follow much the same principles. There are many other sizes of virtual cuboid puzzles ranging from the trivial 3×3 to the 5-dimensional 7×7×7×7×7 which has only been solved twice so far. [1] However, the 6×6×6×6×6 has only been solved once, since its parity does not remain constant (due to not having proper center pieces)
Slim Tower or Tower Cube [2] [3] Rubik's Tower [4] [5] 3×4×4 [6] 2×2×6 [7]	Non-uniform cuboids Geometric shape: Cuboid Piece configuration (1st): 2×2×3 Piece configuration (2nd): 2×3×3 Piece configuration (3rd): 3×4×4 Piece configuration (4th): 2×2×6	Most of the puzzles in this class of puzzle are generally custom made in small numbers. Most of them start with the internal mechanism of a standard puzzle. Additional cubie pieces are then added, either modified from standard puzzles or made from scratch. The four shown here are only a sample from a very large number of examples. Those with two or three different numbers of even or odd rows also have the ability to change their shape. The Tower Cube was manufactured by Chronos and distributed by Japanese company Gentosha Education; it is the third "Okamoto Cube" (invented by Katsuhiko Okamoto). It does not change form, and the top and bottom colours do not mix with the colours on the sides.
	Siamese cubes Geometric shape: Fused cubes Piece configuration: two 3×3×3 fused 1×1×3	Siamese cubes are two or more puzzles that are fused so that some pieces are common to both cubes. The picture here shows two 3×3×3 cubes that have been fused. The largest example known to exist is in The Puzzle Museum [8] and consists of three 5×5×5 cubes that are siamese fused 2×2×5 in two places. there is also a "2 3x3x3 fused 2x2x2" version called the fused cube. The first Siamese cube was made by Tony Fisher in 1981. [9] This has been credited as the first example of a "handmade modified rotational puzzle". [9]
	Commercial name: Void cube Geometric shape: Menger Sponge with 1 iteration Piece configuration: 3x3x3-7. Main article: Void Cube	Solutions to this cube is similar to a regular 3x3x3 except that odd-parity combinations are possible with this puzzle. This cube uses a special mechanism due to absence of a central core.
	Commercial name: Crazy cube type I Crazy cube type II Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 4x4x4.	The inner circles of a Crazy cube 4x4x4 move with the second layer of each face. On a crazy cube type I, they are internally connected in such a way that they essentially move as 8 distinct pieces, not 24. To solve such a cube, think of it as a 2x2x2 (pocket cube) trapped inside a 4x4x4 (Rubik's Revenge). Solve the 2x2x2 first, then solve the 4x4x4 by making exchanges only. Solving the type II is much more difficult.
	Commercial name: Over The Top Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 17x17x17	Experimental cube made by 3-D printing of plastic invented by Oskar van Deventer. Corners are much larger in proportion, and edge pieces match that larger dimension; they are narrow, and do not resemble cubes. The rest of the cubelets are 15x15 arrays on each side of the whole cube; as planned, they would be only 4 mm on a side. The original mechanism is a 3x3x3 core, with thin "vanes" for the center edges; the rest of the cubelets fill in the gaps. The core has a sphere at its center. As of 2023 it is being mass produced by the Chinese companies YuXin and Shengshou. [10]

Pattern variations

There are many puzzles which are mechanically identical to the regular cuboids listed above but have variations in the pattern and colour of design. Some of these are custom made in very small numbers, sometimes for promotional events. The ones listed in the table below are included because the pattern in some way affects the difficulty of the solution or is notable in some other way.

Picture	Data	Comments
	Commercial name: Calendar Cube Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 3×3×3	Mechanically identical to the standard 3×3×3 cube, but with specially printed stickers for displaying the date. Much easier to solve since five of the six faces are ignored. Ideal produced a commercial version during the initial cube craze. Sticker sets are also available for converting a normal cube into a calendar.
	Commercial Name: Magic Cube Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 3×3×3	Mechanically identical to the standard 3×3×3 cube. However, the numbers on the centre pieces force the solver to become aware that each one can be in one of four orientations, thus hugely increasing the total number of combinations. The number of combinations of centre face orientations is 46. However, odd combinations (overall odd number of rotations) of the centre faces cannot be achieved with legal operations. The increase is therefore x211 over the original making the total approximately 1024 combinations. This adds to the difficulty of the puzzle but not astronomically; only one or two additional algorithms are required to affect a solution. Note that the puzzle can be treated as a number magic square puzzle on each of the six faces with the magic constant being 15 in this case.

Sudoku Cube

The Sudoku Cube or Sudokube is a variation on a Rubik's Cube in which the aim is to solve one or more Sudoku puzzles on the sides or rows. The toy was originally created in 2006 by Jay Horowitz in Sebring, Ohio. ^[11] It was subsequently produced in China, marketed and sold internationally.

A scrambled colorless Sudoku Cube

Production

The Sudoku Cube was invented by veteran toy maker Jay Horowitz, a puzzle inventor who primarily reproduced older toys for the collectibles market. ^{[12] [13]} Horowitz first encountered the original Sudoku puzzle when a woman sitting next to him on a plane ride explained it to him. ^[12] After being introduced to the puzzle, Horowitz wanted to introduce the puzzle to the games business, and had the idea of combining it with the Rubik's cube. ^[13] Horowitz already had access to molds for the Rubik's Cube, as he owned the Ideal Toy Company which owned molds. ^{[12] [13]} Horowitz worked for a month until he figured out how to combine the two puzzles together, and then when he figured it out, he "did not sleep for three days" while he worked out how to best arrange the numbers to create 18 unique Sudoku puzzles within the cube. ^[13] Horowitz then patented the numerical design that he created. ^{[13] [14]} Mass production was completed in China by American Classic Toy Inc, a company belonging to Horowitz. ^{[12] [13]} The product was sold in the United States in retailers such as Barnes & Noble and FAO Schwarz and sold for $9.87 each. ^[13] The price was chosen specifically because each number only appears once. ^[13]

Marketing

Horowitz promoted his new product in at toy fairs such as the 2007 American International Toy Fair and Hong Kong Toys and Games Fair. ^{[12] [13]} Adrienne Citrin, the spokeswoman for the Toy Industry Association, mentioned that Sudoku fans who felt like they had mastered the original paper version of the puzzle were interested in the new product. ^[13] The product was originally launched in the US and then sold internationally, exporting to Spain, France, South Africa and the United Kingdom. ^[13] Shortly after release, there were several imitator products sold on Amazon under the name "Sudokube". ^[12]

Irregular cuboids

An irregular cuboid, in the context of this article, is a cuboid puzzle where not all the pieces are the same size in edge length. This category of puzzle is often made by taking a larger regular cuboid puzzle and fusing together some of the pieces to make larger pieces. In the formulae for piece configuration, the configuration of the fused pieces is given in brackets. Thus, (as a simple regular cuboid example) a 2(2,2)x2(2,2)x2(2,2) is a 2×2×2 puzzle, but it was made by fusing a 4×4×4 puzzle. Puzzles which are constructed in this way are often called "bandaged" cubes. However, there are many irregular cuboids that have not (and often could not) be made by bandaging.

Picture	Data	Comments
	Commercial name: Skewb Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: 3x3x3 Main article: Skewb	Similar to the original Rubik's Cube, the Skewb differs in that its four axes of rotation pass through the corners of the cube rather than the centres of the faces. As a result, it is a deep-cut puzzle in which each twist scrambles all six faces.
	Bandaged Cubes Geometric shape: Cube Piece configuration: various	This is a simple example of one a large number of bandaged cube types that have been made. A bandaged cube is a cube where some of the pieces are stuck together.
	Commercial name: Square One Geometric shape: Cube Main article: Square One (puzzle)	A variation on the original Rubik's Cube where it can be turned in such a manner as to distort the cubical shape of the puzzle. The Square One consists of three layers. The upper and lower layers contain kite and triangular pieces. The middle layer contains two trapezoid pieces, which together may form an irregular hexagon or a square. Square One is an example of another very large class of puzzle — cuboid puzzles which have cubies that are not themselves all cuboid.
Golden Cube	Commercial name: Tony Fisher's Golden Cube Geometric shape: Cube	First rotational puzzle created that has just one colour, [9] requiring the solver to restore the puzzle to its original cube form without colour aids.
	Commercial name: Lan Lan Rex Cube (Flower Box) Geometric shape: Cube
	Commercial name: Mixup Cube Geometric shape: Cube	Invented by Oskar van Deventer, it looks like a disproportional Rubik's Cube, but it allows the middle layer to turn 45 degrees and swap center pieces with edge pieces.

Other polyhedra

Picture	Data	Comments
	Commercial Name: Pyraminx Geometric shape: Tetrahedron Piece configuration: 3×3×3 Main article: Pyraminx	Tetrahedral-shaped puzzle with axes on the corners and trivial tips. It was invented in 1970 by Uwe Mèffert.
	Commercial Name: Pyramorphix Geometric shape: Tetrahedron Piece configuration: 2×2×2 Main article: Pyramorphix	Edge turning tetrahedron shaped puzzle with a 2×2×2 cube mechanism.
	Commercial Name: Megaminx Geometric shape: Dodecahedron Piece configuration: 3×3×3 Main article: Megaminx	12-sided polyhedron puzzle similar to Rubik's Cube in operation and solution.
	Commercial Name: Gigaminx, Teraminx, Petaminx Geometric shape: Dodecahedron Piece configuration: gigaminx is 5x5x5, teraminx is 7x7x7, petaminx is 9x9x9	Megaminx variants with multiple layers per face. The Gigaminx has 2 layers per face, for a total of 5 layers per edge; the Teraminx has 3 layers per face, 7 layers per edge; and the Petaminx has 4 layers per face, 9 layers per edge.
	Commercial Name: Impossiball Geometric shape: Rounded icosahedron Piece configuration: 2x2x2 Main article: Impossiball	Rounded icosahedron puzzle similar to Pocket Cube in operation and solution.
	Commercial Name: Alexander's Star Geometric shape: Great dodecahedron Piece configuration: 3x3x3 Main article: Alexander's Star	12-sided Nonconvex uniform polyhedron puzzle similar to Rubik's Cube in operation and solution.
	Commercial Name: BrainTwist Geometric shape: Tetrahedron Piece configuration: 2x2x2 Main article: BrainTwist	The BrainTwist is a unique tetrahedral puzzle with an ability to "flip", showing only half of the puzzle at a time.
	Commercial Name: Dogic Geometric shape: Icosahedron Piece configuration: 4x4x4 Main article: Dogic	The Dogic is an icosahedron cut into 60 triangular pieces around its 12 tips and 20 face centers.
	Commercial Name: Skewb Diamond Geometric shape: Octahedron Piece configuration: 3x3x3 Main article: Skewb Diamond	An octahedral variation on the Skewb, it is a deep-cut puzzle very similar to the Skewb and is a dual-polyhedron transformation.
	Commercial Name: Skewb Ultimate Geometric shape: Dodecahedron Piece configuration: 3x3x3 Main article: Skewb Ultimate	While appearing more difficult than the Skewb Diamond, it is functionally very similar to the Skewb and Skewb Diamond. The puzzle is cut in a different manner but the same solutions can be used to solve it by identifying what pieces are equivalent. Because faces of the Skewb Diamond correspond to corners of the Skewb Ultimate, an additional constraint on the orientation of these pieces appears. Any Skewb Diamond solution thus requires a few additions in order to solve the Skewb Ultimate.
	Commercial Name: Pyraminx Crystal Geometric shape: Dodecahedron Piece configuration: 3x3x3 Main article: Pyraminx Crystal	A dodecahedron cut into 20 corner pieces and 30 edge pieces. It is similar to the Megaminx, but is deeper cut, giving edges that behave differently from the Megaminx's edges when twisted.
	Commercial Name: Magic 120-cell Geometric shape: 120-cell Piece configuration: 3×3×3×3 Main article: N-dimensional sequential move puzzles § Magic 120-cell	Virtual 4-dimensional puzzle, the 4-D analogue of the Megaminx.

Non-Rubik style three-dimensional

Picture	Data	Comments
	Name: holey burr puzzles with level > 1 Piece configuration: 6 interlocking sticks Main article: Burr puzzle § Holey burr	A holey burr puzzle is characterised by internal holes, which usually allow for sliding movements of individual pieces or groups of pieces. The level of a holey burr puzzle specifies how many sliding movements are necessary to assemble or disassemble the puzzle.
	Commercial Name: Minus Cube Piece configuration: 2×2×2-1 sliding cubes Main article: Minus Cube	The Minus Cube is a 3D mechanical variant of the n-puzzle. It consists of a bonded transparent plastic box containing seven small cubes. There is an empty space the size of one small cube inside the box and the small cubes are moveable inside the box by tilting the box causing a cube to fall into the space.
	Commercial Name: Rubik's Clock Piece configuration: 3×3×2 12-position dials Main article: Rubik's Clock	Rubik's Clock is a two-sided puzzle, each side presenting nine clocks to the puzzler. There are four wheels, one at each corner of the puzzle, each allowing the corresponding corner clock to be rotated directly. There are also four pins next to the center clock, which control the rotation of the four adjacent clock faces.
	Commercial Name: Rubik's Snake Piece configuration: 1x1x24 Main article: Rubik's Snake	Some would not count this as a combinational puzzle though it bears the Rubik name. Also known as Rubik's Twist. There is no one solution to this puzzle but multiple different shapes can be made. [15]
	Commercial Name: Snake Cube Piece configuration: 1x1x27 or 1x1x64 Main article: Snake cube	The cubelets are connected by an elastic band running through them. They can rotate freely. The aim of the puzzle is to arrange the chain in such a way that they will form 3 x 3 x 3 or 4 x 4 x 4 cube.

Two-dimensional

Picture	Data	Comments
	Sliding piece puzzle Piece configuration: 7×7 Main article: Sliding puzzle	These ubiquitous puzzles come in many sizes and designs. The traditional design is with numbers and the solution forms a magic square. There have been many different designs, the example shown here uses graphic symbols instead of numbers. The solution requires that there are no repeated symbols in any row, column or diagonal. The picture shows the puzzle unsolved.
	Sliding piece puzzle with picture Piece configuration: 7×7 Main article: Sliding puzzle	Mechanically, no different from the puzzle above. However, the picture on the pieces gives it something of the nature of a jigsaw puzzle, in addition to being a combination puzzle. Note that the picture consists of a multitude of polyhedra which have been made into Rubik puzzles.
	Fifteen puzzle Piece configuration: 4×4-1 Main article: Fifteen puzzle	The original sliding piece puzzle.
	Rubik's Magic Main article: Rubik's Magic	Not entirely 2D. Involves flipping parts back onto itself.
	Rubik's Master Magic Main article: Rubik's Magic: Master Edition	The five ringed version of the Rubik's Magic
	Commercial name:2D Magic Cube Geometric shape:Square Piece configuration: 3×3 Main article: N-dimensional sequential move puzzles § 3x3 2D square	Another virtual puzzle in the Rubik series, but this time a very simple one.
	Klotski Piece configuration: 4×5-2 with some fused pieces Main article: Klotski	A traditional sliding piece puzzle. There are now endless variations of this original puzzle implemented as computer games.
	Geranium Piece configuration: 5 intersecting circular rotational groups of oddly shaped pieces	A rotating piece puzzle. Some rank its difficulty very high compared to complex 3D puzzles. [16] There are other versions of this puzzle type including "Mini", "Pocket" and "Super", which have 2, 3 and 10 intersecting circles. There is an "Upgrade" mod which splits some of the large pieces into smaller ones. This puzzle's current production status is unknown.

Geared puzzles

Picture	Data	Comments
	Gear Cube	This twisty puzzle was invented by Oskar van Deventer. Edge pieces are gears that turn when faces turn and force opposite faces to turn together. Despite its appearance it is considered easier than the Rubik's Cube.

See also

• N-dimensional sequential move puzzles
• Puck puzzle
• List of Rubik's Cube manufacturers

References

1. "MagicCube5D Hall of Insanity". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
2. "2×2×3 (aka: Slim Tower)". TwistyPuzzles.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
3. "Tower Cube" (in Japanese). Gentosha Education. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
4. "2×3×3". TwistyPuzzles.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
5. "Rubik's Tower 2×2×4". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
6. "Specter Cube". TwistyPuzzles.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
7. "2×2×6". TwistyPuzzles.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
8. "Collection of cube puzzles". The Puzzle Museum. January 2003.
9. Slocum, Jerry (2009), The Cube. The Ultimate Guide to the World’s Best Selling Puzzles Published by Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc ( ISBN   978-1-57912-805-0)
10. "YuXin HuangLong 17x17".
11. "US toy maker combines Sudoku and Rubik's Cube amid popularity of brain teasers". International Herald Tribune . 2007-02-17. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
12. "US toy maker combines Sudoku and Rubik's Cube amid popularity of brain teasers". International Herald Tribune . 2007-02-17. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
13. Pawlyna, Andrea (2007). "World Enterprise". World Enterprise. Vol. 4. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
14. USpatent US2007267813A1,Horowitz, Jay,"Three dimensional sudoku cube puzzle and method",published 2007-05-08,issued 2007-11-22 
15. Tony Durham, New Scientist, page 209, 9 September 1982
16. "top 5 hardest massproduced puzzles". TwistyPuzzles.com Forum.

External links

• A large database of twisty puzzles
• The Puzzle Museum
• The Magic Polyhedra Patent Page