Consolidated Edison Building

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Consolidated Edison Building
Con Ed Building Tower from 14th Street.jpg
Consolidated Edison Building
General information
TypeCommercial offices
Architectural style Beaux-Arts
Neoclassical
Location4 Irving Place
Manhattan, New York, US
Coordinates 40°44′03″N73°59′16″W / 40.7341°N 73.9879°W / 40.7341; -73.9879
Construction started1911
Completed1929
Owner Consolidated Edison
Height
Architectural478 ft (146 m)
Technical details
Floor count26
Design and construction
Architect(s) Henry Hardenbergh (original structure)
Warren and Wetmore (annex)
Structural engineerThomas E. Murray
Main contractor George A. Fuller Company (original structure)
References
DesignatedFebruary 10, 2009
Reference no.2313

The Consolidated Edison Building (also known as the Consolidated Gas Building and 4 Irving Place) is a neoclassical skyscraper in the Gramercy neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. The 26-story [lower-alpha 1] building was designed by the architectural firms of Warren and Wetmore and Henry Janeway Hardenbergh. The building takes up the western two-thirds of the block bounded by 14th Street to the south, Irving Place to the west, 15th Street to the north, and Third Avenue to the east. It serves as the headquarters of energy company Consolidated Edison, also known as Con Ed.

Contents

The site formerly contained Tammany Hall and the Academy of Music, as well as the offices of Con Ed's predecessor, Consolidated Gas. The gas company was originally headquartered at 15th Street and Irving Place, but had outgrown its original building by the 1910s. As a result, Hardenbergh designed an expansion for the existing headquarters, which was constructed from 1911 to 1914. This expansion was later incorporated into a larger structure built by Warren and Wetmore between 1926 and 1929. Upon completion, the building's design was lauded by local media, and its "Tower of Light" became a symbol of the local skyline. In 2009, the building was declared a New York City designated landmark. [1]

Site

The Consolidated Edison Building is in the Gramercy neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, near Union Square. [6] [7] The land lot spans the entirety of a rectangular city block bounded by Irving Place to the west, 15th Street to the north, Third Avenue to the east, and 14th Street to the south. The site covers 93,778 square feet (8,712.3 m2), measuring 420 feet (130 m) wide along 14th and 15th Streets and 206.5 feet (62.9 m) wide along Irving Place and Third Avenue. [6] The building is officially located at 4 Irving Place, though the building also takes up the lots between 2 and 10 Irving Place. [8] [9] [10] It is near Zeckendorf Towers to the west, Irving Plaza and the Daryl Roth Theatre to the northwest, and Christ Church Lutheran to the north. [6]

The site was originally occupied by the Lenape Native Americans until 1651, when a large tract from Bowery (now Fourth Avenue) to the East River between 3rd and 30th Streets was given to New Netherland director-general Peter Stuyvesant. [11] : (v. 6) 9, 142–144  [12] : 12–21  While the Stuyvesant family retained much of their land through the 18th century, some 33 acres (13 ha) of the Stuyvesant estate were bought in 1748 by Cornelius Tiebout, whose widow later passed ownership of the land to her son, Cornelius T. Williams. The current building's site includes land from Stuyvesant, Williams, and auctioneer David Dunham. [1] When the Manhattan street grid was laid out with the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, space was provided for what would become Union Square, one block west of the present-day Consolidated Edison Building, which opened in 1839. To the east of the square, between Fourth and Third Avenues, a community of rowhouses as well as a north–south street called Irving Place were developed by Samuel B. Ruggles. [1] [12]

The block now occupied by the Consolidated Edison Building was originally occupied by buildings of various uses, including rowhouses on 15th Street, the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, and the New York University School of Medicine on 14th Street. [1] The Manhattan Gas Light Company purchased land at the southeast corner of 15th Street and Irving Place in 1855, where it erected a Renaissance Revival office structure. [13] Just south of the Gas Light Company's office was the Academy of Music, New York's third opera house, [14] [15] which opened in 1854. [16] The structure burned down in 1866, destroying the blockfront on 14th Street between Third Avenue and Irving Place. [17] [18] The Academy of Music was rebuilt and continued to serve as an opera site until 1887, when it was turned into a movie theater. [17] The Tammany Hall political organization purchased the former medical school site and built its headquarters building there. [14] [15] [17] Another building on the present Consolidated Edison Building's site, a mansion at 2 Irving Place, served as headquarters for the Lotos Club. [19]

History

In the 1880s, at a time when competition between New York City's gas companies was high, the Manhattan Gas Light Company and several other gas companies combined to become the Consolidated Gas Company. By 1910, the original offices at 15th Street proved to be insufficient for the company's operations, and it had opened offices in several other buildings on the block, including the old Lotos Club house. [20]

Construction

Consolidated Gas hired Henry Janeway Hardenbergh to design a 12-story office building on that site in late 1911. [21] [22] The building was to be erected in two phases to avoid interrupting the company's operations. [20] [22] The architect had previously constructed a showroom for the company. [23] The site had a frontage of 84 feet (26 m) on Irving Place and 155.6 feet (47.4 m) on 15th Street. Plans for a 12-story structure on that site were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings in December 1910, [24] [25] and the George A. Fuller Company was hired as the general contractor. [21] The first phase of construction, between January and September 1911, entailed erecting a 62-foot-wide (19 m) edifice on the center of the block at 124–128 East 15th Street. [20] By that October, Consolidated Gas had begun relocating its offices into the annex. [22] Consolidated Gas president George B. Cortelyou was the last employee to relocate to the new building, doing so in December 1911. [26]

The original headquarters and the Lotos Club house were originally retained as offices, but this soon proved insufficient. [20] By December 1911, Consolidated Gas had modified its plans and wished to replace the old structures. [26] The company wanted to erect a new building with 19 stories, including a penthouse. [20] Consolidated Gas bought additional property to the east in June 1912; [27] the purchase was finalized that November, giving the company a lot measuring nearly 300 feet (91 m) wide. [28] [29] The day after the sale was finalized, Hardenbergh filed plans for an addition to the building, costing $1.5 million. [30] [31] The relatively new headquarters at 124–128 East 15th Street had not been intended to support additional stories, as Consolidated Gas had erroneously assumed that the structure would be sufficient for the company's needs. [32] As such, a 19-story wing was built on either side of the existing 12-story structure, and seven additional stories were suspended from girders above the existing structure. [20] [32] The first of these girders was installed in August 1913. [33] [32]

The building, which ultimately cost $2.5 million, housed 2,000 Consolidated Gas employees across five departments. [34] After the 19-story building was finished in 1914, Consolidated Gas rented out some of the additional space in the building; at the time, the company did not need to use the entire floor area. [35] Among the tenants were the Dahlstrom Metallic Door Company, which had manufactured the building's doors, partitions and trim. [36] A two-story building at 144 East 15th Street was added in 1915 and was used for showrooms. [35] [37] This showroom measured 22 by 84 feet (6.7 by 25.6 m) and was made of brick and steel. [37]

Expansion

By the 1920s, Consolidated Gas had expanded into the outer boroughs, and there was need for even more office space. [35] [38] In August 1925, the company purchased the Academy of Music, [39] which hosted its last show in May 1926. [40] [41] Consolidated Gas hired Warren and Wetmore, which had previously designed some of the company's branch offices as architects. [42] [43] [4] T.E. Murray, Inc., which built boiler plants and power-generating stations, were the general contractors. [42] Blueprints for a 26-story annex, plus alterations to the existing building, were submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings in October 1926. [44] [lower-alpha 2] A set of bells, measuring about 2.5 short tons (2.2 long tons; 2.3 t), was hoisted to the top of the Consolidated Edison Building's clock tower in December 1927. [45] A massive telephone switchboard at the building was dedicated in April 1928, [46] and the 20-story wing was completed that November. [42]

The Tammany Hall building on 14th Street was sold to Joseph P. Day and J. Clarence Davis, of real estate syndicate D&D Company, in December 1927. The society planned to relocate to the nearby 44 Union Square East, which was then under construction. [47] [48] D&D sold the Tammany building again to Consolidated Gas in January 1928. [49] [50] There were allegations that Tammany leaders profited from the sales, [51] [52] which Tammany leader George Washington Olvany denied. [53] Day, a long-time member of Tammany Hall, eventually agreed to give the $70,000 profit from the sale to Tammany. [52] [54] Tammany Hall remained in its old headquarters until July 4, 1928, so it could celebrate the U.S. Independence Day at that location. Immediately afterward, it moved to a temporary space at 2 Park Avenue. [55]

Plans for an annex were submitted to the Department of Buildings in September 1928. [56] The next month, Consolidated Gas bought two houses on Third Avenue, giving the new building an exit on that avenue. [57] After Consolidated Gas acquired the Brooklyn Edison Company in 1928, [38] employees of the Edison Company began relocating to the Consolidated Gas Building in May 1929. [58] The top of the building's tower was first illuminated on July 4, 1929, [59] and the annex was finished by that November. [42] After the completion of this expansion, the building contained 1 million square feet (93,000 m2) of floor area, used by 7,000 employees. [60] : 199 

Later usage

The "Tower of Light" at the top of the building's tower, seen from Third Avenue Con Ed Building top from 3rd Ave.jpg
The "Tower of Light" at the top of the building's tower, seen from Third Avenue

The ground floor space was rented out to various tenants, including First National City Bank (now Citibank), [61] which opened a bank branch there in 1928. [62] A 1932 guidebook stated that Consolidated Gas had become the "largest company in the world providing electrical service". [60] : 199  Consolidated Gas was incorporated as the Consolidated Edison Company of New York in 1936, and its headquarters were renamed accordingly. [63] The 15th Street facade was reconfigured in 1954, and various components have been replaced and installed over the years. [61]

In 1965–1966, the facade was repainted with about 2,000 U.S. gallons (7,600 L) of paint and given an acrylic emulsion. [64] By the 1970s, the headquarters had 6,000 employees. [65] Con Ed continued to expand into adjacent states, though it still retains its headquarters at Gramercy Park. [63] In 1975, the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña, a Puerto Rican nationalist group, claimed responsibility for a bombing that caused minor damage to the building, but injured no one. [66] The group also claimed responsibility for a similar bombing at the same site in 1978, which also caused little damage. [67] The Con Edison Energy Museum existed in the building in the late 20th century. [68]

The light bulbs on the tower's clock were replaced in 1994. [69] The tower and facade were repaired once again from 1997 to 2001, [61] and the light bulbs on the facade were replaced in 2008. [70] In 2010, it was officially designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. [8] By then, the space was occupied by such tenants as the New York Sports Club, the Apple Bank for Savings, and a Raymour & Flanigan furniture store. [61]

Architecture

The height of the roof is 404 feet (123 m) while the height to the tip of the lantern is 478 feet (146 m). [10] For the structure, the architects worked out a limestone form with its corners clad in mock quoining. Courses of stone were raised to create a column of protruding blocks. [14] Few alterations have been made to the facade since the 1920s expansions. [61]

Form and facade

Hardenbergh structure

The Hardenbergh structure, seen from Third Avenue to the east. The top six floors were added after construction. There are cornices above the 10th, 12th, 13th, and 17th floors, and a crowning cornice above the 18th floor. A penthouse can be seen on the 19th floor and is set back from the main facade Con Ed Building from 3rd Ave.jpg
The Hardenbergh structure, seen from Third Avenue to the east. The top six floors were added after construction. There are cornices above the 10th, 12th, 13th, and 17th floors, and a crowning cornice above the 18th floor. A penthouse can be seen on the 19th floor and is set back from the main facade

The initial structure by Hardenbergh was one of the architect's last designs. [8] The original plans called for a 12-story building with a facade made of limestone. In the original plans, the lowest three levels were to contain storefronts, with double-height segmental arches along the facade of the ground and second floors. On the middle seven levels, the windows were to be recessed into vertical bays, with each bay containing three windows on each floor. The top two levels were to contain windows that were recessed into the facade, separated by colonettes in the Ionic order, as well as decorated spandrels within the windows. [22] [71]

Hardenbergh's original plan called for the main entrance to be on 15th Street; [71] the entrance would have contained marble arches with backlit panels. [72] When the expanded building design was implemented, the main entrance was moved to Irving Place while the secondary entrance was moved to 15th Street. The Irving Place entrance was given a recessed portico supported by Ionic columns, while the 15th Street entrance was simpler in design. The original 12 stories remained mostly the same, but the 13th story of the building was distinguished by a "transitional" design with small cornices below and above that floor. The 14th through 17th floors contained piers between each recessed bay, which were supported by Ionic pilasters, while a projecting cornice was placed on the 18th floor. Elements of several architectural styles were used, including the Beaux-Arts base, Baroque midsection, and the Renaissance Revival and neoclassical decorations on top. [71]

Illumination of the facade was a key part of the Hardenbergh design for the building: lamps were suspended beneath the cornice and on the roofline, and the storefronts at ground level were also illuminated. Even the use of limestone on the facade, instead of brick, was conducive to the illumination, as the limestone reflected the light generated by these lamps. [71] The Real Estate Record & Guide cited the building's exterior illumination scheme as being "as interesting an example of decorative exterior lighting as has ever been attempted in New York City." [73] Such illumination had been used previously in the city, notably at Luna Park and Dreamland amusement parks at Coney Island, as well as during the 1909 Hudson Fulton Celebration, when illumination was placed on the East River bridges and on major structures such as the Singer Building and the Plaza Hotel. [71] However, it was still relatively rare for office buildings to be illuminated each night, though such lighting schemes were commonly tested at the premises of power companies. [74] : 54, 98–101  The lighting scheme was scrapped in the 1920s when the Warren and Wetmore tower was built. [71]

Warren and Wetmore structure

The design of the 26-story tower [lower-alpha 1] at Irving Place and 14th Street was similar to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower at Madison Avenue and 23rd Street. [75] Two 18-story wings wrapping the tower were designed in a similar manner to Hardenbergh's structure. [8] The decoration was similar to that of Hardenbergh's design, but with less detail. The base contained a three-story colonnade with Doric columns. Throughout the Warren and Wetmore section of the building, there is light-inspired ornamentation including depictions of urns, torches, lamps, thunderbolts, and suns. These decorations symbolize Con Ed's function as a power company, and by extension, a provider of light. [75]

Tower View from dorm window (7347632422).jpg
Tower

Rising above the base was a tower that was set back from the street, as required by the 1916 Zoning Resolution. [75] The ornamentation at the tower's peak included urns and obelisks, which were normally associated with funereal aspects, and was modeled after the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. [63] These decorations memorialize Con Ed workers killed in World War I. [63] [5] The tower section was topped by a "Tower of Light" designed to look like a miniature temple. [14] Just below the pinnacle is a recessed loggia of columns, which are illuminated in various colors at night. [5] [4] Under the columns, the tower includes four 16-foot wide clock faces, one on each side of the building. [4] The tower also contains a set of bells, which strike every quarter-hour and are synchronized with a clock in Washington, D.C. [76] Measuring 400 feet (120 m) high, [76] the bells were the second-highest in the world at the time of their installation, behind those of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower. [77]

The tower is capped by a bronze lantern which lights up at night; [14] the lantern measures 8 feet (2.4 m) high. [5] The lighting scheme on the tower was first activated in 1929. [59] [63] At the time, the lighting scheme was unusual in that it provided colored light, as opposed to the plain colors expressed by most other buildings' illuminations, and also was powered by electricity rather than gas. [4] When the tower was completed, light beams radiated to the north, west, south, and east, as well as upward. The lights cycled through 21 colors within three minutes [59]

Features

When completed in 1914, the original Consolidated Gas Building contained a large auditorium, in addition to a restaurant on the 19th floor. [34] By 1928, Consolidated Gas purported to have the world's largest privately owned telephone switchboard, with 60,000 jacks maintained by 75 operators. [78] The building also contains a 6,500-square-foot (600 m2) private library for Con Edison, which has existed at the same site since 1906 and had 35,000 books and 380 periodicals by the 1980s. [79]

Although the western and eastern sections of the building on 15th Street were built as 19-story structures, the center portion was originally only 12 stories high and could not support the weight of seven extra stories. As such, the 13th through 19th stories are suspended above the center portion of the building via a system of trusses. [32] [80] Above the 19th story of the center section are eight girders, each weighing 27 to 46 short tons (24 to 41 long tons; 24 to 42 t). [33] The girders themselves are anchored to two-story-high steel frames above the western and eastern sections of the building; each steel frame consists of eight columns that rise straight from the building's foundation. According to The Washington Post , this effectively created a seven-story building hanging 200 feet above street level. [32]

Critical reception

Robert A. M. Stern wrote in 1983 that Hardenbergh's blending of styles for the original building—as used on another of his commissions, the Plaza Hotel near Central Park—demonstrated a "masterful combination of gemuetlichkeit and Classical rigor". [81] : 262 

The addition was widely lauded for its features. A critic in The New Yorker wrote in 1929 that the addition, "interestingly wedged in between the flanking buildings", included "a sturdy shaft, classic in detail and vigorous in silhouette". [82] The New Yorker writer further explained that the building was well integrated into the features of the neighboring structures and employed a good use of setbacks, but that the cornice above the base was slightly offset. [82] Another magazine, The Architect, stated that the design and decorations "made this a building of unusual merit and distinction", [75] while W. Parker Chase wrote in 1933 that the Consolidated Edison Building was among the city's most "beautiful and magnificent structures". [60] : 199  The lighting scheme was also praised. [63] In the 1939 WPA Guide to New York City, workers for the Federal Writers' Project called the lighting scheme one of the city's "welcome landmarks", [83] while in 1981, The New York Times described the Tower of Light as one of the "crowns of light" decorating the Manhattan skyline. [84]

See also

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References

Notes

  1. 1 2 The building is generally cited as being 26 stories high. [1] [2] [3] Christopher Gray of The New York Times describes the Consolidated Edison Building as being 24 stories, [4] while Richard Berenholtz cites the structure as rising 23 stories. [5]
  2. ↑ The New York Herald Tribune incorrectly reported Thomas E. Murray Inc. as the architects. [44]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Harris 2009 , p. 2.
  2. ↑ Manhattan East Side Transit Alternatives Study (MESA): Environmental Impact Statement. 1999. p. 7-PA5. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  3. ↑ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide New York City. Eyewitness Travel Guides. DK Publishing. 2016. p. 125. ISBN   978-1-4654-6165-0 . Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Gray, Christopher (September 12, 2008). "A Beacon of the Changing Times". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Berenholtz, Richard; Reynolds, Donald M. (1988). Manhattan architecture. New York: Prentice Hall Press. p. 100. ISBN   0-13-551987-X. OCLC   17732386.
  6. 1 2 3 "121 East 14 Street, 10036". New York City Department of City Planning . Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  7. ↑ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 0. ISBN   978-0-19538-386-7.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Harris 2009 , p. 1.
  9. ↑ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications . Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Consolidated Gas Building". EMPORIS. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ↑ Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). "The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 : compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents in public and private collections" – via Internet Archive.
  12. 1 2 Garmey, Stephen (1984). Gramercy Park, an illustrated history of a New York neighborhood. New York: Balsam Press Distributed by Kampmann & Co. ISBN   978-0-917439-00-1. OCLC   10799569.
  13. ↑ "New-York City; Architectural Improvements in the Sixteenth Ward". The New York Times. January 7, 1856. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Mendelsohn, Joyce (1998), Touring the Flatiron: Walks in Four Historic Neighborhoods, New York: New York Landmarks Conservancy, ISBN   0-964-7061-2-1, OCLC   40227695
  15. 1 2 Wurman, Richard Saul (2000), Access New York City, New York: HarperCollins, ISBN   0-06-277274-0
  16. ↑ "Musical; Opening of the Academy of Music". The New York Times. October 3, 1854. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 Harris 2009 , p. 3.
  18. ↑ "The Great Fire; Details of the Disaster". The New York Times. May 23, 1866. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  19. ↑ "The Lotos Club". The New York Times. April 24, 1870. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harris 2009 , p. 5.
  21. 1 2 "Big New Office Building". New-York Tribune. November 29, 1910. p. 10. ISSN   1941-0646 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Irving Place Duplicating Fourth Avenue in Rapidity of Commercial Development". The New York Times. October 29, 1911. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  23. ↑ Illuminating Engineering Society (1910). "Modern Gas Lighting in the Store, Office and Home". Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society. Illuminating Engineering Society. pp. 19–33. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  24. ↑ "A $700,000 Fifth Avenue Lease -- Times Square Rumor Denied -- Three Uptown Apartments Sold to Invest- ors -- Developers Buy Long Island City Block.; Times Square Hotel Rumor Denied". The New York Times. December 10, 1910. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Terra Cotta Products Have Good Inquiry". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 86, no. 2230. December 10, 1910. p. 999 – via columbia.edu.
  26. 1 2 "Consolidated Gas President Moves to His New Office". The Wall Street Journal. December 20, 1911. p. 6. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  27. ↑ "The Real Estate Field; Big Operation Forecast in East Fifteenth Street -- Buyers for Private Dwellings -- Fort Washington Deal -- Long Island Market Active Staten Island Water Front Purchase". The New York Times. June 5, 1912. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Transactions in the Real Estate Market". The Sun. November 21, 1912. p. 15. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  29. ↑ "The Real Estate Field; Old Astor and Lorillard Holdings in Pearl Street Sold -- West Side Transactions -- Big Business Deal in Upper Montclair -- Bronx and Suburban Activities". The New York Times. November 21, 1912. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  30. ↑ "The Real Estate Field". The New York Times. November 22, 1912. p. 20. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  31. ↑ "Plan Gas Office Building". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 22, 1912. p. 27. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "New York's Greatest Wonder: Hanging Skyscraper Suspended From a Bridge Will Be Built Downward". The Washington Post. August 17, 1913. p. MS2. ISSN   0190-8286. ProQuest   145250663.
  33. 1 2 "Seven Stories Hang From Great Girders". The Sun. August 2, 1913. p. 4. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  34. 1 2 "Consolidated Gas Co.: the Company Will Occupy New Building in About Two Months Total Cost $2,500,000". The Wall Street Journal. December 6, 1913. p. 5. ISSN   0099-9660. ProQuest   129410858.
  35. 1 2 3 Harris 2009 , p. 8.
  36. ↑ "Announcement". Architecture. Vol. 44, no. 6. December 1, 1921. p. 4088. ProQuest   910656535.
  37. 1 2 "Plans Filed for Alterations". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 96, no. 2480. September 25, 1915. p. 547 – via columbia.edu.
  38. 1 2 Austin, K. L. (August 12, 1928). "Utility Merger Welds Great City Companies; Purchase of Brooklyn Edison by Consolidated Gas Is Expected to Effect Economies in Distribution of Light and Power to Expanding New York Ten Millions Affected". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  39. ↑ "Gas Company Buys Academy of Music; Consolidated Will Tear Down Historic Playhouse and Build an Addition to Its Property". The New York Times. August 22, 1925. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  40. ↑ "Academy Farewell To-day". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. May 17, 1926. p. 14. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1112783823.
  41. ↑ "Academy of Music Is Closed Forever; Site to Be Cleared for 24-Story Gas Building". The New York Times. May 3, 1926. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Harris 2009 , p. 9.
  43. ↑ "28-Story Building To Replace Old Academy of Music". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. April 3, 1926. p. 7. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1112751857.
  44. 1 2 "$6,000,000 Building To Replace Old Academy". New York Herald Tribune. October 8, 1926. p. 41. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1112683706.
  45. ↑ "Crowds See Big Bells Lifted 400 Feet in Air; Largest Unit of Consolidated Gas Company Chimes Weigh 2 1/2 Tons -- Installed in New Tower". The New York Times. December 14, 1927. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  46. ↑ "Gas Company Gets Huge Phone Board; Largest Private Exchange to Be Opened Saturday at the Consolidated's Office". The New York Times. April 26, 1928. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  47. ↑ "'Hall' Is Sold; Tammany to Go Up Town: Historic 14th St. Building, Which Served Tiger 60 Years, To Be Abandoned for More Central Home 59th St. Section Is Favored by Olvany J. P. Day Seller of Landmark to Unnamed Buyer, Asked to Find New Site". New York Herald Tribune. December 6, 1927. p. 1. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1132103853.
  48. ↑ "Historic 'wigwam' Sold by Tammany; to Rebuild Uptown; East 14th Street Hall, Dating to Days of Tweed, Goes to an Unnamed Purchaser". The New York Times. December 6, 1927. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  49. ↑ "Wigwam Sold Again at $100,000 Profit; Tammany Hall Is Bought by Consolidated Gas Company for Building Addition". The New York Times. January 2, 1928. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Day Explains His Resale of Tammany Hall: Realty Operator Says Offer of $800,000, Profit of $100,000, by, Consolidated Gas Co. Was Unexpected". New York Herald Tribune. January 19, 1928. p. 48. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1113414084.
  51. ↑ "Tammany Hall Sale Again Up in Court; McCook Refuses to Permit Man to Testify Further in Suit Against J.P. Day Over Fee". The New York Times. September 13, 1929. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  52. 1 2 "Tammany Hall" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 29, 2013. p. 15.
  53. ↑ "Olvany Denies Profit in Tammany Sale; Day and Davies Adone Put the Deal Through, Asserts the Democratic Leader". The New York Times. January 3, 1928. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  54. ↑ "Day Explains Deal on Tammany Hall; Auctioneer in Statement on Suit by Kalmus, Tells of Resale of Property". The New York Times. May 24, 1929. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  55. ↑ "Tammany Quits Historic Hall for Park Av.; 8 Trucks Take Trophies to Temporary Home". The New York Times. July 6, 1928. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  56. ↑ "Plan 18-Story Building For Tammany Hall Site". The New York Times. September 8, 1928. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  57. ↑ "Consolidated Gas Buys Third Avenue Property". New York Herald Tribune. October 30, 1928. p. 41. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1113625269.
  58. ↑ "Edison Company Employes Move". The New York Times. May 17, 1929. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  59. 1 2 3 "500-Foot Tower Lighted On Consolidated Gas Home: Sheds Beams 30 Miles From Site of Old Tammany Hall". New York Herald Tribune. July 4, 1929. p. 9. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1111734762.
  60. 1 2 3 Chase, W. Parker (1983) [1932]. New York, the Wonder City. New York: New York Bound. ISBN   978-0-9608788-2-6. OCLC   9946323.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 Harris 2009 , p. 13.
  62. ↑ "National City Bank Opens Branch". The Wall Street Journal. July 12, 1928. p. 17. ISSN   0099-9660. ProQuest   130585522.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harris 2009 , p. 12.
  64. ↑ Fried, Joseph P. (June 5, 1966). "Refurbish We Must: Consolidated Edison Paints Its Home By Hand". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  65. ↑ Hollie, Pamela G. (May 11, 1978). "Neighborhood Acts to Revitalize Union Sq". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  66. ↑ "Bomb Damages First National Branch on Irving P1". The New York Times. November 10, 1975. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  67. ↑ "2 Bombs Explode; Window Broken At Con Ed Office". The New York Times. January 31, 1978. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  68. ↑ Introducing the Con Edison Energy Museum. Con Edison. 1979.
  69. ↑ McKinley, Jesse (January 28, 1996). "F.y.i." The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  70. ↑ "Con Edison Tinting Gotham Green with New Nighttime Lighting" (Press release). Consolidated Edison. September 10, 2008.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harris 2009 , p. 7.
  72. ↑ "Novel Feature of Building Illumination". Building Age. January 1, 1914. p. 48. ProQuest   128352516.
  73. ↑ "An Innovation in Construction Methods" (PDF). The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 93, no. 2400. March 14, 1914. pp. 481–482 – via columbia.edu.
  74. ↑ Neumann, Dietrich (2002). Architecture of the night : the illuminated building. Munich New York: Prestel. ISBN   978-3-7913-2587-3. OCLC   48468456.
  75. 1 2 3 4 Harris 2009 , p. 11.
  76. 1 2 "Memorial Chimes Hung; Gas Company Bells at 14th St. Will Strike Every Quarter Hour". The New York Times. December 10, 1927. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  77. ↑ "14th St. Gas Building Bells Second Highest in World". New York Herald Tribune. December 8, 1927. p. 16. ISSN   1941-0646. ProQuest   1132132204.
  78. ↑ "Largest Private Switchboard". The New York Times. March 19, 1928. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  79. ↑ Freedman, Mitchell (February 24, 1986). "Businesses Learn to Look It Up Themselves". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN   2574-5298. ProQuest   285420576.
  80. ↑ Harris 2009 , p. 6.
  81. ↑ Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915 . New York: Rizzoli. ISBN   0-8478-0511-5. OCLC   9829395.
  82. 1 2 "The Sky Line: A Glory Regained -New Towers-Glimpse into the Future". The New Yorker. February 16, 1929. p. 70. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  83. ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. p. 203. ISBN   978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  84. ↑ Manning, Jack (November 26, 1981). "Crowns of Light Grace the Skyline". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved October 9, 2019.

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