Eleutherococcus

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Eleutherococcus
Eleutherococcus gracilistylus BotGardBln1105 LeavesFallFruits.JPG
Eleutherococcus gracilistylus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Subfamily: Aralioideae
Genus: Eleutherococcus
Maxim.
Species

See text

Synonyms

Acanthopanax(Decne. & Planch.) Miq.

Eleutherococcus is a genus of 38 species [1] of thorny shrubs and trees in the family Araliaceae. They are native to eastern Asia, from southeast Siberia and Japan to the Philippines and Vietnam. [1] 18 species come from China, from central to western parts. [2]

Contents

Perhaps the best known in the West is the species E. senticosus used as herbal medicine, [3] and commonly known by such English names as Eleuthero or Siberian ginseng. [3] In Traditional Chinese medicine, this is administered to increase energy, thus traditionally recognized to have attributes akin to true ginseng ( Panax ). [4] [5] This is also reflected in its formerly used genus name Acanthopanax [6] meaning "thorny ginseng". The word "Eleutherococcus," from Greek, means "free-berried."

The European Medicines Agency has concluded that there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of Eleutherococcus for any clinical condition. [7]

Naming

The Chinese materia medica in question [3] (Chinese :五加皮; pinyin :wǔjiāpí; Wade–Giles :wuchiapi) may designate a number of species. [8] But the plant now given the common name wujia in China is specifically E. gracilistylus , and according to one source, the genuine crude drug must come from this species, and C. spinosum is only a substitute. [3]

The Japanese name ukogi (ウコギ, 五加(木)) borrows directly from the Chinese name, and refers somewhat broadly to several plants in the genus. [9] A 10th century herbology text, Honzō wamyō (本草和名), introduced the Chinese wujia as an herb to be pronounced mu-ko-gi (牟古岐), refers specifically to E. sieboldianus (Japanese name: hime-ukogi). [10] (See #Species list below).

The taxonomical nomenclature in the botanical science also has had a sinuous history, so that Acanthopanax had been used as the proper genus name in China till recent years, while the West adopted Eleutherococcus as the official name. [3]

Several species are also grown as ornamental garden shrubs. In Japan, they have been planted as hedges. [9] Particularly in Yamagata Prefecture, a daimyō named Uesugi Yōzan [11] encouraged the planting of the ukogi as fencing around the homes of samurai retainers (E. sieboldianus was planted in the region [11] ), and the bitter young buds, leaves and stems have traditionally been picked and eaten as vegetable in the area. However, since the plant is deciduous, it requires sweeping in the fall (high maintenance), and the bare hedges fail to protect the homeowner's privacy.

Fossil record

The four earliest fossil species of Eleutherococcus are from the Maastrichtian (about 70 Ma) floras of Eisleben and Walbeck, Germany, the synonym Acanthopanax is used for these species †A. friedrichii, †A. gigantocarpus, †A. mansfeldensis and †A. obliquocostatus. [12]

Species

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus Eleutherococcus trifoliatus 1.jpg
Eleutherococcus trifoliatus

Formerly under Acanthopanax

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Eleutherococcus senticosus is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia. It may be colloquially called devil's bush, Siberian ginseng, taiga root, eleuthero, ciwujia, Devil's shrub, shigoka, touch-me-not, wild pepper, or kan jang. E. senticosus has a history of use in folklore and traditional Chinese medicine. Root extracts of E. senticosus are sold as a dietary supplement or cosmetic, usually under the name Siberian ginseng.

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References

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  9. 1 2 (日本國語大辞典), 1976, snippet quote:"果実は熟すと黑くなる,多く生垣に用い,若葉は食用とし、根の皮は五加皮(ごかひ)といい,滋養強壮剤として用いる。"
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