Emperor Ai of Tang 唐哀帝 | |||||||||||||||||
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Emperor of the Tang dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
Reign | 26 September 904 [1] [2] – 12 May 907 [1] [3] | ||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Emperor Zhaozong | ||||||||||||||||
Successor | Dynasty abolished | ||||||||||||||||
Born | Li Zuo 27 October 892 [1] [4] | ||||||||||||||||
Died | 26 March 908 (aged 15) [1] [3] | ||||||||||||||||
Burial | Wen Mausoleum (溫陵) | ||||||||||||||||
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House | Li | ||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | Tang | ||||||||||||||||
Father | Emperor Zhaozong | ||||||||||||||||
Mother | Empress Xuanmu |
Tang Aidi | |||||||
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Chinese | 唐哀帝 | ||||||
Literal meaning | "Pitious Emperor of the Tang" | ||||||
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Li Zuo | |||||||
Chinese | 李祚 | ||||||
Literal meaning | (personal name) | ||||||
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Emperor Ai of Tang (27 October 892 –26 March 908),also known as Emperor Zhaoxuan of Tang (唐昭宣帝),born Li Zuo,later known as Li Chu (Chinese: 李 柷 ;pinyin:LǐChù [6] ),was the last emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He reigned—as a puppet ruler—from 904 to 907. Emperor Ai was the son of Emperor Zhaozong. He was murdered by Zhu Wen.
Emperor Ai ascended the throne at the age of 11 after his father,the Emperor Zhaozong,was assassinated on the orders of the paramount warlord Zhu Quanzhong in 904,and while Emperor Ai reigned,the Tang court,then at Luoyang,was under the control of officials Zhu put in charge. In 905,under the instigation of his associates Liu Can and Li Zhen,Zhu had Emperor Ai issue an edict summoning some 30 senior aristocrats at Baima Station (白馬驛,in modern Anyang,Henan),near the Yellow River;the aristocrats were thereafter ordered to commit suicide,and their bodies were thrown into the Yellow River. He could do nothing to stop Zhu from murdering his brothers and mother in the same year. Less than two years later in 907,Zhu made his final move against Emperor Ai himself,forcing the young emperor to abdicate to him. In Zhu's new Later Liang dynasty,the former Tang emperor carried the title of Prince of Jiyin,but in 908,Zhu had the prince poisoned,at the age of 15.
Li Zuo was born in 892,at the main palace at the Tang imperial capital Chang'an. His father Emperor Zhaozong was already emperor at that point,and he was Emperor Zhaozong's ninth son. [4] His mother was Consort He,who had previously given birth to an older brother of his,Li Yu,Prince of De,who was Emperor Zhaozong's oldest son.
In 897,Li Zuo was created an imperial prince,along with his brothers Li Mi (李秘) and Li Qi (李祺);Li Zuo's title was Prince of Hui. Later in the year,with Li Yu having been created Crown Prince earlier in the year,their mother Consort He was created empress. [7]
By 903,Zhu Quanzhong the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武,headquartered in modern Kaifeng,Henan),already previously one of the most powerful warlords in the Tang realm,had taken Emperor Zhaozong's court at Chang'an under control,in alliance with the chancellor Cui Yin. That year,Emperor Zhaozong was prepared to give Zhu the title of Deputy Generalissimo of All Circuits,with one of his sons serving,titularly,as Generalissimo,and he initially wanted to give that title to Li Yu as Li Yu was older. However,Zhu wanted a younger prince to serve as Generalissimo to avoid diverting the focus of authority,so Cui,under Zhu's orders,recommended Li Zuo. Emperor Zhaozong agreed and made Li Zuo Generalissimo. [5]
In 904,Zhu forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang,which was even more firmly under his control. [5] Later that year,fearing that the adult Emperor Zhaozong would try to rise against him while he was away on campaigns against other warlords,he had Emperor Zhaozong assassinated. Bypassing Li Yu and the other older princes,he had an edict issued in Emperor Zhaozong's name creating Li Zuo crown prince and changing his name to Li Chu. Shortly after,Li Chu took the throne (as Emperor Ai). Empress He,who survived the assassination,was honored empress dowager. [2]
At the time Emperor Ai took the throne,one of the chancellors was Zhu Quanzhong's close associate Liu Can. Liu,not from an aristocratic family,resented the traditional aristocrats,and he advocated to Zhu that the senior aristocrats should be slaughtered to prevent them from resisting Zhu. Zhu agreed,and in 905,under edicts issued in Emperor Ai's name,some 30 of them were gathered at Baima Station and ordered to commit suicide;their bodies were then thrown into the Yellow River. The victims included the former chancellors Pei Shu,Dugu Sun,Cui Yuan,Lu Yi,and Wang Pu,as well as the senior officials Zhao Chong (趙崇) and Wang Zan (王贊). Around the same time,nine of Emperor Ai's brothers,including Li Yu,were also killed on Zhu's orders. [2]
Meanwhile,Liu,as well as Zhu's other close associates at the Luoyang court,Jiang Xuanhui (蔣玄暉) the director of palace communications and Zhang Tingfan (張廷範) the commander of the imperial guards,were preparing ceremonies to have Emperor Ai yield the throne to Zhu. Pursuant to past precedents on dynastic transitions,they first had Emperor Ai issue edicts to create Zhu the Prince of Wei (魏王) and bestow on him the nine bestowments—but Zhu,wanting the throne even faster and believing false accusations by Wang Yin (王殷) and Zhao Yinheng that Jiang,Liu,and Zhang were intentionally slowing the transition down with these ceremonial formalities,then had Jiang,Liu,and Zhang put to death. Wang and Zhao then falsely accused Empress Dowager He,who had been cooperating with Jiang in the hopes that she and the young emperor would be spared,of carrying on an affair with Jiang. She was therefore also killed,and Emperor Ai was forced to posthumously had her defamed and demoted to commoner rank,although he was still allowed to mourn for her. [2]
In 907,under advice from his ally Luo Shaowei the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博,headquartered in modern Handan,Hebei),Zhu finally resolved to take the throne. Later in the year,he had the young emperor yield the throne to him,ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its Emperor (Taizu)—although several regional warlords,including Li Keyong,Li Maozhen,Yang Wo,and Wang Jian,refused to recognize him,and effectively became rulers of their own states (Jin,Qi,Wu,and Former Shu,respectively). Of those new states,Jin,Qi,and Wu continued to use Emperor Ai's Tianyou era name,implicitly still recognizing him as emperor. [3]
The new Later Liang emperor created Li Chu the Prince of Jiyin and moved him from Luoyang to Cao Prefecture (曹州,in modern Heze,Shandong),and put his mansion under heavy guard,with a fence of thorns surrounding it.
In 908,he had Li Chu poisoned to death and gave Li Chu the posthumous name of Ai (哀,"lamentable"). [3] In 928,by which time Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan was ruling as the emperor of Jin's successor state Later Tang (as Emperor Mingzong),which claimed to be the legitimate continuation of the Tang dynasty and which had earlier destroyed Later Liang,Emperor Mingzong's officials suggested that a temple be built to honor Emperor Ai. Emperor Mingzong had such a temple built at Cao Prefecture. In 929,Emperor Mingzong's officials further suggested giving Emperor Ai a more proper (i.e.,more Tang-traditional) posthumous name of Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao,with a temple name of Jingzong,but they also pointed out that since Emperor Ai's temple was not among the imperial ancestral temples,a temple name was not proper. Therefore,only the new posthumous name was adopted,and the temple name was not. [8] Traditional histories thus referred to him mostly as Emperor Ai but also at times as Emperor Zhaoxuan. [3] [4] [9]
No family recorded in official histories;Song dynasty general Li Gang was claimed to be a descendant through a son named Li Xizhao (李熙照)[ citation needed ]
Emperor Xianzong of Tang (778–820) | |||||||||||||||||||
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (810–859) | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Xiaoming (d. 865) | |||||||||||||||||||
Emperor Yizong of Tang (833–873) | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Yuanzhao | |||||||||||||||||||
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (867–904) | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Gongxian (d. 867) | |||||||||||||||||||
Emperor Ai of Tang (892–908) | |||||||||||||||||||
Empress Xuanmu (d. 906) | |||||||||||||||||||
Qian Liu, courtesy name Jumei, childhood name Poliu, also known by his temple name as the King Taizu of Wuyue (吳越太祖), was the founding king of Wuyue during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China. He was originally a warlord of the late Tang dynasty.
Gao Jixing, né Gao Jichang (高季昌), known for some time as Zhu Jichang (朱季昌), courtesy name Yisun (貽孫), also known by his posthumous name as the Prince Wuxin of Chu (楚武信王), was the founding prince of Jingnan during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China.
Emperor Taizu of Liang (梁太祖), personal name Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠), né Zhu Wen (朱溫), name later changed to Zhu Huang (朱晃), nickname Zhu San, was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician. He was a Jiedushi and warlord who in 907 overthrew the Tang dynasty and established the Later Liang dynasty, ruling as its first emperor, ushering in the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The last two Tang emperors, Emperor Zhaozong of Tang and Emperor Ai of Tang, who "ruled" as his puppets from 903 to 907, were both murdered by him.
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, né Li Jie, name later changed to Li Min and again to Li Ye, was the penultimate emperor of China's Tang dynasty. He reigned from 888 to 904. Emperor Zhaozong was the seventh son of Emperor Yizong and younger brother of Emperor Xizong. Later, Li Jie was murdered by Zhu Wen, who would later become the founding emperor of the Later Liang dynasty.
Li Maozhen, born Song Wentong (宋文通), courtesy name Zhengchen (正臣), formally Prince Zhongjing of Qin (秦忠敬王), was the only ruler of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Qi (901–924). He had become a powerful warlord during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, the penultimate emperor of the preceding Tang dynasty, with his power centered on his capital Fengxiang, and at times had effective control of Emperor Zhaozong. However, his power gradually waned due to defeats at the hands of fellow warlords Wang Jian and Zhu Quanzhong. After Zhu usurped the Tang throne and established Later Liang, Li Maozhen refused to submit and continued to use the Tang-bestowed title of Prince of Qi as well as maintain the Tang era name, but his territory became even more reduced due to wars with Former Shu and Later Liang. After Later Liang was conquered by Later Tang, whose Emperor Zhuangzong claimed to be a legitimate successor of Tang, Li Maozhen submitted as a subject and was created the Prince of Qin in 924. He died soon thereafter, and was succeeded as by his son Li Jiyan as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengxiang, but as Li Jiyan was not made the Prince of Qi or Qin at that point, this was typically viewed as the end of Qi as an independent state.
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Li Yu, né Li You, briefly Li Zhen, formally the Prince of De (德王), was an imperial prince of the Chinese Tang dynasty. He was the oldest son of the penultimate emperor Emperor Zhaozong and Empress He and was crown prince from 897 to 900. In 900, Emperor Zhaozong was briefly forced by the eunuch Liu Jishu to abdicate in Li Yu's favor; after Emperor Zhaozong was restored, Li Yu was no longer Crown Prince but remained a favored son. After Emperor Zhaozong was assassinated by the powerful warlord Zhu Quanzhong in 904, Li Yu, whom Zhu was apprehensive of, was bypassed in favor of his younger brother Emperor Ai, and in 905, Zhu had Li Yu, along with eight of his younger brothers, killed. As Li Yu's brief reign was under duress from a eunuch, he is not typically considered a true emperor of Tang.
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Zhang Wenwei (張文蔚), courtesy name Youhua (右華), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Tang's succeeding Later Liang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai and Later Liang's founding emperor Emperor Taizu.
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柷 chù 用于人名,李柷,唐哀帝