Enfield Falls Canal

Last updated
Enfield Falls Canal
PostcardWindsorLocksCanalRRBridge1909.jpg
Windsor Locks Canal and railroad bridge (postcard mailed in 1909)
Specifications
Length5.25 miles (8.45 km)
Locks1 (north end); 3 (south end)
StatusClosed
Navigation authority
Enfield Falls Canal (Windsor Locks Canal)
USA Connecticut location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Nearest city Windsor Locks, Connecticut
Area55 acres (22 ha)
Built1829
EngineerCanvass White
NRHP reference No. 76001998 [1]
Added to NRHPApril 22, 1976
History
Construction began1827
Date completedNovember 11, 1829
Geography
Start point 41°59′12″N72°36′19″W / 41.9866°N 72.6053°W / 41.9866; -72.6053
End point 41°55′01″N72°37′29″W / 41.9169°N 72.6248°W / 41.9169; -72.6248

Enfield Falls Canal (commonly known as the Windsor Locks Canal) is a canal that was built to circumvent the shallows at Enfield Falls (or Enfield Rapids) on the Connecticut River, between Hartford, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts. It is situated along the west side of the river, adjacent to the towns of Suffield and Windsor Locks in Hartford County in the state of Connecticut, United States. Windsor Locks is named after the series of locks on the canal.

Contents

History

Prior to the opening of the canal, the scows or flat-bottomed boats which plied the Connecticut River could only ascend the falls by engaging local fallsmen to propel the craft forward utilizing set poles. One fallsman was required for each ton of cargo. Not only did the added labor costs make this method of overtaking the falls expensive, but the amount of cargo that could be transported was limited to approximately ten tons. Any additional freight had to be offloaded at Warehouse Point on the east bank and warehoused for later transport or carried around the falls by ox teams.

Windsor Locks Canal Company buildings alongside the canal. Amtrak's New Haven-Springfield Line is visible in the foreground. Enfield Falls Canal by Elias Friedman.JPG
Windsor Locks Canal Company buildings alongside the canal. Amtrak's New Haven-Springfield Line is visible in the foreground.

Construction of the canal commenced in 1827 and it was opened on November 11, 1829. The canal was 5+14 miles (8.4 km) long and had a vertical drop of 32 ft (9.8 m). The locks admitted craft up to 90 ft (27 m) long and 20 ft (6.1 m) wide. The canal was unique among canals of the era in that it was designed with structural reinforcement to facilitate steam tug boat traffic. The design of the canal included a massive head gate with apertures that could be opened and closed to precisely control water levels not only within the lock chambers but within the canal itself. The design feature supported the incorporator's dual intent to profit not only from tolls charged on canal traffic but from the sale of mill sites and the leasing of water rights to mill operators along the last mile of the canal bank.

Once the canal was opened, boats were able to carry much larger loads, and the anticipated steamboat services were introduced using newly designed vessels capable of passing through the lock chambers. Charles Dickens traveled along the canal on February 7, 1842. However, by 1844 the Hartford and Springfield Railroad had started operation, and navigation on the Connecticut River gradually reduced. The profits realized from the sale of water rights proved to be the more lucrative of the canal's two purposes.

Today

Today the canal is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, but closed to navigation and privately owned by the Ahlstrom Corporation, [2] which has a manufacturing facility adjacent to the canal. [3] The locks themselves still exist, but have not been usable since the 1970s. [4] The towpath is open for hiking and cycling as the Windsor Locks Canal State Park Trail. The trail is generally open from April 1 through November 15. [5] The southernmost portion of the trail runs parallel to the J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex. [6]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Windsor, Connecticut</span> Town in Connecticut, United States

East Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 11,190 at the 2020 census. The town has five villages: Broad Brook, Melrose, Scantic, Warehouse Point and Windsorville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enfield, Connecticut</span> Town in Connecticut, United States

Enfield is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, first settled by John and Robert Pease of Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 42,141 at the 2020 census. It is bordered by Longmeadow, Massachusetts, and East Longmeadow, Massachusetts, to the north, Somers to the east, East Windsor and Ellington to the south, and the Connecticut River to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windsor, Connecticut</span> Town in Connecticut, United States

Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, and was the first English settlement in the state. It lies on the northern border of Connecticut's capital, Hartford. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population of Windsor was 29,492 at the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Connecticut River</span> River in the New England region of the United States

The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States, flowing roughly southward for 406 miles (653 km) through four states. It rises 300 yards south of the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses 11,260 square miles (29,200 km2), covering parts of five U.S. states and one Canadian province, via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers. It produces 70% of Long Island Sound's fresh water, discharging at 18,400 cubic feet (520 m3) per second.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windsor Locks, Connecticut</span> Town in Connecticut, United States

Windsor Locks is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,613. It is the site of Bradley International Airport, which serves the Greater Hartford-Springfield region and occupies approximately 1/3 of the town. Windsor Locks is also the site of the New England Air Museum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. Route 5</span> Highway in the United States

U.S. Route 5 (US 5) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway running through the New England states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. Significant cities along the route include New Haven, Connecticut; Hartford, Connecticut; and Springfield, Massachusetts. From Hartford northward to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, the road closely follows the route of the Connecticut River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middlesex Canal</span> Barge canal in eastern Massachusetts, US

The Middlesex Canal was a 27-mile (44-kilometer) barge canal connecting the Merrimack River with the port of Boston. When operational it was 30 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, with 20 locks, each 80 feet long and between 10 and 11 feet wide. It also had eight aqueducts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Route 159 (Connecticut–Massachusetts)</span> Highway in Connecticut and Massachusetts

Route 159 is a 21.14-mile-long (34.02 km) state highway connecting the Hartford and Springfield areas in the U.S. states of Connecticut and Massachusetts. It begins as the northern extension of Main Street in Hartford and proceeds northward along the west bank of the Connecticut River towards Agawam, Massachusetts. The route ends at the junction of Route 147 and Route 75 in Agawam center just south of the West Springfield city line. The route was originally designated as U.S. Route 5A in 1932 and was renumbered to its modern designation in October 1968.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Route 75 (Connecticut–Massachusetts)</span> Highway in Connecticut and Massachusetts

Route 75 in the U.S. states of Connecticut and Massachusetts is a 17.5-mile-long (28.2 km) scenic route connecting the Hartford, Connecticut, and Springfield, Massachusetts, areas. The route begins at Route 159 in the town of Windsor, Connecticut, and ends at the junction of Route 159/Route 147 in the city of Agawam, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lehigh Canal</span> United States historic place

The Lehigh Canal is a navigable canal that begins at the mouth of Nesquehoning Creek on the Lehigh River in the Lehigh Valley and Northeastern regions of Pennsylvania. It was built in two sections over a span of 20 years beginning in 1818. The lower section spanned the distance between Easton and present-day Jim Thorpe. In Easton, the canal met the Delaware and Morris Canals, which allowed anthracite coal and other goods to be transported further up the U.S. East Coast. At its height, the Lehigh Canal was 72 miles (116 km) long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Hadley Canal</span> United States historic place

The South Hadley Canal was a canal along the Connecticut River in South Hadley, Massachusetts. It was the earliest navigable canal in the United States, with operation commencing in 1795. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the South Hadley Canal Historic District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windsor Locks station</span> Train station in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, US

Windsor Locks station is an Amtrak and CT Rail train station in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, on the New Haven–Springfield Line. It is served by four Amtrak services - the Hartford Line shuttles, Northeast Regional, Valley Flyer, and Vermonter - as well as CT Rail Hartford Line commuter rail trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. Route 5 in Connecticut</span> Section of U.S. Route in Connecticut, United States

U.S. Route 5 (US 5), a north–south United States Numbered Highway that is generally paralleled by Interstate 91 (I-91), begins at the city of New Haven in Connecticut and heads north through western Massachusetts and eastern Vermont to the international border with Canada. Within Connecticut, US 5 proceeds north from New Haven and passes through Meriden and Hartford toward Springfield, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landsford Canal</span> United States historic place

The Landsford Canal is a navigation channel that opened in 1823 with the purpose of bypassing rapids along the Catawba River to allow efficient freight transport and rapid travel between nearby communities and settlements along the rural frontiers of the era. It had five locks operating over a stretch of two miles (3.2 km) with an elevation change overall of 32–34 feet (9.8–10.4 m). It was part of the inland navigation system from the 'Up Country' to Charleston, built systematically from 1819, and the navigations are today the centerpiece of Canal State Park:

The Canal State Park consists of three sets of locks, a mill site, miller's house, and a lockkeeper's house—all in various forms of decay and ruins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Connecticut Route 191</span> State highway in Hartford County, Connecticut, US

Route 191 is a state highway in northern Connecticut, running from East Windsor to Enfield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windsor Locks Canal State Park Trail</span> State park in Connecticut, United States

Windsor Locks Canal State Park Trail is a public recreation area that parallels the Connecticut River for 4.5 miles (7.2 km) between Suffield and Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The modern paved surface covers the original dirt towpath of the historic Enfield Falls Canal. The park is used for fishing, hiking, and biking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noden-Reed Museum</span> Historic house in Connecticut, United States

The Noden-Reed Museum is a historic house museum at 58 West Street in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. It includes the David Pinney House and Barn, and is a surviving reminder of the town's agricultural past. It is administered by the local historical society, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bellows Falls Canal</span>

Bellows Falls Canal is a canal constructed to allow boat traffic to bypass Great Falls on the Connecticut River in Bellows Falls, Vermont. It was constructed by the Bellows Falls Canal Company and was one of the first canals in the United States. It was used for transport, to power mills, and later for hydroelectric power. The Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District includes the canal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex</span> United States historic place

The J. R. Montgomery Company Industrial Complex is a historic factory complex located on an island between the Enfield Falls Canal and the Connecticut River in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. It is next to the Windsor Locks Canal State Park Trail. The site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2017.

References

Template:Attached KML/Enfield Falls Canal
KML is from Wikidata
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. American Canal Society (2004). Enfield Falls Canal . Retrieved 17 August 2011 from Internet Archive.
  3. Ahstrom Corporation, Official Website Archived 2012-03-03 at the Wayback Machine . "Contact Us". Accessed March 11, 2012.
  4. "Don't Rebuild The Enfield Dam". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  5. "DEEP: Windsor Locks Canal State Park Trail" . Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  6. "Montgomery Mill, Windsor Locks, CT". Crosskey Architects. 2020. Retrieved 2022-01-09.