Extrajudicial killings in the Gaza Strip

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There have been numerous targeted killings, summary executions, and other extrajudicial killings in the Gaza Strip and surrounding areas. A small number of people in the Gaza Strip have been sentenced to death after murder convictions in civilian courts, but far more executions have been implemented by military courts with limited accountability, and many have been comletely extrajudicial killings or summary executions. Most of these killings have been during broader violent conflicts, but the people killed were unarmed and not actively engaged in combat at the time. The violence has repeatedly spoiled over into the Gaza Envelope and the Sinai Peninsula.

Contents

There are multiple deaths for which, the reason for the killing, the circumstances of the death, and whether it constitutes an extrajudicial execution or assassination, are all controversial and disputed, for example Mahmoud Ishtiwi [lower-alpha 1] and Fayeq Mabhouh. [lower-alpha 2]

Gaza Strip 1949 to 1967

Khan Yunis 1956

Conflicting reports of skirmishes between the two peoples were also reported in the neighboring Khan Yunis Camp, which housed displaced Palestinian refugees [ citation needed ]. PLO official Abdullah Al Hourani was in the camp at the time of the killings. [1] Al Hourani alleged that men were taken from their homes and shot by the Israeli Defense Forces. Hourani himself claimed to have fled from an attempted summary execution without injury. [2]

1967 to 2005

Muhammad al-Durrah - 30 September 2000

Rachel Corrie - 16 March 2003

Zeitoun killings 2008 - 2009

The Zeitoun killings refer to the Israeli military incursion, led by the Givati Brigade unit of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), [3] into the Zeitoun district of Gaza City as part of the three-week 2008–09 Gaza War. In the Arab world, it is referred to as the Zeitoun District Massacre (Arabic : مجزرة حي الزيتون). [4] A total of 48 residents of Zeitoun were killed, most of them women, children, and the elderly; [5] 27 homes, a mosque and a number of farms were destroyed by Israeli forces. [3]

Assassinations by the Israeli Air Force in 2004

Targeted killing (Hebrew: סיכול ממוקד , romanized: sikul memukad, lit. 'focused foiling'), [6] [7] [8] is a tactic that the government of Israel has used during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, and other conflicts. [8]

Successful and unsuccessful targeted killings by the Israeli Air Force occurred in the Gaza Strip before and during the period of Hamas government control on the ground. According to Ronen Bergman, "since World War II, Israel has used assassination and targeted-killing more than any other country in" "the West", in many cases endangering the lives of civilians. [9]

Ahmed Yassin - 22 March 2004

On 22 March 2004, the Palestinian leader and one of the founders of the Hamas militant organization, Ahmed Yassin, 67, was assassinated in Gaza City. Ahmed Yassin - one of the founders of Hamas, and their leader at the time of his death - had been a quadriplegic since his adolescence. He was killed by a hellfire missile, fired at his wheelchair, from an Apache helicopter, supported by F-16 fighter jets. [10] The attack killed Yassin, his two bodyguards, and nine bystanders, twelve people in total. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin was returning from performing the Fajr prayer, [11] and his companions were also killed immediately. [12] His assassination caused a state of anger and Palestinian factions vowed revenge, with Hamas saying that Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon "opened the gates of hell." Shortly after the attack, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi took over the leadership of the movement in the Gaza Strip. [13]

Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi - 17 April 2004

Another of the most prominent targets was Yassin's successor, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi. [10] [14] On the evening of 17 April 2004, the leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, aged 56, was assassinated by missiles fired by Israeli warplanes on the car he was traveling in. [15] In addition two of his bodyguards were killed. [16] The operation was considered part of a campaign to eliminate the leaders of the groups fighting in the uprising. [17] The assassination led to widespread condemnation around the world. [18] Hamas spokesman Ismail Haniyeh vowed to avenge the death, saying the sacrifice would not be in vain. [19] [ bare URL ]

During the 2014 Gaza War

Hamas and Al Qassam leaders targeted by the IDF

During the 2014 Gaza War, [20] the IDF assassinated Raed Attar and Mohammed Abu Shamaleh. They also made a spectacularly unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Mohammed Deif, which instead killed his 27-year-old wife, his 3-year-old daughter, and 7-month-old son Ali Deif. [21]

Failed assassination of Mohammed Deif

Ali Deif (Arabic: علي الضيف) was the 7 month old baby son of Mohammed Deif. An airstrike on his family residence in 2014, which was one of many failed attempts to assassinate Mohammed Deif, instead killed only baby Ali, his 27 year old mother Widad. [22]

Several thousand people attended the funeral in Gaza, angrily demanding revenge against Israel and firing shots into the air. The bodies of Widad and Ali were taken from the wife’s family home to a mosque in Jabaliya refugee camp for prayers, then laid to rest in the sand of a cemetery. [22]

Deif’s daughter, Arabic : سارة محمد الضيف, romanized: Sarah Mohammed Deif, [23] was not buried on the same day as her brother because her body was not recovered from the rubble until Thursday, the day after her brother's funeral, and two days after the air strike. [24] [23]

Summary executions by Al Qassam in 2014

The day after Israel killed the wife and two young children of Mohammed Deif - and assassinated three Hamas military leaders - the Qassam Brigades suddenly executed 18 suspected collaborators in Gaza. [25] Some were on trial for espionage, but those trials were suddenly cut short. From among the executed, 6 were killed by a firing squad outside a mosque in front of hundreds of spectators including children. [26]

According to an Amnesty International report, during the 2014 Gaza War, [20] [27] Hamas [lower-alpha 3] executed 23 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. [28] Amnesty International reported that, most were executed by militants during the 2014 conflict, and 16 of them imprisoned from before the war began. [29] [30] Amnesty International claimed that "Hamas" [lower-alpha 3] used the cover of the war, which had a very heavily death toll, [20] to carry out summary executions, to settle scores against opponents under the pretext they were collaborators with Israel. [26] [28] In 2015 they were accused of torture. [27]

Al Qassam commander killed in 2016

In February 2016, Al Qassam claimed they had executed of Mahmoud Eshtewi (Arabic : محمود رشدي اشتيوي, romanized: Maħmoud Rushdi Eshtewi, [31] [32] sometimes spelled "Mahmoud Ishtiwi"). [33] one of the group’s leading commanders, for very ambiguous reasons. But many, including Human Rights Watch, questioned the legitimacy of the judicial procedure that Al Qassam claimed had taken place, and accused them of carrying out an extrajudicial killing.

Most reliable sources at the time described the charges as unnamed or undefined. [34] [35] [31] [36] The stated reason was “for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed” (Arabic : تجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها) [31] [32] [36] Whatever it may refer to, the confession was probably obtained by torture. [36] [35] Before his death, his family had been told that the death penalty charge - treason (giving information to Israel that causes the deaths of Palestinians) - had been dropped. [36] There is some suspicion that Eshtewi died in custody and was shot after death, from reports of people who saw his body before burial and thought the bullet wounds looked suspicious. [31] [36] The New York Times and other media from the USA interpreted the vague charges as a reference to a "homosexual relationship". [37] [38]

Eshtewi was survived by his two widows and his three children. [37]

During the War in 2023 and 2024

Massacre of unarmed military in the Gaza Envelope

This section is an excerpt from Executions and assassinations during the Israel–Hamas war § Massacre at Nahal Oz lookout.[ edit ]
Unarmed members of the IDF were massacred at Nahal Oz lookout base. Al Qassam and Saraya Al Quds killed 15 surveillance staff, most of whom had no access to weapons or weapons training, [39] from Israel Defense Forces’ Unit 414. [40] The base was supposed to be protected by the Golani Brigade’s 13th Battalion, but they somehow because trapped with the surveillance workers. [39]

Alleged Field executions by Israeli ground forces

OHCHR stated on 20 December 2023 that according to witness accounts circulated by media sources and Euro-Med Monitor, Israeli soldiers summarily killed eleven unarmed men in Rimal. [41] Subsequently in January 2024, Al Jazeera reported that the number of deaths was 19. Euro-Med Monitor told Al Jazeera they believe there is a pattern of "systematic" killing, that "In at least 13 of field executions, we corroborated that it was arbitrary on the part of the Israeli forces." On 26 December 2023, Euro-Med Monitor submitted a file to the International Criminal Court and United Nations special rapporteurs documenting dozens of cases of field executions carried out by Israeli forces and calling for an investigation. [42] [43] [44]

Shadia Abu Ghazala School massacre

The Euro-Med Monitor stated the victims of the Shadia Abu Ghazala School massacre were subjected to "field executions" while being questioned. [45] Unarmed people were shot at point blank range. [46]

Reports of parents being shot in front of children

Some war orphans in Gaza told matching stories about their parents being shot by soldiers who invaded the family home. Bisan Owda interviewed a 5 year old child named Faisal Ahmed Al-Khalidi who said that both his father and his mother (who was 7 months pregnant at the time) had both been shot in front of him by soldiers who raided their home. [47] Other orphans told similar stories about their parents being killed. [48]

Death sentences and executions in the Gaza Strip

This includes people sentenced to death in a court and overt extrajudicial executions. Some[ who? ] question the authority of the Gaza Strip's civil courts on the basis that Palestinian law requires approval from the Palestinian National Authority president (currently Mahmoud Abbas) for the death penalty, but authorities in the Gaza Strip have disregarded this rule on multiple occasions. [49]

person(s)death sentenceexecution
sex & agename(s)charges or accusationscourt or militarydatelocationmethod
1 man Ayman Taha [ citation needed ]Treason4 August 2014UnknownShot
1 person Atta Najjar [50] Treason22 August 2014Katiba prisonUnknown
1 man Mahmoud Ishtiwi (Arabic: محمود اشتيوي ) undefined [34] [upper-alpha 1] Al Qassam [upper-alpha 2] February 2016Gaza StripFiring squad (alleged by Al Qassam) [35] Prior death in custody (alleged by others)
3 unnamed peoplemurder (3)civilian court [upper-alpha 3] September 2022Gaza StripHanging [ citation needed ]
1 person 54y [upper-alpha 4] a resident of Khan Younis Treason [upper-alpha 5]
1 man 44y [upper-alpha 6] Treason [upper-alpha 7]
1 manShadi Abu Qouta (Arabic: شادي أبو قوطة) fatal police violence incidentJuly 2023 Khan Yunis municipalitya bulldozer and the demolished wall of his house [52]
37,000 people. [53] [upper-alpha 8] suspected members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad not publicly definedIDF [53] 7 October 2023 onwardsFamily homes in the Gaza Strip [53] airstrikes, artillery, or shootings
1 man Faiq Mabhouh [lower-alpha 2] (Arabic: فائق المبحوح ) terrorism (claimed by IDF)IDF18 March 2024
  1. ↑ stated reason was for (Arabic: "تجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها") [51] [36] some Western tabloids speculated that the vague charges might refer to gay sex,[ citation needed ] but most sources describe the charges as undefined or unnamed. [35] [34]
  2. ↑ The military and religious court they claimed he was attended by has never previously been mentioned in public. The death penalty charge, treason (espionage), was dropped before his death, and the reasons for his execution are disputed.
  3. ↑ acting independently of the Palestinian National Authority in Rumallah.
  4. ↑ born 1968
  5. ↑ convicted of supplying Israel in 1991 with “information on men of the resistance, their residence… and the location of rocket launchpads”.[ citation needed ]
  6. ↑ born 1978
  7. ↑ supplying Israel in 2001 with intelligence “that led to the targeting and martyrdom of citizens” by Israeli forces, according to Hamas.[ citation needed ]
  8. ↑ presumed to be mostly adult males, but they did not exclude minors or set any lower age limit, the only human oversight was whether the person answering the phone sounded male.

Spillover into Sinai Peninsula

Mass execution of Egyptian POWs

Two major massacres took place in the Sinai Peninsula. Ras Sedr massacre: A mass murder of at least 52 Egyptian prisoners of war that took place immediately after a paratrooper unit of the Israel Defense Forces conquered Ras Sedr. [54] El Arish massacre: Earlier in the day, according to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, the Israeli Defense Forces had massacred hundreds of Egyptian prisoners of war or wounded soldiers in El Arish. Survivors alleged later that about 400 wounded Egyptians were buried alive outside the captured El Arish International Airport, and that 150 prisoners in the mountains of the Sinai were run over by Israeli tanks. [55]

ISIS declare war on Hamas in 2018

In the first week of 2018, the so called Islamic State (also known as ISIS) in the Sinai declared war on Hamas. [56] As part of this they published a video showing the execution of a man they claimed was a Hamas militant. [57] [56] Among the executioners was another Gaza Palestinian, Mohammad al-Dajni. He was subsequently disowned by his family in Gaza, who condemned the execution, and said they had severed ties with him. [57]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Sometimes spelled Mahmoud Ishtiwi.
  2. 1 2 The spelling of his name in English is extremely variable, including "Faiq Al-Mabhouh", "Fayek Mabhouh", and others. Many Arabic surnames start with an "Al" (Arabic: ال ), this is sometimes omitted in English, but sometimes retained. The most common Romanisations of his first name are "Fayeq", [58] [59] "Fayek", [60] [61] and "Faiq", [62] [63] but there are numerous other ways, ending in Q, K, G, or CK, e.g. Faack. [64] The Hebrew spelling is less variable (Hebrew: פאיק). [65] His full name is Arabic: فائق عبد الرؤوف المبحوح, romanized: Faiq Abdel Raouf Al-Mabhouh. [66] [67]
  3. 1 2 "Hamas" could refer to either the civilian government of the Gaza Strip from 2006 to 2024, or the Qassam Brigades, or both.

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References

  1. ↑ "Who is Abdullah Al Hourani?". WebGaza.net. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  2. ↑ Sacco, Joe (12 October 2010). Footnotes in Gaza. Metropolitan Books. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-8050-9277-6.
  3. 1 2 Nordland, Rod (19 January 2009). "The Smell Of Death". Newsweek . Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  4. ↑ مجزرة مروعة يرتكبها الاحتلال بحق أسرة بحي الزيتون. Aljazeera (in Arabic). 5 January 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  5. ↑ Butcher, Tim (19 January 2009). "Gaza: Palestinian family mourns 48 dead". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  6. ↑ "בג"ץ 769/02" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  7. ↑ Otto, Roland (2011). Targeted Killings and International Law. ISBN   9783642248580.
  8. 1 2 Gross, Michael (August 2006). "Assassination and Targeted Killing: Law Enforcement, Execution or Self-Defence?". Journal of Applied Philosophy. 23 (3): 323–335. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.2006.00347.x.
  9. ↑ Ronen Bergman, 'How Arafat Eluded Israel’s Assassination Machine,' Archived 7 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine New York Times Magazine 23 January 2018
  10. 1 2 "The most prominent Hamas leaders targeted by Israeli assassination: The assassinations targeted Ahmed Yassin, Yahya Ayyash, Ahmed al-Jaabari, Raed al-Attar, Salah Shehadeh, and Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi". 3 January 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  11. ↑ "Yassin was ideological force behind Hamas". NBC News. 22 March 2004.
  12. ↑ Bennet, James (22 March 2004). "Leader of Hamas Killed by Missile in Israeli Strike". The New York Times.
  13. ↑ Hill, Don (8 April 2008). "Middle East: Rantisi, Mashal Chosen To Lead Hamas After Yassin Assassination". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty– via www.rferl.org.
  14. ↑ "أبرز قادة حماس الذين استهدفتهم آلة الاغتيال الإسرائيلية". 3 January 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  15. ↑ Urquhart, Conal; Hinsliff, Gaby (18 April 2004). "Israeli missile attack kills new Hamas chief". The Guardian.
  16. ↑ "Sources: New Hamas leader's identity a secret". www.chinadaily.com.cn.
  17. ↑ "Israel kills Hamas leader, group promises revenge - Taipei Times". 19 April 2004.
  18. ↑ "Fury as Gaza buries Hamas leader". 19 April 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  19. ↑ Iran Report: April 19, 2004
  20. 1 2 3 "PHOTOS: The Gaza families obliterated in just 51 days". +972 Magazine. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  21. ↑ Gideon Levy in Haaretz
  22. 1 2 "Gaza: Thousand mourn death of Hamas chief's wife, baby son". Firstpost. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  23. 1 2 "The body of the child Sarah Al-Deif was recovered from under the rubble". palinfo.com (in Arabic). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  24. ↑ "Body of Deif's daughter, 3, pulled from Gaza rubble". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  25. ↑ Gold, Shabtai (22 August 2014). "Hamas executes 18 'collaborators' in Gaza". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  26. 1 2 "Gaza: Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict". Amnesty International. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  27. 1 2 Kershner, Isabel (27 May 2015). "Hamas accused of killing and torturing Palestinians". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  28. 1 2 Beaumont, Peter (27 May 2015). "Hamas executed 23 Palestinians under cover of Gaza conflict, says Amnesty". The Guardian . Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  29. ↑ "Hamas tortured and killed Palestinian 'collaborators' during Gaza conflict - new report". Amnesty International . Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  30. ↑ "'Strangling Necks': Abduction, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 5, 15, 19. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  31. 1 2 3 4 "تعذيب وموت محتجز لدى حماس في غزة". Human Rights Watch (in Arabic). 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. لتجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها - For his behavioral and moral transgressions that he acknowledged.
  32. 1 2 "Implementation of the death sentence issued against Phalange member Mahmoud Eshtewi". Military Information Department of EQB. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  33. ↑ Pfeffer, Anshel (13 May 2024). "Hamas leader's torture tactics revealed in IDF tunnel raid". The Times . Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  34. 1 2 3 "Hamas kills a local commander for unnamed 'violations'". AP News . AP. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "פלסטין: עציר עונה ומת בידי חמאס - Human Rights Watch" (in Hebrew). 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Palestine: Torture, Death of Hamas Detainee - Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. His family said they discovered that Qassam operatives held him in secret locations until February 7, when the group's Military Information Department issued a statement saying it had executed Eshtewi after sentencing him to death "for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed".
  37. 1 2 Hadid, Diaa; Waheidi, Majd Al (1 March 2016). "Hamas Commander, Accused of Theft and Gay Sex, Is Killed by His Own". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023. Adding a layer of scandal to the story, he was accused of moral turpitude, by which Hamas meant homosexuality." … "Mr. Ishtiwi, who is survived by two wives and three children…
  38. ↑ Moore, Jack (2 March 2016). "Hamas executed a prominent commander after accusations of gay sex". Newsweek . Retrieved 6 April 2016. Hamas announced that the man in charge of a number of the group's tunnels used for smuggling and surprise attacks had been executed for moral turpitude, a Hamas term for homosexuality[ better source needed ] … a Hamas[ who? ] investigation alleged that Ishtiwi had hidden money designated for his unit's weapons, before an unnamed man claimed to have had sex with him, providing details about their meetings. The investigation concluded that the money Ishtiwi had stolen had been used to pay the man for sexual relations or to bribe him to keep Ishtiwi's secret.Note: The phrase translated by this source as "moral turpitude" is translated in other sources as "moral transgressions" and can also be read as "ethics violations", and there is no evidence of it being used by Hamas in any other context to specifically refer to Men who have Sex with Men (MSM).
  39. 1 2 https://www.timesofisrael.com/strange-to-be-here-without-them-soldiers-who-survived-oct-7-return-to-nahal-oz-base/
  40. ↑ "IDF soldiers say repeated warnings of Hamas activity prior to Oct. 7 attacks were ignored". ABC News .
  41. ↑ "UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Unlawful killings in Gaza City". ReliefWeb. OHCHR. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  42. ↑ "Euro-Med submits findings on Israeli army executions in Gaza to ICC, UN, calling them 'genocide' – Middle East Monitor".
  43. ↑ "Watchdog Submits Evidence of Israeli Executions of Gaza Civilians to UN, ICC". www.commondreams.org.
  44. ↑ "جريدة القدس".
  45. ↑ "Israel turns schools into military centres, conducting field executions and mass killings". Euro-Med Monitor. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  46. ↑ Najjar, Farah; Harb, Ali (13 December 2023). "Displaced 'killed point-blank' in Gaza school". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  47. ↑ "A 5-year-old Gazan child recounts how Israeli soldiers shot his pregnant mum and dad in front of his eyes". Middle East Monitor. 10 March 2024.
  48. ↑ "Israel-Hamas war: Palestinian siblings see parents killed in IDF raid". 14 February 2024.
  49. ↑ Times of Israel Archived 2022-09-04 at the Wayback Machine , 4 September 2022
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  52. ↑ "عائلة أبو قوطة تصدر بياناً حول واقعة مقتل ابنها وتكشف تفاصيل الحدث". دنيا الوطن (in Arabic). 27 July 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  53. 1 2 3 Iraqi, Amjad (3 April 2024). "'Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
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  55. ↑ Kassim, Anis F., ed. (2000). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law, 1998-1999. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 181.
  56. 1 2 "ISIS Declares War on Rival Hamas with Video Execution".
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