FUT4

fucosyltransferase 4 (alpha (1,3) fucosyltransferase, myeloid-specific)
Identifiers
Symbol	FUT4
Alt. symbols	CD15, FCT3A, ELFT, SSEA-1, LeX
Entrez	2526
HUGO	4015
OMIM	104230
RefSeq	NM_002033
UniProt	P22083
Other data
EC number	2.4.1.152
Locus	Chr. 11 q21

Last updated March 31, 2019

Fucosyltransferase 4 (alpha (1,3) fucosyltransferase, myeloid-specific), also known as FUT4, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the FUT4 gene.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudoenzyme analysis has recently grown up, recognising that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties.

In biology, a gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic trait. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Function

The product of this gene transfers fucose to N-acetyllactosamine polysaccharides to generate fucosylated carbohydrate structures. It catalyzes the synthesis of the non-sialylated antigen, Lewis x (CD15).^[4]^[5]

Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₅. It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian, insect and plant cell surface. Fucose is the fundamental sub-unit of the seaweed polysaccharide fucoidan. α(1→3) linked core fucose is a suspected carbohydrate antigen for IgE-mediated allergy.

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.

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References

↑ Goelz SE, Hession C, Goff D, Griffiths B, Tizard R, Newman B, Chi-Rosso G, Lobb R (December 1990). "ELFT: a gene that directs the expression of an ELAM-1 ligand". Cell. 63 (6): 1349–56. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90430-M. PMID 1702034.
↑ Couillin P, Mollicone R, Grisard MC, Gibaud A, Ravisé N, Feingold J, Oriol R (1991). "Chromosome 11q localization of one of the three expected genes for the human alpha-3-fucosyltransferases, by somatic hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 56 (2): 108–11. doi:10.1159/000133061. PMID 1672847.
↑ Reguigne I, James MR, Richard CW, Mollicone R, Seawright A, Lowe JB, Oriol R, Couillin P (1994). "The gene encoding myeloid alpha-3-fucosyl-transferase (FUT4) is located between D1 1S388 and D11S919 on 11q21". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 66 (2): 104–6. doi:10.1159/000133677. PMID 8287679.
↑ "Entrez Gene: FUT4".
↑ Nakayama F, Nishihara S, Iwasaki H, Kudo T, Okubo R, Kaneko M, Nakamura M, Karube M, Sasaki K, Narimatsu H (May 2001). "CD15 expression in mature granulocytes is determined by alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IX, but in promyelocytes and monocytes by alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IV". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16100–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007272200. PMID 11278338.

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[pmid1702034-1] Goelz SE, Hession C, Goff D, Griffiths B, Tizard R, Newman B, Chi-Rosso G, Lobb R (December 1990). "ELFT: a gene that directs the expression of an ELAM-1 ligand". Cell. 63 (6): 1349–56. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90430-M. PMID 1702034.

[pmid1672847-2] Couillin P, Mollicone R, Grisard MC, Gibaud A, Ravisé N, Feingold J, Oriol R (1991). "Chromosome 11q localization of one of the three expected genes for the human alpha-3-fucosyltransferases, by somatic hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 56 (2): 108–11. doi:10.1159/000133061. PMID 1672847.

[pmid8287679-3] Reguigne I, James MR, Richard CW, Mollicone R, Seawright A, Lowe JB, Oriol R, Couillin P (1994). "The gene encoding myeloid alpha-3-fucosyl-transferase (FUT4) is located between D1 1S388 and D11S919 on 11q21". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 66 (2): 104–6. doi:10.1159/000133677. PMID 8287679.

[entrez-4] "Entrez Gene: FUT4".

[pmid11278338-5] Nakayama F, Nishihara S, Iwasaki H, Kudo T, Okubo R, Kaneko M, Nakamura M, Karube M, Sasaki K, Narimatsu H (May 2001). "CD15 expression in mature granulocytes is determined by alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IX, but in promyelocytes and monocytes by alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IV". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16100–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007272200. PMID 11278338.