First 100 days of Bongbong Marcos' presidency

Last updated

The first 100 days of Bongbong Marcos's presidency began on June 30, 2022, the day Bongbong Marcos was inaugurated as the 17th president of the Philippines. [1] [2]

Contents

Pledges

Marcos Jr. pledged to do the following during his campaign period:

Administration and cabinet

On May 12, 2022, Marcos began naming his cabinet members. [15]

Marcos appointed his long time chief-of-staff and spokesperson, Vic Rodriguez as his Executive Secretary. [16] Upon the recommendation of his Chief Presidential Legal Counsel, Juan Ponce Enrile, Marcos rejected the plan of Rodriguez to grant himself additional powers as Marcos' new Presidential Chief of Staff following his resignation as Executive Secretary on September 17 due to issues involving his roles in the sugar importation order fiasco and contentious appointments of some government officials. [17] [18] He was replaced by former Supreme Court Chief Justice Lucas Bersamin on September 27. [19]

On October 4, Marcos reappointed 10 cabinet members after they were bypassed by the Commission on Appointments (COA) on September 28; [20] COA chairperson Jose Calida and Press Secretary Trixie Cruz-Angeles resigned the same day. [21] [22]

OfficeNameTermRefs.
President Bongbong Marcos June 30, 2022 – [23]
Vice-President Sara Duterte-Carpio June 30, 2022 – [24]
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Enrique Manalo July 1, 2022 – [25]
Executive Secretary Victor Rodriguez June 30, 2022 – September 17, 2022 [15]
Lucas Bersamin September 27, 2022 – [19]
Secretary of Finance Benjamin Diokno June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Justice Jesus Crispin Remulla June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Agriculture Bongbong Marcos June 30, 2022 – [26]
Secretary of Public Works and Highways Manuel Bonoan June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Education Sara Z. Duterte-Carpio June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Labor and Employment Bienvenido Laguesma June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of National Defense Jose Faustino Jr. June 30, 2022 [lower-alpha 1] – [27]
Secretary of Health Maria Rosario Vergeire (OIC)July 14, 2022 – [28]
Secretary of Trade and Industry Alfredo E. Pascual June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Migrant Workers Susan Ople June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Human Settlements and Urban Development Melissa Ardanas (OIC)June 30, 2022 – July 29, 2022 [29]
Jose Acuzar July 29, 2022 – [30]
Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Erwin Tulfo June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Agrarian Reform Conrado Estrella III June 30, 2022 – [31]
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources Toni Yulo-LoyzagaJuly 12, 2022 – [32]
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Benjamin Abalos Jr. June 30, 2022 – [33]
Secretary of Tourism Maria Esperanza Christina Frasco June 30, 2022 – [34]
Secretary of Transportation Jaime Bautista June 30, 2022 – [35]
Secretary of Science and Technology Renato Solidum Jr. July 22, 2022 [lower-alpha 2] – [36]
Secretary of Budget and Management Amenah Pangandaman June 30, 2022 – [15]
Secretary of Energy Raphael Lotilla July 11, 2022 – [37]
Secretary of Information and Communications Technology Ivan John Enrile Uy June 30, 2022 – [15]
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority Arsenio Balisacan June 30, 2022 – [15]
Press Secretary Trixie Cruz-Angeles June 30, 2022 – October 4, 2022 [15] [22]
National Security Adviser Clarita Carlos June 30, 2022 – [31]
Secretary of the Presidential Management Staff Zenaida Angping June 30, 2022 – [38]
Solicitor General Menardo Guevarra June 30, 2022 – [39]
Chief Presidential Legal Counsel Juan Ponce Enrile June 30, 2022 – [27]
Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation and Unity Carlito Galvez Jr. June 30, 2022 – [40]
Special Assistant to the President Antonio Ernesto Lagdameo Jr. June 30, 2022 – [15]

Domestic policy

Marcos delivers his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022. First State of the Nation Address of Bongbong Marcos, 25 July 2022.jpg
Marcos delivers his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022.

Agriculture

Marcos appointed himself the Agriculture secretary to address rising food costs caused by inflation. [41]

Amid rising prices of sugar in the country brought about by a looming supply shortage due to the effects of Typhoon Odette in late 2021, the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) in August 2022 released an order to import 300,000 metric tons of sugar to "specifically address the current sugar supply situation and its increasing prices"; Marcos rejected the planned importation. [42] [43] After Malacanang denied Marcos signed the sugar order [44] and Press Secretary Trixie Cruz-Angeles said the resolution signed by SRA Undersecretary Leocadio Sebastian was "illegal", [45] Sebastian apologized to Marcos for signing the order on Marcos' behalf and resigned. [46] A few days later, SRA Administrator Hermenegildo Serafica and SRA board member Roland Beltran resigned, [47] prompting Malacanang to reorganize the SRA [48] and probe into alleged efforts of using the sugar order as "cover" for hoarding by sugar traders. [45] On August 19, the Marcos administration launched a crackdown on sugar hoarders and smugglers. [49] Marcos approved the importation of 150,000 metric tons of sugar, half of the 300,000 metric tons SRA proposal, to address the sugar shortage in the country. [50] Following a meeting with Rodriguez, major supermarkets agreed to sell sugar at ₱70 per kilo until the supply lasts. [51] Rodriguez initially refused to attend the senate probe hearings as ordered by Marcos, but attended a hearing after the blue ribbon committee voted to subpoena him. [52] Serafica maintained that Marcos mentioned the possibility of importing 600,000 metric tons of sugar, a claim rejected by Rodriguez. The senate blue ribbon committee terminated its probe after three hearings, clearing Rodriguez while recommending administrative and criminal charges against an Agriculture official and three former SRA officials; Serafica lamented the pieces of evidences they presented were not given weight, while Senator Risa Hontiveros alleged that the four officials were used as "fall guys". [53]

Agrarian reform

On his 65th birthday, September 14, 2022, Marcos signed his fourth executive order imposing a one-year moratorium on the amortization and interest payments of agrarian reform beneficiaries, which is seen to "lead to freedom of farmers from debts". [54]

Bangsamoro peace process

To harmonize the Bangsamoro peace agreements of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, the 1996 Final Peace Agreement and the 2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, the Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation and Unity facilitated the participation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in the Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA). On August 14, Marcos appointed new members of the BTA, and included Abdulkarim Misuari and Nurrheda Misuari, son and daughter of Moro National Liberation Front leader Nur Misuari, in an effort to unite former warring members of the MNLF and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front under one Bangsamoro autonomous government. [55] [56]

Crime

Following a meeting on July 27, 2022, with Solicitor General Menardo Guevarra, Presidential Legal Adviser Juan Ponce Enrile, Executive Secretary Vic Rodriguez, Foreign Affairs Secretary Enrique Manalo, Justice Secretary Jesus Crispin Remulla, and lawyer Harry Roque, Marcos, on August 1, said that the Philippines has no intention of rejoining the International Criminal Court (ICC), maintaining that deaths linked to the War on Drugs of the Duterte administration are already being investigated by the Philippine government. [57] By September 9, the deadline imposed by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor's (OTP) for the Philippine government to comment on the resumption of the investigation on the war on drugs, Guevara formally requested the ICC to deny the request of the ICC-OTP to resume the investigation; Guevara maintained that "the alleged murder incidents that happened during the relevant period do not constitute 'crimes against humanity', considering that said incidents do not qualify as an 'attack' against the civilian population". [58]

According to the Philippine National Police, index crimes dropped 11.67% in Marcos' first two months compared to the same period a year prior. [59] Amid a series of reported abductions in the country, several senators urged Marcos to issue a strong directive and act swiftly on the matter. [60] On September 15, the Senate initiated a probe into the series of kidnapping cases. [61]

Drug policy

Marcos declared his intention to continue the war on drugs of the Duterte administration. By September 13, Marcos explained that the war on illegal drugs is "of internal matter", opting to leave it out of his First State of the Nation Address; he said a working group was still formulating policies for his anti-drug campaign, with a focus on prevention and rehabilitation. [62]

On October 7, the Marcos administration launched its anti-illegal drug campaign, Buhay Ingatan, Droga'y Ayawan (BIDA), which commits to continue the war on drugs "within the framework of the law and with respect for human rights and with focus on rehabilitation and socio-economic development". [63]

Defense

In August 2022, the Marcos administration said it was considering ordering United States helicopters in place of the 16 Russian Mil Mi-17 military helicopters which the Duterte administration ordered earlier but cancelled a few days before Duterte's term ended for fear of possible United States sanctions due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Bases Conversion and Development Authority chair Delfin Lorenzana, who served as the Defense Secretary under Duterte, said the Philippines had made an initial payment to Russia in January 2022; the Marcos administration said it was considering replacing the canceled helicopters with Russian weapons as part of the initial payment it is trying to recover. [64] [65]

Economy


Two days after his inauguration, Marcos vetoed a bill creating the Bulacan Airport City Special Economic Zone and Freeport covering the New Manila International Airport (which was sponsored by his sister), citing "substantial fiscal risks", incoherence with existing laws, and the proposed economic zone's location near the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone. [66] To foster partnership between the national government and the private sector, Marcos formed the Private Sector Advisory Council, an advisory council tasked to make recommendations to the President of the Philippines in assisting government initiatives to revitalize the economy. [67] [68]

Infrastructure

In his first State of the Nation Address, Marcos said he will continue and expand Duterte's infrastructure program, while citing the country "missed a great opportunity" in developing the country's railway system. [69] In July 2022, former Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III canceled the loan applications for three China-funded railway projects—the PNR South Long Haul, Subic-Clark Railway, and the Mindanao Railway (Tagum-Davao-Digos)—due to China's inaction on funding requests by the Duterte administration during Duterte's tenure. [70] A month later, the Marcos administration resumed talks with China to renegotiate and "resume" the major railway projects, with the Transportation department citing the funding will "strengthen bilateral relations and enhance the partnership between the Philippines and China". [71]

On August 23, the Marcos administration requested ₱1.196 trillion from Congress to fund in 2023 its "Build, Better More" (BBM) infrastructure program, an expansion of the Duterte administration's Build, Build, Build program. [72]

Education

In August 2022, the Commission on Audit (COA) flagged the Department of Education (DepEd) for the purchase of allegedly overpriced and outdated 39,583 laptops worth ₱2.4 billion back in 2021 for online classes at the height of the pandemic. In response, Education Secretary and Vice President Sara Duterte requested from the COA a "fraud audit" of the laptop deal. [73] Starting August 25, the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, headed by Senator Francis Tolentino, held a series of hearings with previous officials of the DepEd and the Procurement Service of the Department of Budget and Management (PS-DBM), to look into the matter. [74]

Amid a low full vaccination rate of 19% among Filipino students nationwide, the Marcos administration reopened classes in 46% of all schools in the country, or 24,000 schools on August 22, implementing five days of face-to-face classes; 29,721 schools were allowed to continue implementing blended learning from August to October 2022. [75] A department order was signed, on September 2, by Duterte, automatically suspending all classes from kindergarten to senior high school during calamities and disasters; the order also prohibited the use of schools as long-term evacuation centers. [76]

Energy

In his first State of the Nation Address, Marcos presented his plan to increase energy production by including renewable energy and nuclear energy in the country's energy mix. [77]

Government reorganization

In an attempt to achieve "simplicity, economy, and efficiency" in the bureaucracy, Marcos, on June 30, 2022, issued his first executive order abolishing the Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC) created by Duterte in 2017, and the Office of the Cabinet Secretary. [78] The powers and functions of PACC were transferred to the Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs, while the existing Cabinet Secretariat will be under the Presidential Management Staff. [78]

A day after Marcos' inauguration, Executive Secretary Vic Rodriguez signed a memorandum circular declaring certain positions in the executive department held by officials appointed by Duterte as vacant, leaving at least 4,000 government positions needing to be filled up. Next-in-rank and most senior officials were to fill up the positions as officer-in-charge (OIC), although casual employees whose contracts were to expire on June 30, 2022, were allowed to serve only until July 31, 2022, unless earlier terminated or renewed. [79] Rodriguez, on July 29, extended the terms of the OICs until December 31, or until a replacement has been made, "to ensure the continuous and effective delivery of government services". [80]

On July 23, 2022, Marcos vetoed a bill strengthening the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel (OGCC) of the Department of Justice, citing "excessive grant of remuneration, incentives, benefits, allowances, and honoraria" to employees and hired lawyers. [81] A week later, he vetoed a bill creating transportation safety board, explaining that the proposed board has functions already being "undertaken by the different agencies" under the Department of Transportation, the Philippine National Police, and the National Bureau of Investigation. [82]

Marcos, on September 16, signed his fifth executive order, transferring the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). [83]

Health

Marcos allowed the controversial Vape Regulation Bill to lapse into law on July 25. [84] The bill has been approved in January 2022 by both the Senate and the House of Representatives of the 18th Congress, but has been transmitted to Malacañang for Duterte to act upon only on June 24, six days before his presidency ended. [85]

The Department of Health (DOH) launched on July 26 its "PinasLakas" campaign to continue administering COVID-19 booster doses to at least 39 million Filipinos, or 50% of the eligible population of 77 million, in Marcos' first 100 days of presidency. In September, the DOH lowered its target population to 23 million after seeing minimal progress in the booster campaign, which DOH officer-in-charge Maria Rosario Vergeire attributed to pandemic fatigue. By the end of Marcos' first 100 days, a total of 20 million Filipinos received their booster doses, [86] of which 3.4 million received their first booster doses under the administration's booster campaign. [87]

On August 31, Cebu City mayor Michael Rama signed an order making the wearing of face masks "non-obligatory" in his city, [88] prompting the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) to raise the issue of the lifting of face masks before the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF). [89] The DOH maintained that face masks give 80% protection against COVID-19 and other contagious diseases, and expressed worry that other local government units would follow Rama's action; [90] the DOH later agreed to allow the lifting of face masks only among low-risk individuals and in low-risk settings. On September 12, Marcos signed his third executive order, allowing voluntary use of face masks in outdoor settings with good ventilation. [91] Following the recommendation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, Marcos, on September 13, signed a proclamation extending from September 13, 2022, to December 31, 2022, the period of the state of calamity declared by his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, due to the COVID-19. [92]

Social policies

On July 2, Social Welfare (DSWD) Secretary Erwin Tulfo revealed that Marcos ordered for the list of 4Ps beneficiaries to be "cleaned" due to reports of unqualified beneficiaries receiving cash grants and refusing to surrender their accounts. [93] About 1.3 million beneficiaries identified by the social welfare department as no longer poor were to face removal from the cash assistance program, which may free ₱15 billion to be distributed to "other qualified persons". [94] In late August, the DSWD earmarked ₱500 million to be distributed as cash assistance for poor students, prohibiting walk-ins after an initial chaotic distribution involving beneficiaries gathering in huge crowds at the central and regional offices of the DSWD; [95] by September 24, 676,922 students nationwide received cash aid, which totaled ₱1.652 billion, in the DSWD's six-week program. [96]

On July 30, Marcos vetoed a bill granting tax exemption on poll workers' honoraria; he cited the bill will "negate the progressivity of the reforms introduced under RA 10963 or the TRAIN law". [82]

Transportation

On July 1, a day after his inauguration, Marcos signed a memorandum seeking to provide free train rides to students, and extend the free EDSA Carousel rides until December 2022. [97] [98] Shortly after, the free train rides for students was recalibrated and limited only to LRT-2; the Department of Transportation said that train fares were "already heavily subsidized", especially when free train rides were implemented at MRT-3 for three months during the Duterte administration, and that Line 2 has the highest number of student ridership. [99]

In August, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board started reopening several pre-pandemic public utility vehicle routes in Metro Manila in preparation for face-to-face classes. [100] [101]

Foreign policy

President Marcos meets with United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken at Malacanang Palace in Manila, August 6, 2022 Tony Blinken and Bongbong Marcos shaking hands 2 (2022-08-06).jpg
President Marcos meets with United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken at Malacañang Palace in Manila, August 6, 2022

Marcos announced in his first State of the Nation Address his plan to continue Duterte's independent foreign policy of being "friend to all, enemy to none", citing it will be advantageous to the Philippines and other nations. [102]

Amid growing tensions between China and Taiwan, in August 2022, Marcos and United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken reaffirmed both countries' commitment to the Mutual Defense Treaty. [103]

Following a French court of arbitration ruling instructing Malaysia to pay $14.9 billion to the descendants of the Sulu Sultanate for breaching an international private lease agreement by not paying the cession money under the agreement since 2013, [104] Malacañang, on August 2, said that the claim to Sabah is "not an issue of sovereignty" as it is "in the nature of a private claim". [105]

Marcos made his inaugural state visits in Indonesia from September 4 to 6, and Singapore from September 6 to 7, securing $USD14.36 billion (₱804.78 billion) in investment pledges. [106] On September 18 to 24, he made his first working visit to the United States, where he attended the 77th United Nations General Assembly and received $3.9 billion in investment pledges. [107] Marcos was criticized upon his unannounced return to Singapore in October 1 to 2 to watch the F1 Grand Prix; Malacañang later confirmed Marcos' trip as "productive" in enjoining continued foreign investment in the country with Executive Secretary Lucas Bersamin later explaining that the visit was "partly official, partly personal". [108] [109]

Approval ratings

A Pulse Asia September 2022 survey of 1,200 respondents nationwide revealed that the Marcos administration received high approval ratings on its addressing of 11 of 13 key issues in the country; calamity response and controlling the spread of COVID-19 were both rated the highest, at 78%, while performance in poverty reduction (39%) and control of inflation (31%) ranked the lowest. [110]

Notes

  1. ↑ As Faustino retired from military service on November 12, 2021, in adherence to Republic Act 6975 banning the appointment of retired military officers for a year, he will first serve as a senior undersecretary and officer-in-charge of the Department of National Defense beginning June 30, 2022. [27]
  2. ↑ Solidum served as the Officer–in–Charge from June 30 to July 22, 2022.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bongbong Marcos</span> President of the Philippines since 2022

Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr., commonly referred to by the initials PBBM or BBM, is a Filipino politician who is the 17th and current president of the Philippines. Marcos is also the secretary of agriculture, holding the post in concurrent capacity. He previously served as a senator from 2010 to 2016. He is the second child and only son of 10th president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos Sr. and former first lady Imelda Romualdez Marcos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakas–CMD</span> Conservative political party in the Philippines

Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats, abbreviated as Lakas–CMD and also known simply as Lakas, is a political party in the Philippines. Lakas–CMD is considered to sit on the centre-right of the political spectrum and is influenced by Christian democracy and Islamic democracy. Since the 2022 elections, Lakas–CMD is currently the biggest party in the House of Representatives, with the party's president, Martin Romualdez, serving as Speaker of the House. The party is a dominant member of the UniTeam Alliance led by President Bongbong Marcos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Abalos Jr.</span> Filipino lawyer and politician

Benjamin "Benhur" de Castro Abalos Jr. is a Filipino lawyer and politician serving as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government since 2022. Before his appointment as DILG secretary, he last served as the Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) under the Duterte administration from 2021 to 2022. Previously, he served as the city mayor of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, for five terms, as congressman and as councilor of the same city. He is the son of Benjamin Abalos, a former Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and MMDA chairman. In January 2021, Abalos was appointed to the same position in the MMDA as his father following the death of Danilo Lim who died from complications of COVID-19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erwin Tulfo</span> Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development of the Philippines

Erwin Teshiba Tulfo is a Filipino politician, a former news anchor, broadcaster, and columnist. He currently serves as a representative for ACT-CIS Partylist and a Deputy Majority Leader of the Philippine House of Representatives since 2023. He previously served as the Secretary of Social Welfare and Development from June 30 to December 27, 2022, when his appointment was blocked and bypassed by the Commission on Appointments, during the presidency of Bongbong Marcos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sara Duterte</span> Vice President of the Philippines since 2022

Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio, commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipina lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president, the third vice president to come from Mindanao, and the youngest vice president in Philippine history. Duterte is also the secretary of education, holding the post in a concurrent capacity. A daughter of 16th president Rodrigo Duterte, she previously served as the mayor of Davao City from 2016 to 2022, and from 2010 to 2013. She was also Davao City's vice mayor from 2007 to 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Villar</span> Filipino politician and businessman (born 1978)

Mark Aguilar Villar is a Filipino politician and businessman serving as a Senator since 2022. He served in President Rodrigo Duterte's cabinet as the Secretary of Public Works and Highways from 2016 to 2021, and was the COVID-19 pandemic isolation czar from 2020 to 2021. A member of the Nacionalista Party, he was the Representative of Las Piñas from 2010 to 2016. Villar has also previously held executive positions in his family's businesses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enrique Manalo</span> Filipino diplomat (born 1952)

Enrique Austria Manalo is a Filipino diplomat currently serving as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs under the Marcos Jr. administration since July 1, 2022. He previously served in an acting role under the Duterte administration from March 9 to May 17, 2017, when Perfecto Yasay Jr.'s ad-interim appointment confirmation was rejected by the Commission on Appointments due to citizenship issues. He also previously served as Philippine Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 2011 to 2016, Undersecretary for Policy of the Department of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2020, and the 21st Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations from 2020 to 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Philippine presidential election</span> 20th presidential election in the Philippines

The 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 9, 2022, as part of the 2022 general election. This was the 17th direct presidential election and 16th vice presidential election in the Philippines since 1935, and the sixth sextennial presidential and vice presidential election since 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Partido Federal ng Pilipinas</span> Political party in the Philippines

Partido Federal ng Pilipinas is a national political party in the Philippines. It is chaired by Bongbong Marcos, president of the Philippines who won by a landslide in the 2022 election. During the run-up to the 2022 general election, the UniTeam Alliance was formed by the PFP, Lakas–CMD, HNP, and PMP, with guest candidates from other parties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Philippine general election</span> National, provincial, and local elections in the country

The 2022 Philippine general election took place on May 9, 2022, for the executive and legislative branches of government at every level – national, provincial, and local – except for the barangay officials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign</span> Presidential campaign for the 2022 Philippine presidential elections

The 2022 presidential campaign of Bongbong Marcos began on October 6, 2021, when he filed his candidacy for the 2022 Philippine presidential election under the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas. Bongbong Marcos, a former senator of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016, is the son of former president Ferdinand Marcos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UniTeam Alliance</span> Political party alliance in the Philippines

The UniTeam Alliance is an electoral alliance in the Philippines formed to support the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte in the 2022 presidential and vice-presidential elections and their allies in the 2022 Philippine general election. The alliance was formalized on November 29, 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidential transition of Bongbong Marcos</span>

The presidential transition of Bongbong Marcos started when former senator Bongbong Marcos won the Philippine presidential election on May 9, 2022. Marcos topped the official count by the Congress of the Philippines with 31,629,783 votes. The joint bicameral Congress proclaimed Marcos as the president-elect and Sara Duterte as the vice president-elect on May 25, 2022. The transition lasted until the day of the president-elect's inauguration on June 30, 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of Bongbong Marcos</span> Philippine presidential administration from 2022 to present

The presidency of Bongbong Marcos began at noon on June 30, 2022, following his inauguration as the 17th president of the Philippines, succeeding Rodrigo Duterte. His term is expected to expire six years later, on June 30, 2028. He entered into office amid the COVID-19 pandemic, an economic crisis, and the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 State of the Nation Address (Philippines)</span> Speech by Philippine President Bongbong Marcos

The 2022 State of the Nation Address was the first State of the Nation Address that was delivered by President Bongbong Marcos on July 25, 2022 at the Batasang Pambansa Complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toni Yulo-Loyzaga</span>

Maria Antonia "Toni" Yulo-Loyzaga is a Filipina government official who serves as the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

References

  1. ↑ "High expectations for BBM during first 100 days: PUBLiCUS". Philippine News Agency. June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  2. ↑ "Most Filipinos expect Marcos to do well in first 100 days — survey". Manila Times. June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  3. 1 2 Cordero, Ted (February 5, 2022). "Marcos Jr. sets as top priority digital infra, energy alongside Build, Build, Build program". GMA News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Patag, Kristine Joy (February 27, 2022). "A quick look at Bongbong Marcos and his 'unity' campaign". Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  5. ↑ Rosario, Ben (November 14, 2021). "Bongbong Marcos bats for holistic approach for agriculture sector". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  6. ↑ "Marcos bats for return of Kadiwa rolling stores in every barangay". Philippine News Agency. February 16, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  7. ↑ Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (May 13, 2022). "The wait-and-see period for Bongbong Marcos' 'P20 rice' promise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 "Bongbong Marcos eyes PH as next logistics hub in Asia". Manila Bulletin. October 26, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  9. 1 2 "BBM: Intensify urban planning, spillways". BusinessMirror. December 29, 2021. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  10. ↑ "National Education Portal via Web in Marcos plans". Manila Standard. November 17, 2021. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  11. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (June 10, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos: China PH's 'strongest partner' but independent foreign policy to stay". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  12. ↑ Buan, Lian (November 3, 2021). "Bongbong Marcos' pandemic plans: Higher budget for healthcare and medical research". Rappler. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  13. ↑ Manabat, Jacque (January 25, 2022). "Marcos Jr. says abortion should be allowed in rape, incest". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  14. 1 2 Cabanban, Seth (March 28, 2022). "Bongbong says he'd sign same-sex union bill if Congress passes one". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "LIST: Who are the members of Marcos Cabinet?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 23, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  16. ↑ "Marcos' chief of staff nominated as executive secretary". Philippine News Agency. May 22, 2022. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  17. ↑ Arcilla, Gigie (September 17, 2022). "'Little prexy' quits as ES, named CoS". Daily Tribune . Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  18. ↑ Valente, Catherine S. (September 18, 2022). "JPE thwarts Rodriguez bid to get more power". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  19. 1 2 Galvez, Daphne (September 27, 2022). "Palace: New Exec Secretary Bersamin 'well-qualified,' enjoys Marcos' trust". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  20. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (October 4, 2022). "PBBM reappoints 10 bypassed Cabinet members". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  21. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (October 4, 2022). "Jose Calida resigns as COA chief". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  22. 1 2 "Press Secretary Trixie Cruz-Angeles quits due to health reasons". cnnphilippines.com. CNN Philippines. October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  23. ↑ "Marcos takes oath as 17th Philippine president". Philstar. June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Sara Duterte takes oath as 15th vice president". INQUIRER.net. June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  25. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (July 1, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos appoints career diplomat Enrique Manalo as DFA secretary". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  26. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (June 20, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos to head agriculture department in concurrent post". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  27. 1 2 3 "Enrile, Guevarra, Faustino to join Marcos Cabinet". The Philippine Star. June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  28. ↑ Valente, Catherine S.; Mendoza, Red (July 15, 2022). "Marcos taps Vergeire as Health dept OIC". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  29. ↑ Kabagani, Lade (July 8, 2022). "Housing department assures unhampered operations". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  30. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (July 29, 2022). "Jose Acuzar takes oath as housing chief under Bongbong Marcos admin". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  31. 1 2 Bajo, Anne Felicia (June 8, 2022). "Marcos picks Clarita Carlos as NSA, Conrado Estrella as DAR chief". GMA News . Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  32. ↑ "PBBM swears in Yulo-Loyzaga as DENR chief". Philippine News Agency. July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  33. ↑ "Abalos gets DILG post; Marcos transition team members named". Manila Bulletin. May 13, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  34. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (May 30, 2022). "Sara Duterte spox Christina Frasco to serve as tourism secretary". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  35. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (June 23, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos picks ex-PAL president Jaime Bautista for DOTr". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  36. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (August 12, 2022). "Solidum appointed DOST secretary". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  37. ↑ "Former GMA Cabinet member appointed energy secretary by PBBM". Philippine News Agency. July 11, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  38. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (May 30, 2022). "Erwin Tulfo to serve as DSWD secretary; 4 other Marcos Cabinet members named". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  39. ↑ "Incoming solicitor general Guevarra: From Aquino to Duterte and now Marcos". Rappler.com. June 17, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  40. ↑ Romero, Alexis (July 9, 2022). "Palace issues memo allowing Galvez to remain in his post". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  41. ↑ Calonzo, Andreo (June 20, 2022). "Marcos Names Himself Agriculture Chief to Tackle Food Cost". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  42. ↑ Romero, Alexis (August 10, 2022). "Marcos rejects proposal to import more sugar". The Philippine Star. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  43. ↑ Atienza, Kyle Aristophere T.; Jocson, Luisa Maria C.; Ochave, Revin Mikhael D. (August 10, 2022). "Palace denies Marcos signed sugar order". BusinessWorld Online. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  44. ↑ Medenilla, Samuel P. (August 10, 2022). "Palace denies Marcos approved sugar imports". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  45. 1 2 Unite, Betheena (August 11, 2022). "Palace probes 'illegal, unauthorized' order on sugar importation". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  46. ↑ Panti, Llanesca T. (August 15, 2022). "Resigned DA exec says he signed sugar importation order due to dwindling supply". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  47. ↑ "Sugar Regulatory administrator resigns". CNN Philippines. August 16, 2022. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  48. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (August 17, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos to reorganize SRA, negotiate with millers amid sugar shortage". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  49. ↑ Valente, Catherine S.; Ismael, Javier Joe; Maralit, Kristina (August 19, 2022). "Govt runs after sugar hoarders, smugglers". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  50. ↑ Monzon, Alden; Gascon, Melvin; Corrales, Nestor (August 19, 2022). "PH importing sugar after all: Marcos okays 150,000 MT". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  51. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (August 19, 2022). "Palace: Biggest supermarkets in PH commit to sell sugar at P70 per kilo". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  52. ↑ Rivas, Ralf (September 6, 2022). "Vic Rodriguez attends sugar fiasco probe after Senate subpoenas him". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  53. ↑ "Senate panel clears ES Rodriguez, seeks charges vs. signatories of sugar import order". CNN Philippines. September 8, 2022. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  54. ↑ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (September 13, 2022). "Marcos freezes Carp amortization for one year". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 13, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  55. ↑ "New BTA unites former warring MILF, MNLF rebels". Philippine News Agency. August 14, 2022. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  56. ↑ Offic (August 12, 2022). "Pres. Marcos Jr. appoints new BTA members consistent with Bangsamoro peace agreement". BARMM Official Website. Office of Chief Minister's Information & Communications Office. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  57. ↑ Parrocha, Azer (August 1, 2022). "PH has no intention of rejoining ICC: Marcos". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  58. ↑ Pulta, Benjamin (September 8, 2022). "SolGen asks ICC to deny request to resume 'drug war' probe". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  59. ↑ Tupas, Emmanuel (September 4, 2022). "Index crimes down 11.67% in Bongbong Marcos first 2 months". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  60. ↑ Torres, Sherrie Ann (September 12, 2022). "Senators urge Marcos gov't: Act swiftly vs alleged abductions". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  61. ↑ Pinlac, Beatrice (September 15, 2022). "Senate starts probe into reported spate of kidnapping cases". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  62. ↑ Unite, Betheena (September 13, 2022). "War on drugs is 'internal matter', to continue but on a different way—Marcos". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 13, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  63. ↑ Zurbano, Joel E. (October 7, 2022). "Gov't unveils new drug war plan". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  64. ↑ Gomez, Jim (July 27, 2022). "AP Exclusive: Philippines scraps Russian chopper deal". Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  65. ↑ "PH eyes arms swap for helis in Russia deal". Manila Standard. August 15, 2022. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022.
  66. ↑ Yang, Angelica Y.; Cabico, Gaea Katreena; Romero, Alexis (July 2, 2022). "Marcos Jr. vetoes bill creating SMC's Bulacan Airport City economic zone, freeport". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  67. ↑ Rivas, Ralf (July 13, 2022). "Marcos picks Sabin Aboitiz to head Private Sector Advisory Council". Rappler . Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  68. ↑ Rivas, Ralf (June 28, 2023). "The billionaires advising Marcos how to run the economy". Rappler . Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  69. ↑ Fernandez, Daniza (July 25, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos to continue Duterte's infrastructure program". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  70. ↑ Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (July 15, 2022). "China withdraws funding for 3 railway projects: DOTr exec". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  71. ↑ Philippine News Agency (August 15, 2022). "PH, China resume talks on transport projects". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  72. ↑ Quismorio, Ellson (August 23, 2022). "Goodbye 'Build, Build, Build'; P1.196-T sought for PBBM's 'Build, Better, More' infrastructure program". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  73. ↑ Sevillano, Stephanie (August 15, 2022). "VP Sara wants COA 'fraud audit' to probe P2.4-B laptop deal". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  74. ↑ Najo, Anna Felicia (August 25, 2022). "Senators grill DepEd exec over laptop purchase; official denies approving procurement". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  75. ↑ "Filipino students return to face-to-face classes after 2 years of distance learning". CNN Philippines. August 22, 2022. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  76. ↑ Mateo, Janvic (September 2, 2022). "Rainfall, flood warnings can now trigger class suspension". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  77. ↑ Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (July 25, 2022). "President's energy plan includes nuclear power plants, renewables". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  78. 1 2 Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (July 7, 2022). "Marcos abolishes Duterte's anti-corruption commission, CabSec's office". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  79. ↑ Barcelo, Vito (July 2, 2022). "Palace declares vacant Duterte filled positions". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022.
  80. ↑ Corrales, Nestor (July 29, 2022). "Palace extends term of agency OICs up to Dec. 31". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  81. ↑ Pinlac, Beatrice (July 23, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos vetoes bill strengthening OGCC". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  82. 1 2 Sarao, Zacarian (July 30, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos vetoes transport safety board, tax-free poll workers' honoraria bills". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 30, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  83. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 16, 2022). "DOLE regains supervision of TESDA". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 16, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  84. ↑ Unite, Betheena (July 26, 2022). "Vape bill lapses into law, Palace says". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  85. ↑ Manahan, Job (July 26, 2022). "Controversial bill lowering the age for vape access lapses into law: Palace". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  86. ↑ Jalea, Glee (October 9, 2022). "The Marcos administration's booster campaign: What is lacking?". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  87. ↑ Montemayor, Ma. Teresa (October 11, 2022). "PinasLakas administers 3.4M 1st booster dose in 100 days". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  88. ↑ Erram, Morexette Marie B. (September 5, 2022). "Cebu City's non-obligatory use of face mask: Trial only". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  89. ↑ Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (September 6, 2022). "IATF 'carefully studying' proposals to relax mask mandate: DILG". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  90. ↑ Cabalza, Dexter; Villa, Kathleen de (September 3, 2022). "DOH: Eased mask use 'disastrous'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  91. ↑ Cabico, Gaea Katreena (September 12, 2022). "Marcos OKs voluntary use of masks outdoors". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  92. ↑ Parrocha, Azer (September 13, 2022). "PBBM extends state of calamity until year-end". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 13, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  93. ↑ Cordero, Ted (July 2, 2022). "DSWD: Marcos wants 4Ps beneficiaries list 'cleaned'". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  94. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (July 21, 2022). "Delisting of 'nonpoor' 4Ps beneficiaries might take weeks — Tulfo". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  95. ↑ Mendoza, John Eric (August 25, 2022). "No walk-ins allowed to get DSWD educational cash aid". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  96. ↑ "DSWD: Over 600,000 students received cash aid". CNN Philippines. September 25, 2022. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  97. ↑ Mercado, Neil Arwin (July 1, 2022). "DOTr: Marcos extends free EDSA Carousel bus rides, OKs free train rides for students". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  98. ↑ "Commuters get free Edsa carousel bus rides until December". Philippine News Agency. July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  99. ↑ "DOTr: Free train rides for students now only on LRT2". GMA News Online. July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  100. ↑ Cabrera, Romina (August 18, 2022). "LTFRB reopens 133 PUV routes in Metro Manila". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  101. ↑ Araja, Rio N. (September 22, 2022). "LTFRB to open 50 more NCR routes". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  102. ↑ Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (July 22, 2022). "PBBM pledges 'safer, more prosperous' PH amid challenging times". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  103. ↑ Pinlac, Beatrice (August 6, 2022). "Blinken, Bongbong Marcos reaffirm defense treaty; President says it's 'in constant evolution'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  104. ↑ The Star/Asia News Network (March 2, 2022). "French court rules Malaysia owes $14.92 billion to sultan of Sulu's heirs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  105. ↑ Unite, Betheena (August 2, 2022). "Sulu sultanate heirs' Sabah issue a 'private claim,' says Palace". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  106. ↑ Parrocha, Azer (September 8, 2022). "PBBM's Indonesia, Singapore trips reap $14.36B in biz deals". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  107. ↑ Parrocha, Azer (September 29, 2022). "Marcos gets $3.9-B investment pledges from US trip". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  108. ↑ Ang, Marvin Joseph (October 3, 2022). "Marcos's unannounced Singapore visit 'productive' one: Malacañang". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  109. ↑ Fernandez, Daniza (October 12, 2022). "Bongbong Marcos' trip to Singapore 'partly official, partly personal' — Bersamin". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  110. ↑ Mangaluz, Jean (October 6, 2022). "Marcos admin gets high approval ratings in Pulse Asia survey". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.