Hurricane Kathleen

Last updated

Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A large area of thunderstorms, with a diameter of about 500 mi (800 km), formed 270 mi (430 km) southwest of Acapulco. Moving rapidly west-northwest, a tropical depression formed on September 7. While briefly moving towards the east, [5] the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Kathleen. Moving above 83 °F (28 °C) sea surface temperatures, Kathleen quickly strengthened. Before passing 40 mi (64 km) east of Socorro Island, Kathleen reached its secondary peak with winds of 65 mph (115 km/h). Kathleen then weakened considerably, and by 0600 UTC September 9, Tropical Storm Kathleen was barely a tropical storm. At this time, the system was located at 55 mi (89 km) north of the island. Shortly thereafter, Kathleen turned north-northeast into warmer waters. [6]

Subsequently, the tropical storm began to re-strengthen. Despite moving rapidly north, the cyclone strengthened into Hurricane Kathleen. The hurricane passed near several ships, and was intercepted by a Hurricane Hunter aircraft early on September 10. It is estimated that the storm peaked in intensity around that time, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 986 mb (986 hPa). However, Kathleen never developed an eye. About an hour after the first flight reached Kathleen, a second flight suggested that Kathleen had weakened back into a tropical storm. With precipitation falling in the United States, some 700 mi (1,100 km) north of the cyclone's atmospheric circulation, Kathleen's motion accelerated to speeds of 35 mph (56 km/h)-38 mph (61 km/h). [6]

After crossing the Point Eugenia peninsula (the cyclone's first landfall) later on the morning of September 10, Kathleen made its second landfall 120 mi (190 km) south of Ensenada at 1130 UTC the same day. Unlike most tropical cyclones, Kathleen weakened slowly over California. Tropical Storm Kathleen weakened further into a depression over southern California and shortly thereafter, moved across Death Valley. On September 11, Kathleen entered western Nevada. Finally, the center became difficult to locate, [6] and the depression dissipated later on September 11. [5] After undergoing a Fujiwhara-like interaction, where two circulations interact with each other, with a low-pressure area stalled off the Pacific coast, moisture later spread into the northwestern part of the United States. After the stalled low was pulled inland, Kathleen combined with the low to produce additional rainfall over parts of California. [6]

Impact

Mexico

The bulk of the rainfall from the tropical cyclone fell over Baja California and Baja California Sur, to the east of its track. The highest amount reported was 6.52 in (166 mm) in San Antonio. [7]

Kathleen's rainfall Kathleen 1976 rainfall.gif
Kathleen's rainfall
Aerial photo of damage in Ocotillo, California Damage from hurricane kathleen.JPG
Aerial photo of damage in Ocotillo, California

California

The state received record rainfall, with 14.76 in (37.5 cm) falling on the southern slopes of Mount San Gorgonio, and 10.13 in (25.7 cm) accumulated on Mount Laguna. [8] Because the village is situated atop an alluvial fan, [9] a 40 ft (12 m) wall of water exited a mountain canyon. Ocotillo was flooded with 4 ft (1.2 m)-6 ft (1.8 m) of water; [8] subsequently, half the town was destroyed. [10] Six people drowned in the mud and waters in the town [8] and two people were initially reported missing, though they were later found by officials. [11] Overall, Ocotllio was 70%–80% destroyed. Officials evacuated 175 people from the flooded area of Ocotillo and the nearby communities that surround the Salton Sea; the sea rose 6 in (150 mm)-8 in (200 mm). [6] A quarter mile of Interstate 8 and a 60-foot bridge were destroyed by the flood, which also washed away mobile homes, trucks, and cars. [11]

In Los Angeles, two people died of injuries suffered from slippery roads. One man drowned in El Centro. [11] and two people drowned when their cars tumbled into the water near the city. [10] Record flood stage was attained at numerous streams near the Coachella Valley. Widespread property damage was recorded on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada as well as the nearby desert. [8] Across the San Joaquin Valley, 2/3 of the $150 million raisin crop was threatened. Crops including cotton, lettuce, and hay were damaged. [10] About half of the lettuce in the Palo Verde Valley were lost. [12]

Homeowners in Palm Desert suffered $4 million in damage from the storm; the town received more than a year's worth of rainfall in a matter of days. No serious injuries were reported throughout the desert city, though two agricultural dikes broke. [10]

Several miles of railway track, [6] including three trestles that belonged to the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway, were destroyed and five others were damaged. At more than 50 other locations, tracks were buried by mudslides or had the ground under them washed away. After assessing the damage from Kathleen, the Southern Pacific Transportation Company decided in 1977 to abandon most of the railroad. [13] The United States Gypsum narrow gauge railroad line from Plaster City and the Santa Fe Railway line from Rice to Blythe also had tracks damaged, and a Santa Fe freight train was stranded and quickly rescued. [14] A 700 ft (210 m) section of Interstate 8 from Yuma to San Diego was destroyed. [6]

Floodwaters caused by the storm Flooding from tropical storm kathleen.JPG
Floodwaters caused by the storm

Overall, hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed; [10] Tropical Storm Kathleen was described as a one-in- 160-year event. [8] Total damage was $160 million, making Kathleen one of the costliest tropical storms in state history. [15] Parts of California were declared a disaster area, [16] and flash flood watches were issued throughout Southern California, including the desert and mountains. [17] Flash flood warnings were also issued for parts of California, as well as nearby states Nevada and Arizona, but were dropped as the rain tampered off on September 11. [10]

Arizona

On September 10–11, gale-force winds caused considerable damage to the city of Yuma. For a time, the sustained winds exceeded 50 mph (80 km/h), with gusts up to 76 mph (122 km/h). [18] The National Weather Service's forecast office in Tucson estimates that tropical storm-force winds extended as far east as Pima County, and as far north as Lake Havasu. [19] Rains caused severe flash-flooding in Mohave County. One man was killed when the wind blew a palm tree onto his mobile home [18] and 13 people across the state were hurt. [11] The Tucson metropolitan area was particularly hard hit with flash flooding and golf-ball size hail. On Mount Lemmon, the hail reached a depth of 5 in (13 cm). [18] While most of the rainfall from Tropical Storm Kathleen fell in California, [7] 2.87 in (73 mm) fell at the Davis Dam on the Colorado River. [20]

Rest of the United States

In Montana, Kathleen dropped locally heavy rainfall approaching 2 inches (51 mm) in localized spots, enough to become the wettest known tropical cyclone in state history, which was later broken in 2023 by Hurricane Hilary. [20] [21] [22] The remnants of the storm also affected Oregon and Idaho. [23]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Linda (1997)</span> Category 5 Pacific hurricane

Hurricane Linda was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that was, at the time, the most intense eastern Pacific hurricane on record, until it was surpassed 18 years later by Patricia. Forming from a tropical wave on September 9, 1997, Linda steadily intensified and reached hurricane status within 36 hours of developing. The storm rapidly intensified, reaching sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) and an estimated central pressure of 902 millibars (26.6 inHg); both were records for the eastern Pacific until Hurricane Patricia surpassed them in 2015. The hurricane was briefly forecast to move toward southern California, but instead, it turned out to sea and lost its status as a tropical cyclone on September 17, before dissipating on September 21. Linda was the fifteenth tropical cyclone, thirteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and fifth major hurricane of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season. Linda was also the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a very active hurricane season. With hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, this was one of the deadliest and costliest Pacific hurricane seasons on record. This was due to the exceptionally strong 1997–98 El Niño event. The season officially started on May 15, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when almost all tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1986 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1986 Pacific hurricane season featured several tropical cyclones that contributed to significant flooding to the Central United States. The hurricane season officially started May 15, 1986, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1986 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1986 in both regions. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. A total of 17 named storms and 9 hurricanes developed during the season; this is slightly above the averages of 15 named storms and 8 hurricanes, respectively. In addition, 26 tropical depressions formed in the eastern Pacific during 1986, which, at the time, was the second most ever recorded; only the 1982 Pacific hurricane season saw a higher total.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1983 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1983 Pacific hurricane season was the longest season ever recorded at that time. It was a very active Pacific hurricane season. The season started on May 15, 1983 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1983 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1983. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. During the 1983 season, there were 20 named storms, which was slightly less than the previous season. Furthermore, twelve of those storms became hurricanes. And eight of the storms reached major hurricane status, or Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS). The decaying 1982–83 El Niño event likely contributed to this level of activity. That same El Niño influenced a very quiet Atlantic hurricane season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1977 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1977 Pacific hurricane season stands alongside 2010 as the least active Pacific hurricane season since reliable records began in 1971. Only eight tropical storms formed throughout the year; four further intensified into hurricanes, yet none strengthened into major hurricanes—a Category 3 or stronger on the Saffir–Simpson scale—an occurrence not seen again until 2003. Most tropical cyclones remained over the open eastern Pacific; however, the remnants of hurricanes Doreen and Heather led to heavy rainfall which damaged or destroyed structures and flooded roadways throughout the Southwest United States. Notably, Hurricane Anita which originally formed in the Gulf of Mexico made the rare trek across Mexico into the eastern Pacific, briefly existing as a tropical depression. Eight deaths were recorded while damage reached $39.6 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Nora (1997)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane

Hurricane Nora was the first tropical cyclone to enter the Continental United States from the Pacific Ocean since Hurricane Lester in 1992. Nora was the fourteenth named tropical cyclone and the seventh hurricane of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season. The September storm formed off the Pacific coast of Mexico, and aided by waters warmed by the 1997–98 El Niño event, eventually peaked at Category 4 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Norma (1970)</span> Pacific tropical storm in 1970

Tropical Storm Norma was the fourteenth named tropical cyclone of the 1970 Pacific hurricane season. The storm formed off the coast of Mexico and intensified rapidly, peaking as a strong tropical storm on September 3, before starting a weakening trend. It dissipated before making landfall on Baja California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Isis (1998)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 1998

Hurricane Isis was the only hurricane to make landfall during the 1998 Pacific hurricane season. The ninth tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the season, Isis developed on September 1 from an interaction between a tropical wave and a large surface circulation to the southwest of Mexico. It moved northward, striking the extreme southeastern portion of the Baja California peninsula before attaining hurricane status in the Gulf of California. Isis made landfall at Topolobampo in the Mexican state of Sinaloa on September 3, and quickly lost its low-level circulation. The remnants persisted for several days before dissipating over the U.S. state of Idaho on September 8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Lester (1992)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 1992

Hurricane Lester was the first Pacific tropical cyclone to enter the United States as a tropical storm since 1967. The fourteenth named storm and eighth hurricane of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season, Lester formed on August 20 from a tropical wave southwest of Mexico. The tropical storm moved generally northwestward while steadily intensifying. After turning to the north, approaching the Mexican coast, Lester attained hurricane status. The hurricane reached peak winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) before making landfall on west-central Baja California. The system weakened while moving across the peninsula and then over northwestern Mexico. Not long after entering Arizona, Lester weakened to a tropical depression, and degenerated into an extratropical low on August 24, 1992, over New Mexico. The storm's remnants later merged with the remnants of Hurricane Andrew and another frontal system on August 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Raymond (1989)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1989

Hurricane Raymond was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1989 Pacific hurricane season, peaking as a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. Forming out of a tropical wave on September 25, 1989, the tropical depression slowly tracked northwest before becoming nearly stationary the next day. Shortly after, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Raymond and took a general westward track. Gradually intensifying, Raymond attained hurricane-status on September 28 and attained its peak intensity on September 30, with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 935 mbar. Steady weakening then took place and by October 3, Raymond turned northeast towards land. The storm continued to weaken as it accelerated and eventually made landfall on the Baja California Peninsula as a tropical storm late on October 4 and a second landfall in Sonora, Mexico. Shortly after, Raymond weakened to a depression as it tracked inland. The remnants of the system persisted until October 7 when it dissipated over the Central United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Irene–Olivia</span> Category 3 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 1971

Hurricane Irene–Olivia was the first actively tracked tropical cyclone to move into the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic basin. It originated as a tropical depression on September 11, 1971, in the tropical Atlantic. The cyclone tracked nearly due westward at a low latitude, passing through the southern Windward Islands and later over northern South America. In the southwest Caribbean Sea, it intensified to a tropical storm and later a hurricane. Irene made landfall on southeastern Nicaragua on September 19, and maintained its circulation as it crossed the low-lying terrain of the country. Restrengthening after reaching the Pacific, Irene was renamed Hurricane Olivia, which ultimately attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Olivia weakened significantly before moving ashore on the Baja California Peninsula on September 30; the next day it dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Jimena (2009)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2009

Hurricane Jimena is tied with Hurricane Norbert as the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on western portion of the Baja California Peninsula. Jimena was the twelfth named storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane and overall second-strongest tropical cyclone of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season. Forming from a tropical wave late on August 28, 2009, off of Mexico's Pacific coast, the system rapidly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the next day. Two days after developing, Jimena strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane. After peaking close to Category 5 intensity on September 1, it encountered cold water and began to weaken. When the hurricane made landfall on the Baja California Peninsula on September 3, it was only a Category 2 hurricane. On the next day, the tropical cyclone entered the Gulf of California, though the storm weakened into a remnant low after looping back eastward towards Baja California. The storm's remnants drifted westward into the Pacific afterward, before dissipating on September 8.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Madeline (1976)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1976

Hurricane Madeline was the second landfalling major hurricane along the Pacific coast of Mexico in a week. Madeline formed on September 29, not far from Central America. The next day, the circulation dissipated, and as a result weakened to a remnant low. Four days later, on October 3, the low regenerated into a tropical depression. The system remained weak for three days as it drifted west-northwest. When it began to recurve towards Mexico on October 6, the cyclone rapidly intensified and eventually made landfall at peak intensity as a Category 4. Shortly after landfall, the cyclone rapidly dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2015 Pacific hurricane season is the second-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, with 26 named storms, only behind the 1992 season. A record-tying 16 of those storms became hurricanes, and a record 11 storms further intensified into major hurricanes throughout the season. The Central Pacific, the portion of the Northeast Pacific Ocean between the International Date Line and the 140th meridian west, had its most active year on record, with 16 tropical cyclones forming in or entering the basin. Moreover, the season was the third-most active season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, amassing a total of 290 units. The season officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Northeast Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. This was shown when a tropical depression formed on December 31. The above-average activity during the season was attributed in part to the very strong 2014–2016 El Niño event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Doreen (1977)</span> Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 1977

Hurricane Doreen was considered the worst tropical cyclone to affect California in 32 years. The tenth tropical cyclone, fourth named storm, and second hurricane of the otherwise inactive 1977 Pacific hurricane season, it developed on August 13. The depression tracked northwestward, intensifying into Tropical Storm Doreen later that day. Further strengthening occurred over the subsequent days, and Doreen attained its peak as a minimal hurricane early on August 15. Executing a turn towards the north-northwest, Doreen made its first landfall as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale near Puerto San Carlos. Drifting offshore, Doreen made a second and final landfall near the northern portion of the Baja California as a tropical storm before rapidly weakening to a tropical depression. The tropical depression dissipated south of southern California on August 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Joanne (1972)</span> Category 2 Pacific hurricane in 1972

Hurricane Joanne was one of four tropical cyclones to bring gale-force winds to the Southwestern United States in the 20th century. A tropical depression developed on September 30, 1972. It then moved west northwest and intensified into a hurricane on October 1. Hurricane Joanne peaked as a Category 2 hurricane, as measured by the modern Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS), October 2. Joanne then slowed and began to re-curve. Joanne made landfall along the northern portion of the Baja California Peninsula as a tropical storm. The tropical storm moved inland over Sonora on October 6 and was believed to have survived into Arizona as a tropical storm. In Arizona, many roads were closed and some water rescues had to be performed due to a prolonged period of heavy rains. One person was reportedly killed while another was electrocuted. A few weeks after the hurricane, Arizona would sustain additional flooding and eight additional deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Dolores (2015)</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2015

Hurricane Dolores was a powerful and moderately damaging tropical cyclone whose remnants brought record-breaking heavy rains and strong winds to California. The seventh named storm, fourth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the record-breaking 2015 Pacific hurricane season, Dolores formed from a tropical wave on July 11. The system gradually strengthened, attaining hurricane status on July 13. Dolores rapidly intensified as it neared the Baja California peninsula, finally peaking as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) on July 15. An eyewall replacement cycle began and cooler sea-surface temperatures rapidly weakened the hurricane, and Dolores weakened to a tropical storm two days later. On July 18, Dolores degenerated into a remnant low west of the Baja California peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Kay (2022)</span> Category 2 Pacific hurricane in 2022

Hurricane Kay was a Category 2 hurricane that made landfall along the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula as a tropical storm. The twelfth named storm and eighth hurricane of the 2022 Pacific hurricane season, Kay originated from an area of disturbed weather that formed south of southern Mexico. Overall, damage from Kay totaled $10.62 million and it was responsible for five fatalities. Rain from the storm proved beneficial for firefighters battling the Fairview Fire in Southern California.

References

  1. ↑ Duginski, Paul (August 22, 2019). "Could a hurricane lash Los Angeles? 80 years ago, this deadly storm came close". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Ritchie, Elizabeth A.; Wood, Kimberly M.; Gutzler, David S.; White, Sarah R. (January 2011). "The Influence of Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclone Remnants on the Southwestern United States". Monthly Weather Review . 139 (1): 193–196. Bibcode:2011MWRv..139..192R. doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3389.1 . S2CID   8295723.
  3. ↑ Corbosiero, Kristen L.; Dickinson, Michael J.; Bosart, Lance F. (August 2009). "The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest United States". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (8): 2415–2435. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.2415C. doi: 10.1175/2009MWR2768.1 .
  4. ↑ Chenoweth, Michael; Landsea, Christopher (November 2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 85 (11): 1689–1697. Bibcode:2004BAMS...85.1689C. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1689 .
  5. 1 2 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gunther, Emil B (1977). "Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1976". Monthly Weather Review. 105 (4). American Meteorological Society: 508–522. Bibcode:1977MWRv..105..508G. doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0508:EPTCO>2.0.CO;2 .
  7. 1 2 Roth, David (2008). "Hurricane Kathleen – September 7–12, 1976". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "A History of Significant Local Weather Events" (PDF). National Weather Service Forecast Office San Diego, California. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  9. ↑ Agahi, Sara (2008). "California Alluvial Fan Task Force" (PDF). County of San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 19, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2006.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "At least three persons killed in California-Arizona duelge". Eugene Register-Guard. Los Angeles. Associated Press. September 12, 1976. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Tropical Storm Winding Down". The Telegraph-Herald. Dubuque. 1976. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  12. ↑ "The 1970s: Decade provided important events". Palo Verde Valley Times. Blythe, California. 1980-01-02.
  13. ↑ "1977 Southern Pacific Bulletin". 2004. Archived from the original on November 3, 2005. Retrieved January 31, 2006.
  14. ↑ Harmon, William E. (October 1976). "California Loses To Tropical Storm Kathleen". Pacific News . No. 180. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  15. ↑ "An Overview of Los Angeles Climate" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmosheirc Administration. Retrieved January 31, 2006.
  16. ↑ "FEMA Disaster 521". Federal Emergency Management Agency . 1976. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Fire conditions remain serious". Ellensburg Daily Record. United Press International. September 10, 1976. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 National Weather Service, Phoenix Regional Office. "Top Arizona Hurricane/Tropical Storm Events". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  19. ↑ National Weather Service, Tucson Regional Office. "Hurricane Kathleen 1976" . Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  20. 1 2 Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Western United States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ↑ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Maximum Rainfall caused by North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific Tropical Cyclones and their remnants Per State (1950–2020)". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ↑ "Four states broke rainfall records because of Tropical Storm Hilary". NBC News. 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  23. ↑ Court, Arnold (1980). Tropical Cyclone Effects on California. NOAA technical memorandum NWS WR ;159. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 26. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Hurricane Kathleen
KathleenSeptember919760415UTC.gif
This weather satellite image of Tropical Storm Kathleen was taken on September 9, 1976 at 0415 UTC
Tropical cyclones of the 1976 Pacific hurricane season
1976 Pacific hurricane season summary map.png
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.