List of Arizona hurricanes

Last updated

The remnants of Hurricane Nora over the Southwestern United States Hurricane Nora September 25 1997.jpg
The remnants of Hurricane Nora over the Southwestern United States

Arizona has been affected by hurricanes on numerous occasions. Usually, these storms originate in the eastern Pacific Ocean, make landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, and dissipate before crossing into the United States. Thus, in most cases, it is only the tropical cyclones' remnant moisture that produces heavy rainfall—and in some occasions, flooding—in portions of Arizona. However, approximately every five years, a tropical cyclone retains sufficient strength to enter the state as a tropical storm or a tropical depression. Arizonans can expect indirect flash floods caused by the remnants of tropical cyclones to occur about every two years. [1]

Contents

Tropical cyclones in Arizona are not common, since the predominant wind pattern steers most storms that form in the Eastern Pacific either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico. As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona are carried away from the United States, with only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes entering US territory. [2] Not all Arizona hurricanes originate from the Pacific Ocean, however; in July 2008, an Atlantic hurricane named Hurricane Dolly produced rainfall in the eastern portion of the state, and another Atlantic storm reached Arizona as a tropical depression. Many, but not all, of these systems also impacted California.

Despite their rarity, tropical cyclones are among Arizona's most significant weather makers. In years when Arizona is affected by a tropical cyclone, these can be responsible for up to 25% of the rainfall in areas along the Colorado River. Arizona hurricanes are also responsible for torrential rains in localized areas, with the state's 24-hour rainfall record—11.97 inches (304 mm) of precipitation [3] —occurring during Hurricane Nora's landfall in 1997. The heavy rainfall can trigger extensive flash floods, such as the ones produced by the remnants of Tropical Storm Octave in 1983, or the lingering moisture from Tropical Storm Emilia in 2006.

Climatology

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Arizona
Highest-known totals
PrecipitationStormLocationRef.
Rankmmin
1344.413.56 Unnamed 1951 Crown King [4]
1305.112.01 Nora 1997 Harquahala Mountains [5]
2304.812.00 Octave 1983 Mount Graham [5]
3289.611.40 Norma 1970 Workman Creek [4]
4210.88.30 Heather 1977 Nogales [5]
5209.88.26 Unnamed 1926 Hereford [4]
6178.67.03 Unnamed 1939 Wikieup [4]
7178.17.01 Doreen 1977 Yuma Valley [5]
8177.87.00 Javier 2004 Walnut Creek [5]
9166.96.57 Newton 2016 Rincon Mountains [6]
10158.86.25 Norbert 2014 Tempe 3.1 WSW [4]

Tropical cyclones are not common over Arizona, but on average, a tropical storm or a tropical depression affects the state approximately every five years. However, indirect flash floods caused by the remnants of tropical cyclones are more common, as they tend to occur about every two years. [1]

Storms that approach the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona, generally track closer to the Mexican coast than average, making them more likely to recurve northwards under the influence of an approaching trough. These troughs tend to extend farther to the south during the latter part of the Pacific hurricane season, in the period between late August and early October. These pronounced troughs thus produce a synoptic-scale flow that is conducive to steering hurricanes towards the southwestern United States. [7] All of the systems that have impacted Arizona have formed in the Pacific hurricane season, and only storm remnants have affected the state before August. [2]

The infusions of tropical moisture from tropical cyclones can be a significant portion of the annual rainfall in the region. In years when storms approach Arizona, eastern and northern portions of the state receive on average 6–8% of the monsoon-season precipitation from tropical systems and their remnants. This percentage rises towards the southwestern corner of the state, which can receive up to a quarter of its monsoon-season rainfall from tropical cyclones. [7] [8]

Storm systems

Number of storms affecting Arizona
MonthNumber of storms
June
3
July
2
August
12
September
21
October
10
Chronology of tropical cyclones in Arizona
Storm Peak intensity SeasonIntensityDate [9]
Unnamed [10] 1921August 20, 1921
Unnamed [11] 1921September 30, 1921
Unnamed [9] 1926September 20, 1926
Unnamed [9] 1927September 7, 1927
One [12] 1929 June 30, 1929
Unnamed [13] 1935August 22, 1935
Unnamed [14] 1951August 3, 1951
Unnamed [14] 1958October 6, 1958
Claudia [9] 1962September 25, 1962
Tillie [13] 1964September 9, 1964
Emily [14] 1965September 6, 1965
Kirsten [16] 1966September 29, 1966
Katrina [9] 1967August 29, 1967
Hyacinth [14] 1968August 20, 1968
Pauline [17] 1968October 3, 1968
Norma [9] 1970September 4, 1970
Irene-Olivia [18] 1971October 1, 1971
Joanne [9] 1972October 4, 1972
Kathleen [9] 1976September 10, 1976
Liza [5] 1976October 2, 1976
Doreen [9] 1977August 13, 1977
Heather [9] 1977October 4, 1977
Octave [9] 1983September 28, 1983
Norbert [19] 1984September 25, 1984
Polo [20] 1984October 3, 1984
Raymond [14] 1989October 5, 1989
Boris [21] 1990June 11, 1990
Lester [14] 1992August 22, 1992
Hilary [23] 1993August 27, 1993
Flossie [24] 1995August 11, 1995
Ismael [14] 1995September 15, 1995
Nora [9] 1997September 25, 1997
Frank [25] 1998August 9, 1998
Isis [26] 1998September 5, 1998
Olivia [27] 2000October 11, 2000
Juliette [28] 2001October 3, 2001
Ignacio [29] 2003August 25, 2003
Marty [14] 2003September 22, 2003
Javier [30] 2004September 20, 2004
Emilia [31] 2006July 25, 2006
John [32] 2006September 5, 2006
Henriette [33] 2007September 6, 2007
Dolly [5] 2008 July 28, 2008
Julio [34] 2008August 25, 2008
Jimena [35] 2009September 5, 2009
Norbert [36] 2014September 8, 2014
Odile [38] 2014September 17, 2014
Newton [40] 2016September 7, 2016
Rosa [42] 2018October 2, 2018
Sergio 2018October 13, 2018
Hilary [44] 2023August 20, 2023

Before 1960

Records of tropical cyclones in the East Pacific before 1950 are sparse, but there were still several storms that produced rainfall over Arizona in this period.

1960s

1970s

The rainfall produced by Hurricane Heather was concentrated along the United States-Mexico border. Heather 1977 rainfall.gif
The rainfall produced by Hurricane Heather was concentrated along the United States–Mexico border.

1980s

Rainfall due to Tropical Storm Octave throughout its track Octave 1983 rainfall.gif
Rainfall due to Tropical Storm Octave throughout its track

The 1980s saw destructive tropical cyclones pass through the state, as was the case with the previous decade.

1990s

During the 1990s, several tropical systems affected Arizona even after losing all tropical characteristics. However, two hurricanes survived long enough to reach Arizona while still considered tropical systems.

2000s

Hurricane Javier produced heavy precipitation in Arizona. Javier 2004 rainfall.gif
Hurricane Javier produced heavy precipitation in Arizona.

The last decade saw no storms reach Arizona while retaining tropical characteristics; however, numerous remnant lows caused heavy rainfall and flooding throughout the state.

2010s

2020s

See also

References

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