The accident marked the deadliest aviation disaster involving a South Korean airliner since the 1997 crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in Guam and became the deadliest aviation incident on South Korean soil, surpassing the 2002 crash of Air China Flight 129.[2] This was also the first fatal crash in the history of Jeju Air, which was 19 years old at the time of the accident.[3] This is also the deadliest mass casualty incident in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014.
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-8AS[a] registered as HL8088, and was equipped with two CFM International CFM56-7B engines.[6][7] It first flew on 19 August 2009 and was delivered new to Ryanair registered as EI-EFR. Ryanair leased the aircraft until 2017, after which it was transferred to Jeju Air by the lessor, SMBC Aviation Capital.[8][9][10] Within the last year, it flew 1,389 times internationally to more than 12 countries and 747 times domestically, although it had not flown to Muan before 20 December.[11] Less than a month before the crash, Jeju Air had resumed regular international services at Muan International Airport following a suspension caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the aircraft involved was making four flights a week between Muan and Bangkok,[12] a service that Jeju Air had only begun on 8 December.[13] In the 48 hours prior to the crash, the aircraft made 13 flights that included stops in Muan, Jeju Island and Incheon as well as to Beijing, Bangkok, Kota Kinabalu, Nagasaki and Taipei. It was also used by a Gwangju-based travel agency to make charter trips to Bangkok over the Christmas season.[14] In between the said flights, aircraft maintenance was found to have been done within the minimum 28 minutes allotted by South Korean government regulation.[15]
Passengers and crew
Of the 175 passengers, two were Thai nationals, and the other 173 were South Korean.[16][17] The oldest on board was born in 1946, and the youngest was a three-year-old boy born in 2021.[18][19] Nine members of the same family that included the three-year old child, was also on board.[20] Of the 181 people on board, 82 were men and 93 were women.[21] Five passengers were under the age of 10.[22]
The captain was an employee of Jeju Air since 2019 and had accumulated over 6,820 hours of flight experience; the first officer had over 1,650 hours.[12] The crew also included four flight attendants; the two seated in the aft jump seats were the only survivors of the crash and were conscious.[23][18] They sustained moderate to serious wounds, including one with fractures to his ribs, shoulder blade and upper spine,[23] and the other with injuries to her ankle and head.[24] Both received medical treatment at separate hospitals in Mokpo before being transferred to a hospital in Seoul.[25][21] Both survivors appeared to be disoriented and were unable to remember what had happened immediately following the landing.[26]
Most passengers were returning home from a five-day Christmas package tour to Bangkok.[27] Thirteen passengers were reported to be active or former government officials on a provincial or local/municipal level, eight were current or former civil servants from Hwasun County, and five were administrative officers of the Jeonnam Provincial Office of Education.[28] Eighty-one passengers were residents of Gwangju, while 76 others, including one Thai national, resided in South Jeolla Province. The remaining passengers originated from North Jeolla Province, Gyeonggi Province, Seoul, Jeju Island, South Gyeongsang Province and South Chungcheong Province.[29]
A total of 179 people were confirmed dead;[30] all 175 passengers, and 4 crew members. Local fire officials said that passengers were ejected from the aircraft after it hit a barrier at the end of the runway, leaving little chance of survival.[31] Firefighters said some bodies were scattered 100 to 200m (330 to 660ft) from the crash site while others were found mutilated or burnt among the wreckage.[32] Police officials said it would require over a week to identify the more than 600 human remains recovered.[33]
Accident
Flight path of Jeju Air 7C2216
The aircraft took off from Suvarnabhumi Airport at 2:28a.m ICT (UTC+7).[35] Thai officials stated that neither the aircraft nor the runway had been reported as abnormal.[23] It was carrying 181 occupants: 175 passengers and six crew.[36]
At 8:54 a.m. KST (UTC+9), the plane was authorized to land at Muan International Airport in South Korea.[37] As the plane was preparing to land, it was warned at 8:57 about the potential for a bird strike.[4][37][38] A minute later, it issued a mayday alert.[4][38] At 9:00a.m., the plane attempted an emergency landing, being forced to go around again[37][38] after the landing gear was not deployed.[38] A minute later, it received authorization to attempt a landing from the opposite direction.[37]
Snapshots from the viral footage showing the aircraft spending its final moments skidding down and overshooting the runway, before making its fatal collision with the airport's concrete wall.
The crash occurred between 9:03[38] and 9:07a.m.[39] as the aircraft attempted to perform a belly landing,[40][41] touching down 1,200m (3,900ft) along the runway.[11] It overshot,[40][41] with video footage showing the aircraft sliding down the runway on the engine nacelles with a sustained nose-high attitude.[42] It continued 250m (820ft) past the runway threshold before colliding with a concrete wall holding the ILS array and exploding.[11][42] Wreckage from the aircraft continued through the perimeter wall causing partial damage.[11] Local residents said that they saw flames and sparks originating from the aircraft's right wing and heard explosions and "metal scraping" before impact. Some reported seeing a flock of birds being ingested into the right engine, causing a fire.[43] The only survivors were two crew members rescued from the tail section of the aircraft.[39] A local restaurant owner heard "loud bangs" that sounded like the backfiring of a motorcycle engine, leading him to rush to the restaurant rooftop and record a 54-second video on his cell phone of the aircraft's descent and crash which subsequently went viral.[44]
Emergency crews responding to the crash
Emergency services received multiple calls around 9:03a.m.,[36] and the fire response issued a level-3 emergency, its highest alert.[45] According to the National Fire Agency and the Ministry of National Defense, 1,562 personnel, including 490 firefighters, 500 military personnel and 455 police officers, were dispatched.[46][47] One of the survivors was rescued at 9:23, while the other was rescued from the tail section at 9:50.[37] The fire was extinguished within 43 minutes of the crash,[48][49] while the flight data recorders were retrieved within the day.[23] The flight data recorder was found partially damaged, while the cockpit voice recorder was intact.[50]
By 1:36p.m., the firefighters had switched to search operations to recover bodies.[51] A temporary morgue was set up on-site to handle the bodies recovered from the wreckage, and a waiting room was created for family members of the occupants at the airport with civil servants assigned to each family for support while they awaited news from the crash.[52] Tents were also erected inside of the airport to temporarily house arriving family members.[53] Later at night, the family members were temporarily accommodated at the dormitories of Mokpo National University.[54] Some family members provided officials with DNA samples at the airport to help identify the dead.[4] On 30 December, at 12:10a.m., South Jeolla Province Governor Kim Yung-rok said 120 bodies had been identified, 159 bodies had had their fingerprints collected, and that the remaining 20 would be identified using DNA samples.[55] The fire department, at 2:47a.m., said 137 bodies had been identified and DNA were still being collected to identify the remaining dead.[56]
The runway of Muan International Airport was ordered closed until 1 January 2025.[23] At the time of the crash, ongoing construction work had shortened the runway's length from 2,800 to 2,500 metres (9,200 to 8,200ft); officials dismissed the possibility of the relatively short runway length having contributed to the accident.[57]
Investigation
Diagram of Jeju Air Flight 2216
At a press conference, Lee Jeong-hyun, Muan County fire chief, said that the cause of the landing gear failure was presumed to have been adverse weather combined with a bird strike;[58] the weather around the airport at the time of the crash was favorable with almost no wind, rain or clouds, and visibility was 9 kilometers (5.6mi).[59] Jeff Guzzetti, a former accident investigator for the Federal Aviation Administration and National Transportation Safety Board, stated that "the aviation industry is built on redundancy and there are very few single-point failures in airplane design or airplane operations."[60]
Six minutes before the crash, the airport traffic control issued a warning of a possible bird strike. A minute later, the pilot declared a mayday.[61] Authorities said that a bird strike may have caused a malfunction that affected the hydraulic system controlling the landing gear and that there was insufficient time for the pilots to manually deploy the landing gear.[62] Muan International Airport has the highest rate of bird strikes of the 14 regional airports in South Korea, with a strike rate of 0.09%. Prior to the crash, ten cases of bird strikes had been recorded at Muan since 2019. Although the absolute number of strikes is small in statistical terms, the strike rate of 0.09% of flights is significantly higher than other major airports like Gimpo (0.018%) and Jeju (0.013%).[63][64] The airport was constructed near major bird habitats and feeding grounds, such as the Yeongsan lake and the mudflats of the southwest coast.[65] The development of the nearby land had caused local birds to take increasingly erratic routes, and climate change has led to many species of migratory birds becoming resident birds.[66]The Chosun Ilbo reported that environmental impact assessments had recommended the deployment of sound cannons, lasers and warning lights at the airport. However, their implementation was delayed due to runway extension work.[67] The said assessments also expressed concern over plans to expand the length of the airport runway from 2,800 meters to 3,160 meters by 2025, and that three bird habitats existed adjacent to the airport, with a bird population of up to 1,760. Official regulations require that a single runway operated for nine hours or less requires a minimum of four personnel to drive away birds. However, it was found that only one of Muan's four staff charged with the said task was on duty on the day of the disaster.[63]
Kim In-gyu, director of the Korea Aerospace University Flight Education Center, stated that it was unusual for all three landing gears to fail and that "it is difficult to conclude that a bird strike alone was responsible". Other experts said that even if one engine failed, the second engine should have been able to supply power to lower the landing gear.[68]
Professor Choi Kee-young of Inha University noted that reverse thrusters and wing flaps seemingly did not work.[68] After reviewing the footage of the crash, Professor Shawn Pruchnicki of Ohio State University commented that "a reverse thruster appeared to be in use on only one engine."[60] Keith Tonkin of Aviation Projects in Brisbane, Australia said the wing flaps had not been extended during the landing, and the aircraft was traveling down the runway faster than the typical landing speed.[4]
Kim Kwang-il, a professor of Aeronautical Science at Silla University, noted the short interval between the mayday call and the moment of the crash, saying that the "The pilot likely judged that attempting a landing was safer than trying to stay airborne without engine power". Other specialists expressed belief that the decision for a rushed belly landing was influenced by the presence of flames and smoke entering the cabin, but that the failure to burn off fuel beforehand contributed to the severity of the crash.[62] Kim also criticized the presence of the barrier which the aircraft crashed into, saying that the emergency landing was made in a skilled manner and that the aircraft "could have skidded further and stopped naturally" had it not been for the barrier, which he said violated international aviation safety standards against the presence of a solid obstruction.[69] David Learmount, an aviation safety expert, pointed out on Sky News that the aircraft was still intact after it touched down and remained so until it struck the barrier: "That kind of structure should not be there. That is awful. That is unbelievably awful. To have a hard object about 200 metres or less into the overrun, I've never seen anything like this anywhere ever before."[70]
The barrier in question was a concrete structure covered in soil that is located about 250 metres (820ft) from the end of the runway and holds a localizer to assist navigation by landing aircraft. The structure, along with the localizer, measured a combined height of four metres (13ft). Airport officials said the mound containing the barrier was raised to keep the localizer level with the runway to ensure its proper functioning due to the slanted terrain at the end of the runway.[71] Simon Hatfield, an aviation safety consultant, criticized the use of a mound to place the localizer at the correct height, saying that the aircraft would have simply plowed through the localizer and come to a rest if the localizer had been positioned on flatter terrain.[44] Comparisons were also made with localizers in Gimpo International Airport, where they are installed directly at ground level, and Incheon International Airport, whose localizers are mounted at less than 7.5 centimeters above the ground. Additionally, the localizers at both airports are placed on collapsible structures designed to break apart upon impact, which is considered to be the global best practice.[70] A transport ministry official said that there were plans to inspect the safety of similar mounds at other airports.[72]
Woo Won-shik, a speaker of the National Assembly, at the victims' memorial on 30 December
The government declared Muan a special disaster zone and issued a period of national mourning until 5 January 2025.[23] Acting president and acting prime minister Choi Sang-mok, who acceded to the presidency two days before the accident following his acting predecessor Han Duck-soo's impeachment, ordered rescue efforts.[76] In under two hours, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety activated its Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (중앙재난안전대책본부). Two days after the incident Ko Ki-dong, the acting minister, visited Muan.[77]Korail announced a dedicated KTX train service, departing from Seoul for Mokpo at 3:00p.m., free of charge for the family members of the passengers to reach Muan airport.[78][79] The Gwangju Bar Association created a legal support task force to assist those affected by the disaster.[80]
A briefing was held in a conference room at the Muan International Airport, where first responders from the Muan Fire Department provided information to family members of the passengers. Several attendees expressed anger for not receiving hourly updates promised by government officials, for not being allowed near the accident site, and for being given inconsistent reports on which passengers had died. Many also expressed anger at Jeju Air for holding their press conference in Seoul, with no company officials present at the Muan Airport briefing. Acting President and acting Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok visited the site of the disaster, where several family members of passengers expressed dissatisfaction to him regarding the lack of real-time updates for those affected.[81][82] He also visited a memorial altar for the victims in Muan on 30 December.[83]
The government of Gwangju designated a week-long mourning period from 29 December to 4 January 2025, with several new year events and celebrations being cancelled.[84] The governments of Jeonju, Jangheung County, Wando County, Haenam County, and South Jeolla Province also cancelled their regional New Year's Eve–associated events and instituted periods of mourning in response to the tragedy.[85][86] The announcement of South Korea's direction for its economic policy in 2025 was postponed due to the disaster.[87] Four hearings by the National Assembly of Korea on the 2024 South Korean martial law crisis on 30 December were also postponed,[88] as was a mass rally scheduled in Seoul on 31 December supporting the removal of impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol.[89] The Seoul city government also scaled back activities for the new year.[90] South Korean media outlets also scaled back entertainment programs for the new year, while several K-pop figures postponed releases of music and content on social media.[91] The flag at the Thai embassy in Seoul was also set at half-mast in mourning for the victims.[35]
An increase in booking cancellations was recorded by Jeju Air following the crash, with 33,000 domestic flight reservations and 34,000 international reservations called off by 01:00 pm on 30 December.[92] That same day, a Boeing B737-800 operated by Jeju Air as Flight 7C101 experienced problems with its landing gear shortly after taking off from Gimpo International Airport on its way to Jeju at 06:37 am, prompting it to return to Gimpo at 07:25 am. Twenty-one passengers backed out from boarding a transfer flight offered an hour later.[93]
On 30 December, authorities ordered the inspection of all Boeing 737-800 aircraft operated by South Korean airliners and an expanded review into safety standards at Jeju Air.[73]
The families of the victims formed a support group and said that no funerals for their relatives would be held until all of them had been identified.[94] Jeon Je-young, the father of one of the victims, described the accident as "unbelievable".[95]
Reactions
Domestic
Head of the emergency committee in dealing with the aftermath of the crash Kwon Young-se meeting with the families of the victims of the crash
Jeju Air released a statement on its website apologizing for the accident and temporarily removed links to purchase tickets.[98][99] Its CEO, Kim E-bae,[23] released an apology on the Jeju Air website.[100][101] Chang Young-shin, the chair of Jeju Air's parent company Aekyung Group, also issued an apology. The airline deployed 260 employees to assist families of the victims in Muan.[102]
An emergency text message was sent by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety two hours and forty-five minutes after the disaster, leading to criticism from Muan County locals at its belatedness and an apology from county officials. Two emergency text messages sent by the Yeonggwang County government also drew criticism for relaying irrelevant information that included messages of condolence and support instead of disaster and response information, as standardized by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety.[103]
International
Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra expressed condolences and ordered the Thai foreign ministry to assist the relatives of Thai crash victims.[104] Condolences were also expressed by several world leaders and their respective governments[b] as well as the European Union and the United Nations.[119] Multiple diplomatic missions in South Korea and Boeing also expressed their condolences to victims' families.[120][121]
S7 Airlines Flight 778 (runway overrun leading to a crash through a perimeter fence and garages and burst into flames, 125 killed), 2006
TAM Airlines Flight 3054 (runway overrun caused in part by non-functioning thrust reverser and collision with obstacles after the runway, 199 killed), 2007
Notes
1 2 The aircraft was a Boeing 737-800. For aircraft made up to 2016, Boeing assigned a unique code for each company that buys one of its airliners, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "737-8AS" designates a 737–800 built for Ryanair (customer code AS).[5]
Asiana Airlines Inc. is a South Korean airline headquartered in Seoul. The airline operates 90 international passenger routes, 14 domestic passenger routes and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2019, it accounted for 25% of South Korea's international aviation market and 20% of its domestic market. It maintains its international hub at Incheon International Airport and its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport, both in Seoul.
PT Lion Mentari Airlines, operating as Lion Air, is an Indonesian low-cost airline based in Jakarta. Lion Air is the country's largest privately run airline, the second largest low-cost airline in Southeast Asia and the largest airline in Indonesia. With Wings Air, Super Air Jet and Batik Air, Lion Group is the country's largest airline's group. The airline operates domestic as well as international routes, which connects different destinations of Indonesia to Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Australia, India, Japan and Saudi Arabia, as well as charter routes to mainland China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Macau, with more than 630 flights per day.
Air China Flight 129 (CCA129/CA129) was a scheduled international passenger flight, operated by Air China, from Beijing Capital International Airport to Gimhae International Airport in Busan. On 15 April 2002, the aircraft on this route, a Boeing 767-200ER, crashed into a hill near Gimhae Airport, killing 129 of the 166 people on board.
Jeju International Airport is the second-largest airport in South Korea, just behind Incheon Airport in Incheon. It is located in the city of Jeju. The airport opened in 1968.
Jeju Air Co., Ltd. is the first and the largest South Korean low-cost airline. Named after Jeju Island, the airline is headquartered in Jeju City with its largest base at Jeju International Airport. It is also a founding member of the Value Alliance.
A belly landing or gear-up landing occurs when an aircraft lands without its landing gear fully extended and uses its underside, or belly, as its primary landing device. Normally the term gear-up landing refers to incidents in which the pilot forgets to extend the landing gear, while belly landing refers to incidents where a mechanical malfunction prevents the pilot from extending the landing gear.
Manas International Airport is the main international airport in Kyrgyzstan, located 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-northwest of the capital, Bishkek.
The article describes accidents and incidents on Korean Air and its predecessor companies Korean National Airlines and Korean Air Lines.
A runway excursion is a runway safety incident in which an aircraft makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. This happens mainly due to late landings, or inappropriate runway choice.
Asiana Airlines Flight 733 was a domestic Asiana Airlines passenger flight from Seoul-Gimpo International Airport to Mokpo Airport, South Korea. The Boeing 737 crashed on 26 July 1993, in the Hwawon area of Haenam County, South Jeolla Province. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error leading to controlled flight into terrain. 68 of the 116 passengers and crew on board were killed. The crash resulted in the first hull loss of a 737-500.
Mokpo Air Base is an air base in Yeongam County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea, near Mokpo. In 2006, 16,909 passengers utilized the airport. This airport was closed when the nearby Muan International Airport opened in November 2007.
Muan International Airport is an international airport in Muan County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea. Construction of the airport began in 1997, and the airport opened on November 9, 2007. The airport serves the province of South Jeolla, especially the cities of Gwangju, Mokpo, and Naju. It replaced the nearby Mokpo Airport, and is expected to replace the nearby Gwangju Airport as well. In 2018, 543,247 passengers used the airport. The airport is managed by the Korea Airports Corporation.
Jin Air Co., Ltd. is a South Korean low-cost airline. As of April 2018, it operates flights to six domestic cities and 26 international destinations. It launched its first long haul route, between Incheon and Honolulu, in December 2015. It has operated cargo services since November 2013. Jin Air is the first widebody LCC operator in Korea.
As of December 2024, a total of 64 Boeing 747 aircraft, or just above 4% of the total number of 747s built, first flown commercially in 1970, have been involved in accidents and incidents resulting in a hull loss, meaning that the aircraft was either destroyed or damaged beyond economical repair. Of the 64 Boeing 747 aircraft losses, 32 resulted in no loss of life; in one, a hostage was murdered; and in one, a terrorist died.
In aeronautics, loss of control (LOC) is the unintended departure of an aircraft from controlled flight and is a significant factor in several aviation accidents worldwide. In 2015 it was the leading cause of general aviation accidents. Loss of control may be the result of mechanical failure, external disturbances, aircraft upset conditions, or inappropriate crew actions or responses.
Korean Air Flight 631 (KE631/KAL631) was a scheduled passenger flight from Incheon International Airport near Seoul, South Korea to Mactan–Cebu International Airport in Metro Cebu, Philippines. On 23 October 2022, the Airbus A330-300 operating this flight overran the runway while landing in Cebu due to hydraulic failure. Despite what reports described as a "terrifying close call," all passengers and crew members survived without injuries. However, the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off as a result of the accident, making it the 14th hull loss of an Airbus A330 worldwide.
↑ Choe, Sang-Hun; Jin, Yu Young; Zhuang, Yan (29 December 2024). "What to Know About South Korea's Worst Plane Crash in Decades". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024. Sunday's crash was the worst aviation accident involving a South Korean airline since a Korean Air jet slammed into a hill in Guam, a U.S. territory in the western Pacific, in 1997.
1 2 Kim, Sol-bin. "'21년생 세살 아기도' 가족 여행객 다수, 탑승자 명단마저 슬픔..."['21-year-old baby included' Many family travelers, even the passenger list is sad...]. Yonhap Today (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Choi, Seong-guk (29 December 2024). '3박5일' 크리스마스 방콕 여행객들 '참변'...여행사 전세기['3 Nights 5 Days' Christmas Bangkok Travelers 'Tragedy'... Travel Agency Charter Plane]. News1 (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024. 29일 오전 전남무안국제공항에서 불시착해 폭발 화재사고가 난 여객기에는 대부분 크리마스마스에 맞춰 태국 방콕으로 3박 5일 일정으로 여행을 떠났던 탑승객들이 탔던 것으로 파악됐다.[It has been discovered that most of the passengers on the passenger plane that made an emergency landing and exploded and caught fire at Jeonnam Muan International Airport on the morning of the 29th were on a 3-night, 5-day trip to Bangkok, Thailand for Christmas.]
↑ [무안 제주항공 참사] 전남 지자체 전현직 13명·교육공무원 5명 탑승[Muan Jeju Air Disaster: 13 Current and Former Local Government Officials and 5 Educational Civil Servants on Board]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Dong-wan, Gu; Ahn, Junhyun; Yu-chan, Go (29 December 2024). 무안공항 사고 목격자 "공항 인근에 시신 널려 있었다"[Witness to Muan Airport Accident: "Bodies were strewn around the airport"]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
1 2 Lee, Ga-yeong (29 December 2024). 제주항공기, 동체 끌고 활주로 달리다 외벽 '쾅'... 무안공항 사고 상황[Jeju Air plane drags fuselage and runs on runway, bangs on outer wall... Muan Airport accident situation]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Jeong, Hoe-seong (29 December 2024). [속보] 여객기 사고 현재 구조 3명·사망 28명...추가 사상자 확인 중[[Breaking News] Passenger Plane Accident: 3 Rescued, 28 Dead... Additional Casualties Under Investigation]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ [무안 제주항공 참사] 목포대에 유가족 임시 숙소 마련[[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Temporary accommodations for bereaved families provided at Mokpo University]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Lee, Seon-mok (30 December 2024). [제주항공 무안참사] 사망자 120명 신원 확인[[Jeju Air Muan Disaster] 120 dead people identified]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 30 December 2024.
↑ Hwang, Hye-kyungbo (29 December 2024). '제주항공 여객기 참사' 179명 숨져...137명 신원 확인['Jeju Air Passenger Plane Disaster' 179 Dead... 137 Identities Confirmed]. YTN (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Kyung-ju, Go (29 December 2024). 갯벌·철새 서식지...무안공항, 조류충돌 발생률 14개 공항 중 가장 높아[Mudflats and migratory bird habitats... Muan Airport has the highest bird collision rate among 14 airports]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Jeong-yoon, Cha (30 December 2024). "'컨트롤타워' 부재 속 참사...재난 대응 공백 우려"[Disaster in the Absence of a 'Control Tower'... Concerns Over Disaster Response Gap]. YTN (in Korean). Retrieved 30 December 2024.
↑ Chan-seon, Lee (29 December 2024). 무안공항 유가족 지원 KTX 특별 열차 '서울~목포' 운행[Special KTX train 'Seoul~Mokpo' to support families of Muan Airport victims]. News1 Korea (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Cheon, Jeong-in (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] "사망자 명단 왜 다르냐"...유가족 분통[[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] "Why is the list of the deceased different?"... Bereaved families are furious]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Kim, Dong-cheol (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 전주시, 제야 행사 취소...수습·지원에 집중[[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Jeonju Cancels New Year's Eve Event... Focuses on Recovery and Support]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Jang, Ah-reum (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 광주·전남 해맞이 행사 취소[[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Gwangju and Jeonnam Sunrise Event Cancelled]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Jun-seo, Lee (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 정부, '2025년 경제정책방향' 발표 순연[[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Government Postpones Announcement of '2025 Economic Policy Direction']. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
↑ Lee, Seung-hoon (29 December 2024). "日 총리 "안타까운 사고로 희생된 분들과 유족에 애도""[Japanese Prime Minister: "Condolences to those who died in the unfortunate accident and their bereaved families"]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
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