Kākā

Last updated

New Zealand kākā
Scrapping kaka.jpg
A pair of North Island kākā in Zealandia, Wellington, New Zealand
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Strigopidae
Genus: Nestor
Species:
N. meridionalis
Binomial name
Nestor meridionalis
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Nestor meridionalis -range -New Zealand.png
Range in green

The New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis) is a large species of parrot of the family Nestoridae found in New Zealand's native forests. The species is often known by the abbreviated name kākā, although it shares this name with the recently extinct Norfolk kākā and Chatham kākā. Two subspecies of New Zealand kākā are recognised. It is endangered and has disappeared from much of its former range, though the re-introduction of North Island kākā at Zealandia in Wellington has led to an increasing population of the birds across the city.

Contents

Taxonomy

The New Zealand kākā was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae . He placed it with the parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus meridionalis. [3] The specific epithet meridionalis is Latin meaning "southern". [4] Gmelin based his description on the "Southern brown parrot" from New Zealand that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had examined a preserved specimen in the Leverian Museum in London. [5] The New Zealand kākā is now placed in the genus Nestor that was introduced in 1830 by René Lesson. [6]

There are two subspecies, the North Island kākā, Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis, and the South Island kākā, N. m. meridionalis, although more recent research has ruled out allopatric subspeciation. [7] The Māori language name kākā means "parrot", possibly related to kā, 'to screech'. [8]

The genus Nestor contains four species: the New Zealand kākā (Nestor meridionalis), the kea (N. notabilis), the extinct Norfolk kākā (N. productus), and the extinct Chatham kākā (N.chathamensis). All four are thought to stem from a "proto-kākā", dwelling in the forests of New Zealand five million years ago. [9] [10] Their closest relative is the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus). [9] [10] [11] [12] Together, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea, an ancient group that split off from all other Psittaciformes before their radiation. [9] [10] [12] [13]

Kaka showdown at the watering hole.jpg

Description

The kaka, like many parrots, uses its feet to hold its food North-Island-Kaka.jpg
The kākā, like many parrots, uses its feet to hold its food

The New Zealand kākā is a medium-sized parrot, measuring 45 cm (18 in) in length and weighing from 390 to 560 g (14 to 20 oz), with an average of 452 g (0.996 lb). [14] It is closely related to the kea, but has darker plumage and is more arboreal. The forehead and crown are greyish-white and the nape is greyish brown. The neck and abdomen are more reddish, while the wings are more brownish. Both sub-species have a strongly patterned brown/green/grey plumage with orange and scarlet flashes under the wings; colour variants that show red to yellow colouration especially on the breast are sometimes found.

The calls include a harsh ka-aa and a whistling u-wiia. [15]

North-island-kaka
South-island-kaka

Distribution and habitat

The New Zealand kākā lives in lowland and mid-altitude native forest. Its strongholds are currently the offshore reserves of Kapiti Island, Codfish Island and Little Barrier Island. It is breeding rapidly in the mainland island sanctuary at Zealandia with over 800 birds banded since their reintroduction in 2002. [16] From their reintroduction in 2002, North Island kākā continue to recolonise Wellington and a 2015 report showed a significant increase in their numbers over the preceding 12 years. [17]

South Island Kākā

New Zealand kākā are still considered common and easy to find in certain large forested areas of the South Island. Kākā can be found in Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project, along the Milford Track and in the Eglinton Valley in Fiordland National Park [18]

New Zealand kākā can also be found around Stewart Island and the offshore Islands of Codfish Island / Whenua Hou and Ulva Island.

In 2015 Project Janszoon first released New Zealand kākā into Abel Tasman National Park with an additional release in 2019.

Behaviour

Eggs laid by a North Island kaka in a wooden nestbox at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington 20101127 Zealandia 0779.jpg
Eggs laid by a North Island kākā in a wooden nestbox at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington
New Zealand kākā pair feeding each other via regurgitation
New Zealand kaka enjoy dismantling pine cones to eat the seeds inside. Kaka eating pine cone.jpg
New Zealand kākā enjoy dismantling pine cones to eat the seeds inside.
New Zealand kaka feeding on tree buds in early spring, Wellington Botanic Gardens Kaka parrot.jpg
New Zealand kākā feeding on tree buds in early spring, Wellington Botanic Gardens

New Zealand kākā are mainly arboreal and occupy mid-to-high canopy. They are often seen flying across valleys or calling from the top of emergent trees. They are very gregarious and move in large flocks that often include kea, where they are present. They are highly active at dawn and dusk and can sometimes be heard calling loudly.

Breeding

The New Zealand kākā nests in cavities in hollow trees. The entrance hole is often three to six metres above the ground, [19] but can be as low as ground level on predator-free offshore islands. [20] The nest floor is lined with small wood chips [20] and powder. [19] They lay eggs any time between September (late winter) and March (summer). [19] Occasionally, in a good fruiting year, a pair can double clutch, often utilising the same nest hole for the second clutch[ citation needed ] and extending breeding into winter. [20] They typically lay four eggs, [19] [20] though it can be up to eight, [21] with two chicks fledging. [19] Only the female incubates the eggs, for about 24 days, [19] and cares for the nestlings, but she is regularly fed by the male throughout breeding. [20] Both parents feed the chicks after they have fledged. [20]

Feeding

North Island kaka in flight, showing red plumage on the underside of its wing (at Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre) North Island kaka (Nestor meridionals septentrionalis) in flight.jpg
North Island kākā in flight, showing red plumage on the underside of its wing (at Pukaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre)
A North Island Kaka at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington Nestor meridionalis -Karori Wildlife Sanctuary, Wellington, New Zealand-8.jpg
A North Island Kākā at Zealandia wildlife sanctuary, Wellington

New Zealand kākā typically eat fruits, berries, seeds, flowers, buds, nectar, sap, plants and invertebrates. They use their strong beak to shred the cones of the kauri tree to obtain the seeds. [22] It has a brush tongue with which it feeds on nectar, and it uses its strong beak to dig out the grubs of the huhu beetle and to remove bark to feed on sap. [23]

New Zealand kaka stripping bark to get tree sap Kaka nibbling on bark close-up.jpg
New Zealand kākā stripping bark to get tree sap
Fledgling in a nest in the Wellington Botanic Gardens Kaka nest.jpg
Fledgling in a nest in the Wellington Botanic Gardens
Fledgling climbing a tree in the Wellington Botanic Gardens Kaka parrot fledgling.jpg
Fledgling climbing a tree in the Wellington Botanic Gardens
Mating Mating kaka.jpg
Mating

Conservation status

New Zealand kākā are considered vulnerable, having greatly declined across their traditional range as a result of habitat loss, predation by introduced predators such as cats, rats, possums and stoats, and competition from wasps and bees for the honeydew excreted by scale insects. A closely related species, Nestor productus, the Norfolk kākā, became extinct in 1851 for similar reasons. New Zealand kākā are absolutely protected under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953. [24] The species is also listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. [2] Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS), the North Island kaka is considered to be "At Risk", but with an increasing population, while the South Island kaka is considered "Threatened" and "Nationally Vulnerable". [25] [26]

Predation

As cavity nesters with a long incubation period that requires the mother to stay on the nest for at least 90 days, New Zealand kākā are particularly vulnerable to predation. Stoats were the main cause of death of nesting adult females, nestlings and fledglings, but possums were also important predators of adult females, eggs and nestlings. [27] There is strong evidence that predation of chicks and females has led to a serious age and sex imbalance, even amongst ostensibly healthy populations. [28]

In parts of the country, the Department of Conservation and local conservation groups have attempted to control predators of New Zealand kākā through the use of traps, ground baiting and the aerial deployment of sodium fluoroacetate (1080). Where pest control has been carried out, there has been a significant recovery of New Zealand kākā populations. For example, in Pureora Forest Park 20 kākā were radio-tracked in an area to be treated with aerial 1080 in 2001. In nearby Waimanoa Forest, which was not to be treated with 1080, nine kākā were radio-tracked. In the area where 1080 was used, all 20 birds survived that season. Of the nine birds tagged in the untreated area, five were killed by predators that same season. [29]

Competition

Research has shown that honeydew is very important for breeding New Zealand kākā, especially for those breeding in southern beech forests. The difficult nature of controlling wasps makes the future of the New Zealand kākā very uncertain.

Human interaction

Re-introduction of North Island kākā at Zealandia in Wellington, combined with conservation efforts, has led to a large increase in the population of the birds in the city. [30] Many kākā visit residential gardens and reserves, and this in turn has led to more interactions with people. [31] [32] People have been feeding the birds unsuitable food such as nuts, various grains and cheese. [31] Feeding kākā has resulted in metabolic bone disease in kākā chicks. [31] In 2016 80% of the kākā chicks being monitored by the Wellington City Council died from this disease. [33] There have also been instances of kākā nesting in the roofs of houses. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kea</span> Species of bird

The kea is a species of large parrot in the family Nestoridae found in the forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. About 48 cm (19 in) long, it is mostly olive-green, with brilliant orange under its wings and has a large, narrow, curved, grey-brown upper beak. Its omnivorous diet consists mainly of roots, leaves, berries, nectar, and insects, but also includes carrion. It was once killed for bounty due to concern by sheep-farmers that it attacked livestock, especially sheep. The kea is now uncommon, and received absolute protection under the Wildlife Act in 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kākāpō</span> Large endangered flightless nocturnal parrot endemic to New Zealand

The kākāpō, sometimes known as the owl parrot or moss chicken, is a species of large, nocturnal, ground-dwelling parrot of the superfamily Strigopoidea. It is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Nestor</i> (genus) Genus of birds

The genus Nestor is one of the two extant genera of the parrot family Strigopidae. Together with the kākāpō, and the extinct parrots in the genus Nelepsittacus, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The Nestor's genus contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails. A defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue, which is tipped with a hair-like fringe. The superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of lorikeets has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related, but DNA evidence shows they are not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nelson Lakes National Park</span> National park in New Zealand

Nelson Lakes National Park is in the South Island of New Zealand, at the northern end of the Southern Alps. It was created in 1956. The park contains beech forests, multiple lakes, snow-covered mountains and valleys created by glaciers during the ice ages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Takahē</span> Species of bird

The South Island takahē is a flightless swamphen indigenous to New Zealand and the largest living member of the rail family. It is often known by the abbreviated name takahē, which it shares with the recently extinct North Island takahē. The two takahē species are also known as notornis.

<i>Cyanoramphus malherbi</i> Species of New Zealand bird

Malherbe's parakeet is a small parrot endemic to New Zealand, where it is known as the orange-fronted parakeet or orange-fronted kākāriki. In the rest of the world it is called Malherbe's parakeet, as when it was recognised as a species, the name "orange-fronted parakeet" was already used for Eupsittula canicularis, a Central American species. Restricted to a few valleys in the South Island and four offshore islands, its population declined to around 200 in the 1990s, and it is considered critically endangered by the IUCN.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Island robin</span> Passerine species of bird native to New Zealands South Island

The South Island robin is a sparrow-sized bird found only in New Zealand, where it has the status of a protected endemic species. The birds are sparsely distributed through the South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura, although the distribution is not continuous. The nominate, and the Stewart Island robin are the two subspecies. The species is closely related to the North Island robin, and also to the extremely rare black robin of the Chatham Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary)</span> Protected natural area in Wellington, New Zealand

Zealandia, formerly known as the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary, is a protected natural area in Wellington, New Zealand, the first urban completely fenced ecosanctuary, where the biodiversity of 225 ha of forest is being restored. The sanctuary was previously part of the water catchment area for Wellington, between Wrights Hill and the Brooklyn wind turbine on Polhill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black stilt</span> Species of bird

The black stilt or kakī (Māori) is a wading bird found in New Zealand. It is one of the world's rarest birds, with 169 adults surviving in the wild as of May 2020. Adult kakī have distinctive black plumage, long pink legs, and a long thin black bill. Black stilts largely breed in the Mackenzie Basin in the South Island, and are threatened by introduced feral cats, ferrets, and hedgehogs as well as habitat degradation from hydroelectric dams, agriculture, and invasive weeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chatham oystercatcher</span> Species of bird

The Chatham oystercatcher or Chatham Island oystercatcher is a species of oystercatcher. It is a wading bird endemic to the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. This species is rated by the IUCN as endangered, and has a current population of 310 to 325 birds. The main threat is from introduced predators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-crowned parakeet</span> Species of bird

The red-crowned parakeet, also known as red-fronted parakeet and by its Māori name of kākāriki, is a small parrot from New Zealand. It is characterised by its bright green plumage and the red pattern on its head. This versatile bird can feed on a variety food items and can be found in many habitat types. It used to be classified as near threatened as invasive predators had pushed it out of its historical range but it is now at least concern. This species used to occupy the entire island, but is now confined to only a few areas on the mainland and some offshore islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pūkaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre</span> Captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in a protected nature area

Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre is a captive breeding facility and visitor centre located in a protected forest area on State Highway 2 in New Zealand's Tararua district. It was formerly called Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre, then Pūkaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre.

<i>Isoplectron</i> Genus of orthopteran insects

Isoplectron is a genus of cave wētā in the family Rhaphidophoridae with three species currently recognized. The genus is endemic to New Zealand and distributed throughout the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand parrot</span> Family of birds

The New Zealand parrot family, Strigopidae, consists of at least three genera of parrots – Nestor, Strigops, the fossil Nelepsittacus, and probably the fossil Heracles. The genus Nestor consists of the kea, kākā, Norfolk kākā and Chatham kākā, while the genus Strigops contains the iconic kākāpō. All extant species are endemic to New Zealand. The species of the genus Nelepsittacus were endemics of the main islands, while the two extinct species of the genus Nestor were found at the nearby oceanic islands such as Chatham Island of New Zealand, and Norfolk Island and adjacent Phillip Island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chatham kākā</span> Extinct species of bird

The Chatham kākā or Chatham Island kākā is an extinct parrot species previously found on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. The first individuals were thought to belong to the New Zealand kākā, but detailed examination of the subfossil bones showed that they actually belong to a separate endemic species. The species became extinct within the first 150 years of the arrival of the Polynesians around 1500, long before any European settlers. No skins or descriptions are available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brook Waimārama Sanctuary</span> Wildlife sanctuary near Nelson, New Zealand

The Brook Waimārama Sanctuary is a nearly 700 hectare mainland "ecological island" sanctuary located 6 km south of Nelson, New Zealand. The sanctuary is the largest fenced sanctuary in New Zealand's South Island and the second largest in the country; it is the only sanctuary to feature mature New Zealand beech forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parrots of New Zealand</span>

New Zealand is geographically isolated, and originally lacked any mammalian predators, hence parrots evolved to fill habitats from the ground dwelling kākāpō to the alpine dwelling kea as well as a variety of forest species. The arrival of Māori, then European settlers with their attendant animals, habitat destruction and even deliberate targeting, has resulted in their numbers plummeting. Today one species is on the brink of extinction and three other species range from Vulnerable to Critically Endangered, all impacted by invasive species. Further parrot species were not introduced by acclimatisation societies, but occasional releases, both deliberate and accidental, have resulted in self-sustaining populations of some Australian species. New Zealand was identified among the highest priority countries for parrot conservation in the world, due to its parrot diversity, endemism, threats, and having more threatened parrot species than expected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victoria Forest Park</span> Conservation park in New Zealand

Victoria Forest Park, is situated on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. At 2,069 square kilometres (799 sq mi) it is New Zealand's largest forest park. The park is administered by the Department of Conservation (DOC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Island kōkako</span> Species of bird

The North Island kōkako is an endangered forest bird which is endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. It is grey in colour, with a small black mask. It has blue wattles. Because of its wattle, the bird is sometimes locally called the blue-wattled crow, although it is not a corvid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Island saddleback</span> Species of bird endemic to the North Island of New Zealand

The North Island saddleback is a forest-dwelling passerine bird species endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. It was once considered conspecific with the South Island saddleback. The IUCN lists the species as Near Threatened, while it is listed as a "recovering" species in the New Zealand Threat Classification System. Saddlebacks are known in Māori as tīeke.

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Nestor meridionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T22684840A216083435. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ↑ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 333.
  4. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 251. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ↑ Latham, John (1781). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 264.
  6. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  7. ↑ Dussex, Nic; Sainsbury, James; Moorhouse, Ron; Jamieson, Ian G.; Robertson, Bruce C. (1 January 2015). "Evidence for Bergmann's Rule and not allopatric subspeciation in the threatened Kaka (Nestor meridionalis)". Journal of Heredity. 106 (6): 679–691. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esv079 . ISSN   0022-1503. PMID   26447214.
  8. ↑ "Entry for kā on yourdictionary.com".
  9. 1 2 3 Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E.; Matsumoto T.; Eberhard J. R.; Graves G. R.; Sanchez J. J.; Capelli S.; Muller H.; Scharpegge J.; Chambers G. K.; Fleischer R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC   2727385 . PMID   18653733.
  10. 1 2 3 Grant-Mackie, E.J.; J.A. Grant-Mackie; W.M. Boon; G.K. Chambers (2003). "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots". NZ Science Teacher. 103.
  11. ↑ Juniper, T., Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: A guide to parrots of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press ( ISBN   0-300-07453-0)
  12. 1 2 De Kloet, Rolf S.; De Kloet, Siwo R. (September 2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36 (3): 706–21. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013. PMID   16099384.
  13. ↑ Schweizer, M.; Seehausen O; Güntert M; Hertwig ST (2009). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 984–94. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021. PMID   19699808. S2CID   1831016.
  14. ↑ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN   978-0-8493-4258-5.
  15. ↑ Falla RA, Sibson RB & Turbot EG (1966) A Field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Collins, London ( ISBN   0-00-212022-4)
  16. ↑ "800th kaka Banded at ZEALANDIA" . Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  17. ↑ McArthur, Nikki; Harvey, Annette; Flux, Ian (October 2015). "State and trends in the diversity, abundance and distribution of birds in Wellington City" (PDF). Wellington: Greater Wellington Regional Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  18. ↑ "Kākā". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moynihan, K. T. (1985). "Kaka". Reader's Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. p. 244. ISBN   0474000486.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moorhouse, R. J. (2017). "Kaka". In Miskelly, C. M. (ed.). New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  21. ↑ Powlesland, R. G.; et al. (2009). "Breeding biology of the New Zealand kaka (Nestor merdionalis) (Psittacidae, Nestorinae)". Notornis. 56 (1): 11–33. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  22. ↑ "Agathis australis, Kauri". Bushmans Friend. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  23. ↑ Charles, K. E. (2012). "Tree damage in Wellington as a result of foraging for sap and bark-dwelling invertebrates by the North Island Kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis)" (PDF). Notornis. 59: 180–184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  24. ↑ "Wildlife Act 1953". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  25. ↑ "Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis. NZTCS". nztcs.org.nz. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  26. ↑ "Nestor meridionalis meridionalis. NZTCS". nztcs.org.nz. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  27. ↑ Taylor, G.; et al. (2009). "Effect of controlling introduced predators on Kaka (Nestor meridionalis) in the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  28. ↑ Greene, Terry C.; Fraser, James R. (1998). "Sex ratio of North Island Kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis), Waihaha Ecological Area, Pureora Forest Park" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 2 (1): 11–16. JSTOR   24054543.
  29. ↑ "The use of 1080 for pest control – Outcomes for bird populations". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  30. ↑ "Kākā baby boom: Native bird numbers increasing in the capital". NZ Herald. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  31. 1 2 3 Hunter, S.A.; Alley, M.R.; Lenting, B.M. (2017). "Metabolic Bone Disease in North Island Kaka, Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis, in Wellington". Kokako. 24 (1): 23–25 – via Researchgate.
  32. ↑ Cote, Sarah; Durand, Olivia Durand; LaRoche, Erin; Warden, Rachel (27 February 2013). "Evaluating the Interactions between Wellington Residents and the Threatened Kaka Parrot" (PDF). web.wpi.edu. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  33. ↑ Roy, Eleanor Ainge (20 January 2017). "Killing kakas with kindness: New Zealand bird lovers threaten future of parrot". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  34. ↑ "Kākā intruders on the increase". Scoop.co.nz. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.