Lagunaria

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Lagunaria
Lagunaria patersonia-fruit foliage-CROPPED.jpg
Leaves and fruit of Lagunaria patersonia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Bombacoideae
Genus: Lagunaria
(DC.) Rchb.
Species

See text.

Lagunaria is a genus in the family Malvaceae. It is an Australian plant which is native to Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and parts of coastal Queensland. [1] It has been introduced to many parts of the world. The genus was named for its resemblance to the earlier genus Laguna Cav., which was named in honour of Andrés Laguna, a Spanish botanist and a physician to Pope Julius III. [2]

Contents

As of April 2021, Plants of the World Online accepts two species: [3]

Description

Lagunaria Tree Lagunaria patersonia-tree.jpg
Lagunaria Tree

General

The tree can grow to be 10 – 15 metres tall, [4] and one and a half metres in diameter. [2] It is considered to be hardwood. [5]

Vegetative

Trunk

The trunk is straight and made of a soft, fibrous timber. [2]

Leaves

The leaves are evergreen, though they change with age. [6] [7] They are a dark green colour in the earlier stages of their development, with the undersides possessing a scale like quality and are of a silver colour. [2] Both sides become a pale green colour as they age and the scaley underside becomes smooth. [2]   They have an elliptical shape and become narrower as the plant starts to flower. [8] They are eight centimetres in length and three and a half centimetres in width on average. [9]

Petioles

The petiole contains multiple large internal ducts which are filled with a staining material which is secreted during cellular fixation. [1]

Extrafloral nectaries

Extrafloral nectaries are located on the underside of the petioles of younger leaves. [1] Unlike many species with extrafloral nectaries, there is no differentiated, structural secretory tissue denoting the location of the nectary region. Instead, the areas that possess secretory tissue can be seen in the density of the indumentum (a covering of fine hairs) at specific areas. [1] Areas that possess a nectary have shield-shaped trichomes (fine hairs) that are grouped closely together. [1] The nectar is produced by multicellular, glandular trichomes that arise between the shield-shaped trichomes. The non-nectary areas adjacent to the nectaries have fewer hairs that are more widely spread apart. [1]

Flower of Lagunaria patersonia Lagunaria patersonia 2c.JPG
Flower of Lagunaria patersonia

Reproductive

Flowers

The flower fades from a deep pink colour to a white and pale pink as it ages. [7] [10] It is similar in appearance to a hibiscus. [7] It has a diameter ranging from 1.5 to 3 inches. [7] Each flower normally has 3–5 petals. [11]

The flower grows from a short, thick pedicel in the axil of the leaf. [2] It blooms in the summertime, [2] between the months of October and February. [9]  

The calyx have four to five lobes which are derived from the connate sepals. [7]  

The petals bloom in a clockwise and/or counter clockwise direction. [11] While each flower has five petals when it is in bud, it is not uncommon for only three to four of the petals to bloom. [11]

The epicalyx is made of three to five large segments which are joined at the base. [2] These form a protective layer over the flower when it is in bud. [7] [10] These segments detach as the flower develops. [11] The lower four-fifths of the sepals length are fused from the start of their development. [11] As the flower grows, the sepals unite at their apex. [11] The flower gradually opens to full bloom at irregular times. The petal aestivation is contorted, spiralling in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. [11]

The petals and androecial tube are almost of identical length. [11] The androecial tube ends in three to five short sterile teeth. [11]

There are usually two filaments present. [11] These are located either very closely to each other, joined at the base or for the majority of its length. [11]

The Pollen grains measure 45–50 μm in size. They are of a sphere-like shape, and is colporate with apertures that combine around small pores and gooves. Its aperture number is 22–45. [12]

Inflorescence

The inflorescence is lightly covered in a rough scurfy texture. [2] There are three to five bracteoles that are joined in a wide, short-lobed cup. [2]

Seed sapsule and seeds of Lagunaria Lagunaria patersonia feuilles et fruit.jpg
Seed sapsule and seeds of Lagunaria

Androecium

The five-sided androecium ring wall is divided into five sections that alternate with the sepals. [11]

The androecium tube contains ten vascular bundles, each separated into pairs of two. [11] Each pair of vascular bundles stems from the base of one of the five petals that make up the flower. [11] The pair located further from the androecium centre can often form a bundle that is in the shape of a U. [11] Below the lowest filaments, a small section of each androecial sector stems into the base of the stamens. [11] The stamen is a golden colour, with the anther comprising much of its length. [7] It bears numerous filaments on the outside below the five crenate summit. [2] The stamens are positioned between the rows of each androecial sector. [11] Above this, the vascular bundles branch off until each stamen contains one vascular bundle. [11]

Gynoecium

The ovary has five cells and has several ovules in each cell. [2] [10] The style is clavate at the top (club-shaped), with five radiating stigmatic lobes which are of a white, cream colour. [7]

Fruit

The fruit of the tree presents as a brown globular capsule measuring two centimetres in diameter on average. [9] The capsules contain five valves that are arranged loculicidally (splitting between each locule). [2] It is filled with seeds that are smooth, thick and kidney-shaped. [2] [10]  The inner wall is lined with white, barbed hairs that cause irritation to the skin when come in to contact with. [13]

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history

Lagunaria was first discovered by Colonel W. Paterson, who first sent seeds to England while stationed on Norfolk Island in 1792. [2]  Paterson was only an amateur botanist, the manuscript of flora he compiled during his time there being evidence of this. [14] Paterson was on Norfolk Island between the 4th of November 1791 and the 9th of March 1793. [14]

Reichenbach was established as the authority of the genus in 1828, [1] [8] as seen in the genus' full name, Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb. [15]  There was controversy of the authority of the genus for a time as many attributions were misakenly to George Don. [8] It was originally categorised as being a part of the genus Hibiscus, based on a description by De Candolle in 1824. [16] [8] In 1828, Reichenbach recognised it as a separate genus and recategorized it to reflect this. [8]

Species

It was originally believed to be monotypic, and was divided in to two subspecies in 1990 by P.S. Green, with L. Patersonia being from Norfolk Island and L.patersonia subsp. bracteata from Queensland. [8] In 2006 they were recognise to be two distinct species by the names of L. patersonia and L.queenslandica respectively by L.A Craven. [1] Some of the features used to distinguish the two include:

  • The bracteoles do not persist at the time of flowering in Patersonia. [8]
  • The leaves of Patersonia are thicker and with a more prominent white pigmented, tomentose underside. [8]
  • The length of the style and the subsequent degree to which it protrudes from the flower is greater in Queenslandica. [1]
  • Queenslandica has shorter petals and staminal column. [1]
  • Patersonia often occurs in rainforest/swamp areas and Queenslandica is more often found in non-rainforest areas including coastlines and rivers. [1]

Phylogeny

Early categorisations of Lagunaria placed it somewhere between the sub-families Bombacoideae and Malvoideae. Phylogenetic analysis has now determined it to be a part of Malvoideae. [1]

Lagunaria is polytypic with two known species. It was able to be identified as diverging earlier in this tribe's phylogenetic tree due to it producing copious amounts of endosperm. [16]

It was previously believed to be a part of the tribe Hibisceae, however testing has revealed this is not the case. [1] It instead forms a robust clade with the Australian genus Howittia which is also a associated with other Malvoideae tribes/genera. [17] These discoveries were made in an experiment which used two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences. These sequences were a coding region (ndhF) and a non-coding region (The rpl16 intron). [16] Further cpDNA testing revealed that both Lagunaria and Howittia contain two copies of the nuclear rpb2 gene. [17]

Nomenclature

Botanical names

The accepted botanical name for the genus Lagunaria is Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb. [18] Synonyms for this name include:

  • Hibiscus sect. Lagunaria DC. [15]
  • Lagunaria (DC.) Reichb [8]
  • Lagunaea Schreb. [15]
  • Lagunea Pers. [15]

Colloquial names

On Norfolk Island, Lagunaria it is commonly known as the White Oak. [14] It is also known as:

Distribution and habitat

Lagunaria is endemic to Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Queensland. [1]

It tends to thrive in conditions that are humid and wet, and so has been introduced to many tropical locations around the world. [22]

It is often considered to be a pest because due to the injurious nature of the seed pods and its competition with native vegetation. [7]

It is widely cultivated throughout Australia, and can be found around the coast of New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria. [15]

It can be found in many parts of the world in areas with a warm tropical environment. Some of places it can be found are compiled below.

AfricaNew ZealandNorth AmericaSouth AmericaEurope
Ethiopia [23] Auckland [15] Louisiana [19] Chile [24] Malta [20] [13]
Kenya [25] Nelson [15] [7] Hawaii [7] Italy [26]
Libya [25] Napier [15] Lake Charles [19]
Egypt [12] Hibiscus Coast [15] Albany [19]
Motueka [15] California [7] [23]
Wellington [7] Costa Rica [7]
Northern New Zealand [23] Floria [7]

Ecology

The Hibiscus Harlequin Bug Harlequin bug instar (Explored) (8600292294).jpg
The Hibiscus Harlequin Bug

Lagunaria is fed upon by Hibiscus Harlequin Bug. [27] The females are known to deposit their eggs around the bases of the stems. [28] The insects feed on the leaves, flowers fruit and seeds and suck the sap from the stems. [28] [29] They rarely cause significant damage to the plant. [29]

The cricket Dictyonemobius, colloquially known as the striped island dwarf cricket, [30] is known to appear around the roots and leaf litter of Lagunaria during the night. [31]

Pests and diseases

In New Zealand around the Nelson and Wellington areas, Lagunaria suffers from a fungal pathogen called Puccinia plagianthi. It is usually associate with the plants Hoheria and Plagianthus. Lagunaria also suffers from Olive scale, a parasite that goes by Saissetia oleae, in New Zealand. [32]

Wilt disease in the form of the fungus Verticillium dahliae has spread to Lagunaria in the southern parts of Italy. [33]

Cultivation

Lagunaria has been cultivated in many greenhouses around the world due to the beauty of its flower. [34]

It has one known cultivar by the name of Lagunaria patersonia 'Royal Purple'. [19] [7] It is known to be grown along the coast of California and throughout some of the inland valleys. It can also be found in Britain. [7]

It is used exclusively as an ornamental tree. It can be used as a flower display, hedge, coastal garden, [7] street or park tree, [6] just to name a few of its uses. Due to it being most commonly found on the coast, it effective a providing a wind-break and absorbing salt spray. [35]

It tends to thrive in locations that are well lit and have well-drained soil. [22] [35] It is a hardy plant that can handle poor, dry soil, salt spray, wind and light frosts. [6]

It can be propagated by taking semi-ripe cutting in the summer time. It can also be grown from seed. [7]

Lord Howe Island Map Lord Howe Island 1952 map.jpg
Lord Howe Island Map

Conservation

On Lord Howe Island, the Lagunaria Swamp Forest is listed as a critically endangered ecological community by the NSW Government under the Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995). [36] The swamp forest was originally restricted to five small areas on the island. [37] It was estimated to cover around six hectares on the island as it could only occur in the low-lands areas. [38] It is estimate around 95% of these areas were destroyed for settlement. [38] [39] Some of these five specified areas have since been destroyed since this estimation. [36]

One of the major threats facing the ecological community was invasion by exotic weeds such as the cherry guava. [37] Other invasive species include ground asparagus and ehrharta erecta and tobacco bush. Other threats include wind exposure from lack of protective vegetation, cattle trampling and grazing, edge effects, alterations to water regimes and rodents. [36] [40] [39]

Restoration activities have been taking place since it was first listed as endangered in 2003. Some of the actions taken include habitat replanting and fencing off of remaining areas and previously occupied habitat. This has successfully reduced pressure from cattle grazing. [40] Other activities that have been done to assist Lagunaria include the removal of weeds from the swamp forest and the prevention of garden plants escaping into bushland areas. [36]

The restoration of this community is overseen by the ecological community management stream of the saving our species program. [41] None of the locations where the swamp forest exist are protected by the Lord Howe Island Board under the Lord Howe Island Permanent Park Preserve. [40]

Aboriginal uses

Lagunaria was used by Aboriginal people as a source of fibre. From this they created fishing lines and nets, dilly bags, baskets, animal nets, string and rope. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stamen</span> Male organ of a flower

The stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium.

<i>Hibiscus</i> Genus of plants

Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow. Other names include hardy hibiscus, rose of sharon, and tropical hibiscus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malvaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia. The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus, Pavonia, Sida, Ayenia, Dombeya, and Sterculia.

<i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the mallow family Malvaceae

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in the tropics and subtropics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectar</span> Sugar-rich liquid produced by many flowering plants, that attracts pollinators and insects

Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide herbivore protection. Common nectar-consuming pollinators include mosquitoes, hoverflies, wasps, bees, butterflies and moths, hummingbirds, honeyeaters and bats. Nectar plays a crucial role in the foraging economics and evolution of nectar-eating species; for example, nectar foraging behavior is largely responsible for the divergent evolution of the African honey bee, A. m. scutellata and the western honey bee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malvoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Malvoideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily, which includes in the minimum the genus Malva. It was first used by Burnett in 1835, but was not much used until recently, where, within the framework of the APG System, which unites the families Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae of the Cronquist system, the aggregate family Malvaceae is divided into 9 subfamilies, including Malvoideae. The Malvoideae of Kubitzki and Bayer includes 4 tribes:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bombacoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Bombacoideae is a subfamily of the mallow family, Malvaceae. It contains herbaceous and woody plants. Their leaves are alternate, commonly palmately lobed, with small and caducous stipules. The flowers are hermaphroditic and actinomorphic; the calyx has 5 sepals united at the base, which are not accompanied by an epicalyx (involucel). The corolla has 5 free petals and an androecium of numerous stamens, typically with free filaments which are not fused in a staminal tube (column). The pollen is smooth and the ovary superior and pluricarpellate. The fruits are schizocarpous or capsular.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norfolk Island National Park</span> Protected area in Norfolk Island, Australia

Norfolk Island National Park is a protected area of 6.50 km2 (2.51 sq mi) located at 29°2′0″S167°56′59″E in the South Pacific Ocean, about 1,471 kilometres off the East coast of Australia. The park’s area includes the Mount Pitt section on the namesake Norfolk Island with an area of 4.60 km2 (1.78 sq mi) / 460 ha, as well as the neighboring Phillip Island encompassing 1.90 km2 (0.73 sq mi) / 190 ha, and the much smaller Nepean Island. The Norfolk Island group is a Commonwealth of Australia external territory, and is the only place in the world where the Norfolk Island parakeet and the white-chested white-eye occur.

<i>Lagunaria patersonia</i> Species of tree

Lagunaria patersonia is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae. It is commonly known as the pyramid tree, Norfolk Island hibiscus, Queensland white oak, sally wood, or simply as white oak on Norfolk Island. Its seed capsules are filled with irritating hairs giving rise to common names, itchy bomb tree, and cow itch tree.

<i>Iliamna</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Iliamna is a small genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, endemic to North America. It is related to the bush mallows of California (Malacothamnus) and to Phymosia of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. These perennial herbs are known commonly as wild hollyhocks and sometimes as globe mallows, Kankakee mallow, Kankakee globe mallow, and Streambank wild hollyhock. More often, the latter terms refer to members of the genus Sphaeralcea, which belong, like Iliamna, to the "typical" mallow tribe (Malveae) of the mallow and hibiscus subfamily Malvoideae. The name of the genus, proposed by Edward Lee Greene, appears to be a reference to Iliamna Lake in Alaska, even though the genus Iliamna does not occur in Alaska

<i>Commelina cyanea</i> Species of flowering plant

Commelina cyanea, commonly known as scurvy weed, is a perennial prostrate herb of the family Commelinaceae native to moist forests and woodlands of eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. The blue flowers appear over the warmer months and are pollinated by bees and flies.

Hibiscus cravenii is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae, that is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.

Lyndley Alan Craven was a botanist who became the Principal Research Scientist of the Australian National Herbarium.

<i>Syzygium fullagarii</i> Species of tree

Syzygium fullagarii, commonly known as the scalybark, is a relatively large tree in the family Myrtaceae. It is found only on Lord Howe Island. It grows to 20 metres tall, up to an altitude of 400 metres above sea level in sheltered areas, often in rainforest. The bark is reddish brown, usually flaking to the touch. The base of the tree is often heavily buttressed. Known for many years as Cleistocalyx fullagarii, however, in recent times it has been placed in the large genus Syzygium.

<i>Anisoplaca cosmia</i> Species of moth

Anisoplaca cosmia, also known as the Norfolk Island hibiscus moth, is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by John David Bradley in 1956 and is native to Norfolk Island but has become established in New Zealand.

Durioneae is a tribe within the subfamily Helicteroideae of the plant family Malvaceae s.l. The tribe contains at least five genera, including Durio, the genus of tree species that produce Durian fruits.

<i>Plagianthus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae

Plagianthus is a genus of flowering plants confined to New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. The familial placement of the genus was controversial for many years, but modern genetic studies show it definitely belongs in the Malvaceae subfamily Malvoideae. The name means "slanted flowers".

<i>Hibiscus mesnyi</i> Species of tree

Hibiscus mesnyi is a deciduous, riverine, tropical forest tree, endemic to Vietnam, in the family Malvaceae.

<i>Zorion guttigerum</i> Species of insect

Zorion guttigerum, commonly known as the Flower long-horn beetle, is an endemic species of beetle in New Zealand. It is found on the flowers of many plant species and feeds on nectar and pollen.

Papuodendron is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malvaceae. In 1946 Cyril Tenison White described its first species, Papuodendron lepidotum, which was discovered growing in 1944 in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea. Its native range is New Guinea.

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  38. 1 2 Pickard, J (1983). "Vegetation of Lord Howe Island". Cunninghamia. 1: 133–265.
  39. 1 2 Auld, T.; Hutton, I. (2004). "Conservation issues for the vascular flora of Lord Howe Island". Cunninghamia. 8 (4): 490–500. S2CID   55463863.
  40. 1 2 3 Major, Richard (13 August 2010). "Lagunaria Swamp Forest on Lord Howe Island - critically endangered ecological community listing". NSW Environment, Energy and Science. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  41. ↑ "Lagunaria Swamp Forest on Lord Howe Island | Conservation project | NSW Environment, Energy and Science". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
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