List of major and official Austronesian languages

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Map showing the distribution of language families; the pink color shows where Austronesian languages are spoken. Human Language Families (wikicolors).png
Map showing the distribution of language families; the pink color shows where Austronesian languages are spoken.

This is a list of major and official Austronesian languages, a language family originating from Taiwan, that is widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Philippines) and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia and Madagascar.

Contents

Official languages

Sovereign states

LanguageNamed national
varieties (if any)
SpeakersNative nameOfficial status
Fijian 639,210Na Vosa VakavitiFlag of Fiji.svg  Fiji
Tagalog Filipino [1] 100,000,000 (L1 & L2)
20,000,000 (L1)
80,000,000 (L2)
Wikang FilipinoFlag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Gilbertese 120,000Taetae ni KiribatiFlag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati
Hiri Motu 120,000 (L2)Hiri MotuFlag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea
Malay Indonesian [a] 252,000,000 [3] -280,000,000Bahasa IndonesiaFlag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Malay [b] 35,000,000Bahasa Melayu/بهاس ملايوFlag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore [6]
Malagasy 18,000,000Fiteny MalagasyFlag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar
Māori 150,000Te Reo MāoriFlag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Marshallese 55,000Kajin M̧ajeļFlag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands
Nauruan 6,000Dorerin NaoeroFlag of Nauru.svg  Nauru
Palauan 15,000Tekoi er a BelauFlag of Palau.svg  Palau
Samoan 510,000Gagana SāmoaFlag of Samoa.svg  Samoa
Tetum 800,000Lia-TetunFlag of East Timor.svg  East Timor
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia [c]
Tongan 108,000Lea Faka-TongaFlag of Tonga.svg  Tonga
Tuvaluan 13,000Te Ggana/Gagana TuuvaluFlag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu
  1. national standard based on variety spoken in Riau Archipelago [2]
  2. A standardised Malay based on variety spoken in Johor sometimes referred to as Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysian language) in Malaysia [4] [5]
  3. apart from the national standard Indonesian language, Tetum has the status of a regional language in Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara

Territories

LanguageSpeakersNative nameOfficial statusCountry
Carolinian 5,700RefaluwaschFlag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg  Northern Mariana Islands Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Chamorro 95,000Fino' CHamoruFlag of Guam.svg  Guam
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg  Northern Mariana Islands
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Cook Islands Māori 14,000Māori Kūki 'Āirani
Te Reo Ipukarea
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Hawaiian 24,000ʻŌlelo HawaiʻiFlag of Hawaii.svg  Hawaii Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Javanese ~3,000,000Basa JawaFlag of Yogyakarta.svg  Yogyakarta [7] Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Kanak Flag of FLNKS.svg  New Caledonia Flag of France.svg  France
Niuean 8,000Ko e Vagahau NiuēFlag of Niue.svg  Niue Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Rapa Nui 5,000Vananga Rapa NuiFlag of Rapa Nui, Chile.svg  Easter Island Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Samoan 55,000Gagana SāmoaFlag of American Samoa.svg  American Samoa Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Sonsorolese 600Ramari Dongosaro Flag of Sonsorol.svg Sonsorol Flag of Palau.svg  Palau
Tahitian 120,000Te Reo Mā'ohi/TahitiFlag of French Polynesia.svg  French Polynesia Flag of France.svg  France
Tobian 100Ramarih Hatohobei Flag of Hatohobei.svg Hatohobei Flag of Palau.svg  Palau
Tokelauan 3,500Gagana TokelauFlag of Tokelau.svg  Tokelau Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand

    Major languages

    Languages with at least 3 million native speakers

    Dialects and creoles

    Dialects of major Austronesian languages

    Creoles and pidgins based on Austronesian languages

    See also

    References

    1. "Executive Order no. 134: Proclaming the national language of the Philippines based on the "Tagalog" language". Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. December 30, 1937 via Supreme Court E-Library, Supreme Court of the Philippines.
    2. Asmah Haji Omar (1992). pp. 403–4.
    3. List of major and official Austronesian languages at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
    4. Lowenberg, Peter (1988). "Malay in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore: Three Faces of a National Language". In Coulmas, Florian (ed.). With Forked Tongues: What are National Languages Good For?. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma. pp. 146–79. ISBN   978-0-89720-084-4.
    5. Asmah Haji Omar (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael G. (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 402, 413–7. ISBN   3-11-012855-1.
    6. "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore - Part 13: General Provisions". Singapore Statutes Online. Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore.
    7. "Perda No. 2 Tahun 2021 tentang Pemeliharaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Aksara Jawa". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
    8. List of major and official Austronesian languages at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025) Closed Access logo transparent.svg