List of monarchs of Punjab

Last updated
Maharaja of Punjab
Seal of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.svg
Seal of Ranjit Singh
Duleep Singh00.jpg
Last to reign
Duleep Singh

15 September 1843 – 29 March 1849
Details
Style
First monarchUdayana 6th century – 5th century BC (first known ruler)
Last monarch Duleep Singh 1843–1849 (as Maharaja of Punjab)
Formation Vedic period
Residence
AppointerHereditary

The Monarchs of Punjab were the rulers of various kingdoms and republics of the Punjab beginning with the Vedic period and ending after the British empire. Much of native Punjab during the ancient period was ruled by various Tribal republics, such as the Yaudheyas, Madra, Trigarta, Audumbara, Oxydrakoi, Malloi and Gandhara with their leaders and monarchs being largely unknown.

Contents

The Ancient Period of Punjab saw the earliest known monarchs date back to the Vedic period. During the early to mid-6th century BCE, Taxila was ruled by King Pukkusati, who was a contemporary of the Achaemenid rulers. However, details regarding subsequent monarchs remain largely unrecorded until the Macedonian invasion of Punjab in the 5th century BCE. Following the death of Alexander the Great, monarchical power shifted to the Mauryan Empire in the 4th century BCE. In the 2nd century BCE, the Indo-Greek kings took over, followed by the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians in the 1st century BCE. These dynasties ruled alongside native dynasties such as the Apracharajas. By the time of Apollonius’ travels through Punjab, power had largely returned to native rulers. The Kushan Empire's monarchs ruled Punjab, but by the 3rd century CE, control passed to the Gadahara and Shilada dynasties. Their rule was eventually disrupted by the Hunnic invasions in the 4th century CE.

The medieval period of Punjab saw the Eastern Punjab come under the rule of the Vardhana dynasty in the 7th century CE, while the Western Punjab was governed by the Taank Kingdom. By the 8th century, the Chach dynasty of Aror was ruling most of the Western Punjab. In the 9th century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty emerged as the rulers, until the Ghaznavids assumed monarchical control in the 11th century. Power then shifted to the Ghorid dynasty, until Muhammad Ghori 's assassination by the House of the Khokhars, paving the way for the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century.

The early modern period in the 16th century saw the rise of the Mughal Empire, which incorporated Punjab, though governance in the region was largely managed by various Sikh misls. Later, Adina Beg emerged as the ruler of Punjab. Following his death, the Sikh Empire consolidated power, ruling the region until the British conquest. During British rule, Punjab was divided into multiple territories, with certain regions governed by princely states.

Pauravas

Macedonian Empire (326 – 316 BC)

The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent Macedonia (ancient kingdom, greatest extent).svg
The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent
NameReignSuccessionLife details
Alexander III "the Great" 326 – 323
(3 years)
Son of Philip II356 – 10/11 June 323
(aged 33)
Conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire; died of illness at Babylon [1]

Maurya Empire (322 – 184 BC)

The Maurya Empire at its greatest extent Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png
The Maurya Empire at its greatest extent
RulerReignNotes
Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped).JPG 322–297 BCEFounder of first Indian united empire.
Bindusara I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg 297–273 BCEKnown for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of Vidarbha revolt.
Ashoka Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg 268–232 BCEGreatest emperor of dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for Kalinga War victory.
Dasharatha Maurya Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg 232–224 BCEGrandson of Ashoka.
Samprati Emperor Samprati Maurya.jpg 224–215 BCEBrother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg 215–202 BCE
Devavarman 202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan 195–187 BCEThe Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha 187–184 BCEAssassinated by his Commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE.

Indo-Greeks (200 – 20 BC)

map of Indo-Greeks and their expansion into India AtlasIndoGreek.jpg
map of Indo-Greeks and their expansion into India
Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, their coins, territories and chronology
Based on Bopearachchi (1991) [2]
Greco-Bactrian kings Indo-Greek kings
Territories/
dates
West Bactria East Bactria Paropamisade
Arachosia Gandhara Western Punjab Eastern Punjab Mathura
200–190 BC Demetrius I DemetriusCoin.jpg
190–185 BC Euthydemus II EuthydemusIICoin.jpg
190–180 BC Agathocles Coin of the Bactrian king Agathokles.jpg Pantaleon Coin of King Pantaleon.jpg
185–170 BC Antimachus I AntimachusMedaille.jpg
180–160 BC Apollodotus I Coin of Indo-Greek king Apollodotos I.jpg
175–170 BC Demetrius II Demetriosii.jpg
160–155 BC Antimachus II Coin of Antimachus II.jpg
170–145 BC Eucratides Monnaie de Bactriane, Eucratide I, 2 faces.jpg
155–130 BC Yuezhi occupation,
loss of Ai-Khanoum
Eucratides II Coin of Eukratides II.jpg
Plato Coin of Plato of Bactria.jpg
Heliocles I HelioclesCoin.jpg
Menander I Menander Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg
130–120 BC Yuezhi occupation Zoilos I ZoilosI-525.jpg Agathokleia Coin of Agathokleia.jpg Yavanarajya inscription.jpg
Yavanarajya
inscription
120–110 BC Lysias Lysias-150.jpg Strato I Coin of Agathokleia & Strato.jpg
110–100 BC Antialcidas Antialcidas.JPG Heliokles II Helioclesii.jpg
100 BC Polyxenos Polyxenos.jpg Demetrius III Demetrius Aniketou.jpg
100–95 BC Philoxenus Philoxenos.jpg
95–90 BC Diomedes Diomedes2.jpg Amyntas Coin of Amyntas Nicator.jpg Epander Epander.jpg
90 BC Theophilos Theophilos-634.jpg Peukolaos Peukolaos coin.jpg Thraso Thraso coin simulation.jpg
90–85 BC Nicias Nikias.jpg Menander II MenanderDikaiou.jpg Artemidoros Coin of Artimedoros.jpg
90–70 BC Hermaeus HermaeusCoin.jpg Archebius Coin of Indo-Greek king Archebios.jpg
Yuezhi occupation Maues (Indo-Scythian)
75–70 BC Telephos Telephos.jpg Apollodotus II Coin of Appollodotos II.jpg
65–55 BC Hippostratos Hippostratos.jpg Dionysios Dyonisos coin.jpg
55–35 BC Azes I (Indo-Scythian) Zoilos II ZoilosIICoin.JPG
55–35 BC Apollophanes Coin of Apollophanes.jpg
25 BC – AD 10 Strato II and Strato III Stratoii.jpg
Zoilos III/ Bhadayasa Bhadrayasha coin.jpg
Rajuvula (Indo-Scythian)

Northern Satraps

Northern Satraps in early 1st century Map of the Northern Satraps (Northern Sakas).jpg
Northern Satraps in early 1st century

Indo-Parthians (15 BC – 50 AD)

Indo-Parthians at their greatest extent, c. 40 CE Map of the Indo-Parthians.png
Indo-Parthians at their greatest extent, c. 40 CE

Kushan Empire (50 – 350 AD)

"Little Kushans";

Huns (390 – 550 AD)

Kidarite Huns (390 - 455 AD)

Kidarite Huns at their greatest extent, c. 400 AD Asia 400ad-kidarites.jpg
Kidarite Huns at their greatest extent, c. 400 AD
Yosadac.335 CE [5]
(Unknown)fl. 388/400
Varhran (II)fl. c. 425
Goboziko fl. c. 450

Alchon Huns (470 – 550 AD)

Alchon Huns at their greatest extent under Mihirakula, c. 500 CE India 500 AD.jpg
Alchon Huns at their greatest extent under Mihirakula, c. 500 CE

Taank Kingdom (550 – 822)

Taank Kingdom (in purple) alongside other South Asian polities, c. 700 AD Taank kingdom, 700 AD.jpg
Taank Kingdom (in purple) alongside other South Asian polities, c. 700 AD

The Taanks (Takkas) were people from a variety of clans forming a kingdom. The rulers of the kingdom are only known from sources of chronicles and minted coins. [6] During this rule (630 AD), Lahore was said to have been visited by the Chinese pilgrim Hieun Tsang. He described it as a great Brahmin city.

Note: Not listed chronologically.

Brahmin dynasty (632 – 712)

Brahmin (Chacha) dynasty at its greatest extent Map of the Chachas circa 650 CE.png
Brahmin (Chacha) dynasty at its greatest extent

Hindu Shahi Kingdom (822 – 1026)

RulerReignNotes
Kallarc. 843 CEFounder of the Hindu Shahi dynasty
Samantac. 850 CE
Lalliyac. 880 CEShifted capital to Udabhanda and defeated the Saffarid dynasty
Toramanac. 903 CE
Bhimadevac. 921 CEAlliance with the Lohara dynasty and defeated the Samanid Empire
Jayapala c. 964 CEResisted the Ghaznavids but committed suicide via Sati
Anandapalac. 1002 CEConquered Lahore but unsuccessfully resisted the Ghaznavids
Trilocanapalac. 1010 CE
Bhimapalac. 1021 CELast Hindu Shahi monarch

Emirate of Multan (855 – 1010)

Emirate of Multan centered around the city of Multan Map of the Multan Emirate.png
Emirate of Multan centered around the city of Multan

Munnabih dynasty (855 – 959)

Lodi dynasty (959 – 1010)

Ghaznavid Empire (1010 – 1186)

Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent Ghaznavids (greatest extent).svg
Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent
#LaqabPersonal NameReignSuccession rightNotes
1Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim
یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم
Right-hand man of the State
Mahmud 1010–1030first son of Sabuktigin
2Jalal ad-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ
Dignity of the State
Muhammad 1030
1st reign
second son of Mahmud
3Shihab ad-Dawlah
شھاب الدولہ
Star of the State
Masud I 1030–1041first son of MahmudWas overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the battle of Dandanaqan
Jalal ad-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ
Dignity of the State
Muhammad 1041
2nd reign
second son of MahmudRaised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
4Shihab ad-Dawlah
شھاب الدولہ
Star of the State
Mawdud 1041–1048son of Masud IDefeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne. [7]
5?
?
Masud II 1048son of Mawdud
6Baha ad-Dawlah
بھاء الدولہ
Splendor of the State
Ali 1048–1049son of Masud I
7Izz ad-Dawlah
عز الدولہ
Glory of the State
Abd al-Rashid 1049–1052fifth son of Mahmud
8Qiwam ad-Dawlah
قوام الدولہ
Support of the State
Toghrul 1052–1053Turkish mamluk generalUsurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes. [8]
9Jamal ad-Dawlah
جمال الدولہ
Beauty of the state
Farrukh-Zad 1053–1059son of Masud I
10Zahir ad-Dawlah
ظھیر الدولہ
Help of the State
Ibrahim 1059–1099son of Masud I
13Ala ad-Dawlah
علاء الدولہ
Blessing of the State
Mas'ūd III 1099–1115son of Ibrahim
11Kamal ad-Dawlah
کمال الدولہ
Perfection of the State
Shir-Zad 1115–1116son of Masud IIIMurdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud. [9]
12Sultan ad-Dawlah
سلطان الدولہ
Sultan of the state
Arslan-Shah 1116–1117son of Masud IIITook the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, Ahmad Sanjar. [10]
13Yamin ad-Dawlah
یمین الدولہ
Right-hand man of the state
Bahram Shah 1117–1157son of Masud IIIUnder Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a tributary of the Great Seljuq Empire. Bahram was assisted by Ahmad Sanjar, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne. [11]
14Muizz ad-Dawlah
معزالدولہ
Honor of the State
Khusrau Shah 1157–1160son of Bahram-Shah
15Taj ad-Dawlah
تاج الدولہ
Crown of the state
Khusrau Malik 1160–1186son of Khusrau-Shah

Ghurid Empire (1186 – 1206)

Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202 Ghurid dynasty (greatest extent).svg
Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202
CoinageTitular Name(s)Personal NameReign
Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206.jpg Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206. Pagoda coin with. Lakshmi seated facing.jpg Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori
سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری
Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad
معز الدین محمد
1173–1206

Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526)

Mamluk dynasty (1206 – 1290)

Delhi Sultanate under Mamluk dynasty Map of the Mamluk Empire.jpg
Delhi Sultanate under Mamluk dynasty
S/NName of rulerBirth DateDeath DateBeginning of reignEnd of reignNotes
1 Qutbuddin Aibak 115014 November 121025 June 120614 November 1210
2 Aram Shah unknownJune 1211December 1210June 1211Son of Aibak
3 Iltutmish unknown30 April 1236June 121130 April 1236Son-in-law of Aibak
4 Ruknuddin Firuz (Firuz I)unknown19 November 1236April/May 1236November 1236Son of Iltutmish
5 Razia Sultan unknown15 October 1240November 123620 April 1240Daughter of Iltutmish
6 Muiz ud din Bahram 9 July 121215 May 1242May 124015 May 1242Son of Iltutmish
7 Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah unknown10 June 1246May 124210 June 1246Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
8 Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (Mahmud I)1229 or 123018 February 126610 June 124618 February 1266Grandson of Iltutmish
9 Ghiyas ud din Balban 12161287February 12661287Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
10 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 12691 February 129012871 February 1290Grandson of Balban
11 Shamsuddin Kayumars 1285/128713 June 12901 February 129013 June 1290Son of Qaiqabad

Khalji dynasty (1290 – 1320)

Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty Map of the Khalji Sultanate.png
Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty
S/NNameBirth dateDeath dateBeginning of reignEnd of reignNotes
12 Jalal-ud-din Khalji (Firuz II)122019 July 129613 June 129019 July 1296
Ruknuddin Ibrahimunknownafter 1296July 1296November 1296Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
13 Alauddin Khalji c. 12664 January 1316November 12964 January 1316Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
14 Shihabuddin Omar 1310 or 1311April 13165 January 1316April 1316Son of Alauddin Khalji
15 Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 12999 July 132014 April 13161 May 1320Son of Alauddin Khalji

Outside of the dynasties (1320)

S/NNameBirth dateDeath dateBeginning of reignEnd of reignNotes
16 Khusrau Khan unknown132010 July 13205 September 1320He ruled for a short time, not founding a dynasty.

Tughluq dynasty (1320 – 1414)

Delhi Sultanate under Tughluq dynasty Map of the Tughlaqs.png
Delhi Sultanate under Tughluq dynasty
S/NNameBirth dateDeath dateBeginning of reignEnd of reignNotes
17 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (Tughluq I)unknown1 February 13258 September 13201 February 1325
18 Muhammad bin Tughluq (Muhammad II)c. 129020 March 13511 February 132520 March 1351Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
19 Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Firuz III)130920 September 138823 March 135120 September 1388Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
20 Tughluq Khan (Tughluq II)unknown14 March 138920 September 138814 March 1389Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
21 Abu Bakr Shah unknownafter 139015 March 1389August 1390Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
22 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (Muhammad III)unknown20 January 139431 August 139020 January 1394Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
23 Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah unknown8 March 139422 January 13948 March 1394Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
24 Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq unknownFebruary 1413March 1394February 1413Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq unknown1398 or 1399January 13951398 or 1399Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.

Sayyid dynasty (1414 – 1451)

Delhi Sultanate under Sayyid dynasty Map of the Sayyid Dynasty.png
Delhi Sultanate under Sayyid dynasty
S/NNameBirth dateDeath dateBeginning of reignEnd of reignNotes
25 Khizr Khan 136120 May 142128 May 141420 May 1421
26 Mubarak Shah 137819 February 143421 May 142119 February 1434Son of Khizr Khan
27 Muhammad Shah (Muhammad IV)1379January 1445February 1434January 1445Grandson of Khizr Khan
28 Alam Shah unknownJuly 1478January 144519 April 1451Son of Muhammad Shah

Lodi dynasty (1451 – 1526)

Delhi Sultanate under Lodi dynasty Map of the Lodis.png
Delhi Sultanate under Lodi dynasty
S/NNameBirth dateDeath dateBeginning of reignEnd of reignNotes
29 Bahlul Lodi 142012 July 148919 April 145112 July 1489
30 Sikandar Lodi (Sikandar II)17 July 145821 November 151717 July 148921 November 1517Son of Bahlul Lodi
31 Ibrahim Lodi 148021 April 1526November 151721 April 1526Son of Sikandar Lodi

Chiefs of Pothohar

House of Khokhars

Khokhar dominion in 1431 after the capture of Delhi Khokhar Empire under Jasrath Khokhar..jpg
Khokhar dominion in 1431 after the capture of Delhi
RulerReignNote
Nusrat Khokhar ?? ‐ 1394died fighting the Timurid forces
Shaikha Khokhar 1394 - 1420
Jasrat Khokhar 1420 - 1442Had capital at Sialkot [12]

House of Gakhars

RulerReignNote
Kaigohar GakharunknownBuilt Pharwala Fort
Jhanda Khan Ghakkarunknown - c.1493Established city of Rawalpindi [13]
Polakh Khan GakharunknownFather of Hathi Khan Gakhar
Tatar Khan Ghakkarunknown - 1519Made alliance with Babur
Hathi Khan Gakkar1519 - 1526
Sarang Khan Gakhar 1526 - 1545Died fighting against Sher Shah Suri at Rawat [14]
Adam Khan Gakhar1546 - 1555Under Mughal Empire
Kamal Khan Gakhar1555 - 1566
Mubarak Khan GakharUnknown
Said Khan Gakhar1563 - 1597founded Saidpur village [15]
Nazar Khan GakharUnknownCommander of 500
Miran Shah Ghazi GakharUnknownFounder of Mirpur [16]
Allah Quli Khan Gakhar1681 - 1705
Muqarrab Khan Gakhar 1705 - 1767Last effective ruler of Pothohar [17]

Langah Sultanate (1445 – 1540)

Langah Sultanate at its peak in 1475 Map of the Langah Sultanate circa 1475 CE.png
Langah Sultanate at its peak in 1475
Titular Name(s)Personal NameReign
Sultan Qutbu'd-Din
سلطان قطب الدین
Rai Sahra Langah
رائے ساحرہ لنگہ
1445–1469
Sultan Husseyn I
سلطان حسین اول
Husseyn Shah Langah
حسین لنگہ
1469–1498
Sultan Mahmud I
سلطان محمود اول
Budha Khan Langah
بدھا خان لنگہ
1498–1518
Sultan Husseyn II
سلطان حسین دوم
Husseyn Langah
حسین لنگہ
1518–1526
Sultan Mahmud II
سلطان محمود دوم
Mahmud Khan Langah
محمود خان لنگہ
1426–1540

Mughal Empire (1526 – 1799)

Mughal Empire at its greatest extent Mughal Empire, 1707.png
Mughal Empire at its greatest extent
PortraitTitular NameBirth NameBirthReignDeath
1 Idealized portrait of Babur (1483-1530) in Persian style, painted circa 1605-1615 in India (British Museum 1921,1011,0.3).jpg Babur
بابر
Zahir Ud-Din Muhammad Ghazi
ظہیر الدین محمد
14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530

(4 years 8 months 9 days)

26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
2 Darbar of Humayun, detail, Humayun. Akbarnama, 1602-4, British Library.png Humayun
ہمایوں
Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan
ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان
6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan 22 February 1555  – 27 January 1556

(10 years 3 months 25 days)

27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
3 Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg Akbar
اکبر
Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad
ابوالفتح جلال الدین محمد
15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605

(49 years 9 months 0 days)

27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
4 Jahangircrop.jpeg Jahangir
جہانگیر
Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim
نورالدین بیگ محمد خان سلیم
31 August 1569 Agra, India 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627

(21 years 11 months 23 days)

28 October 1627 (aged 58) Jammu and Kashmir, India
5 Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg Shah Jahan
شاہ جہان
Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram
شہاب الدین محمد خرم
5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658

(30 years 8 months 25 days)

22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
6 The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg Aurangzeb
اورنگزیب

Alamgir
عالمگیر

Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad
محی الدین محمد
3 November 1618 Gujarat, India 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707

(48 years 7 months 0 days)

3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
7 Azam shah (cropped).jpg Azam Shah
اعظم شاہ
Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad
قطب الدين محمد
28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India 14 March 1707 – 20 June 170720 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
8 Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg Bahadur Shah
بہادر شاہ

Shah Alam
شاہ عالم

Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam
ابوالنصر سید قطب الدین مرزا محمد معظم
14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712

(4 years, 253 days)

27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
9 Jahandar Shah of India.jpg Jahandar Shah
جہاندار شاہ
Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur
معیز الدین بیگ محمد خان بہادر
9 May 1661 Deccan, India27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713

(0 years, 350 days)

12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
10 Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg Farrukhsiyar
فرخ سیر
Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar
ابوالمظفر معین الدین محمد شاہ فرخ سیار علیم اکبر ثانی والا شان پادشاہ البحر البر
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719

(6 years, 48 days)

19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
11 Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg Rafi ud-Darajat
رفیع الدرجات
Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar
ابوالبرکات شمس الدین محمد رفیع الدراجات پادشاہ غازی شہنشاہ البحر البر
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
1 December 169928 February 1719 – 6 June 1719

(0 years, 98 days)

6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
12 Shah Jahan II of India.jpg Shah Jahan II
شاہ جہان دوم
Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah
رفیع الدین محمد رفیع الدولہ
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
5 January 16966 June 1719 – 17 September 1719

(0 years, 105 days)

18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
13 Muhammad Shah of India.jpg Muhammad Shah
محمد شاہ
Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi
ناصر الدین محمد شاہ روشن اختر بہادر غازی
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha
7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748

(28 years, 212 days)

26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
14 Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg Ahmad Shah Bahadur
احمد شاہ بہادر
Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi
ابو ناصر مجاہد الدین محمد احمد شاہ بہادر غازی
23 December 1725 Delhi, India29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754

(6 years, 37 days)

1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
15 Alamgir II of India.jpg Alamgir II
عالمگیر دوم
Aziz Ud-Din Muhammad
عزیز اُلدین محمد
6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India 3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759

(5 years, 180 days)

29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16 Shah Jahan III of India.jpg Shah Jahan III
شاہ جہان سوم
Muhi Ul-Millat
محی اُلملت
171110 December 1759 – 10 October 1760

(282 days)

1772 (aged 60–61)
17 Ali Gauhar of India.jpg Shah Alam II
شاہ عالم دوم
Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar
عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم
25 June 1728 Delhi, India10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788

(27 years, 301 days)

19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
18 Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg Shah Jahan IV
جہان شاه چہارم
Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah
 بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ 
1749 Delhi, India31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788

(63 days)

1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
19 Ali Gauhar of India.jpg Shah Alam II
شاہ عالم دوم
Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar
عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم
Puppet King under the Maratha Empire
25 June 1728 Delhi, India16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806

(18 years, 339 days)

19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
20 Akbar Shah II of India.jpg Akbar Shah II
اکبر شاہ دوم
Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi
سلطان ابن سلطان صاحب المفاضی ولی نعمت حقی خداوند مجازی ابو ناصر معین الدین محمد اکبر شاہ پاد شاہ غازی
Puppet King under the East India Company
22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837

(30 years, 321 days)

28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India

Sur Empire (1540 – 1556)

Sur Empire at its height under Sher Shah Suri The Sur Empire at its height.png
Sur Empire at its height under Sher Shah Suri
S. n.PictureNameBirth dateDeath dateReignNotes
1st Shershah.jpg Sher Shah Suri 1472 or 148622 May 15456 April 1538/17 May 1540 [18] [19] — 22 May 1545 [19]
2nd Islam Shah Suri.jpg Islam Shah Suri 150722 November 155426 May 1545 [20] — 22 November 1554 [20] Son of Sher Shah Suri.
3rd Firuz Shah Suri 4 May 154215541554 [21] Son of Islam Shah Suri.
4th Muhammad Adil Shah unknown15571554 [21] — 1555 [22] Son-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
5th Ibrahim Shah Suri unknown1567/15681555 [22] Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
6th Sikandar Shah Suri unknown15591555 [22] — 22 June 1555 [22] Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
7th Adil Shah Suri unknownApril 155722 June 1555 [22] — 1556 [22] Brother of Sikandar Shah Suri.

Sial State (1723 – 1818)

Sardars of Dera Ghazi Khan (1738 – 1779)

Misls

Bhangi Misl (1716 – 1802)

Singhpuria Misl (1733 – 1816)

Ramgarhia Misl (1748 – 1808)

Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReignRef.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
(1723 – 20 April 1803)
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia as a youth, historical miniature portrait.jpg 1748 – 1803 [23] [24]
Jodh Singh Ramgarhia
(died August 1815)
Depiction of Jodh Singh Ramgarhia from a late 18th century painting.jpg 1803 – 1808 [25] [24]

Singh Krora Misl (1748 – 1808)

No.Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReignRef.
1Sham Singh
(died 1739)
Fresco of Kartorh Singh (left) and Sham Singh (right) from Gurdwara Baba Atal.jpg ? – 1739 [25]
2Karam Singh?? [25]
3Karora Singh
(died 1761)
?? – 1761 [25]
4 Baghel Singh
(died 1802)
Detail of Sardar Baghel Singh Karorasinghia from a Janamsakhi painting of Guru Nanak and Bhai Mardana laying with their feet towards the Kaaba in Mecca, Punjab Hills, manuscript dated to 1793.jpg 1761 – 1802 [25]
5 (disputed)Jodh Singh
(born 1751)
Sukhu Singh?1802 – ? [25]
6Rattan Kaur
(died 1848)
?? – 1848 [23]

Dallewalia Misl (1748 – 1807)

Nakai Misl (1748 – 1810)

Chattha State (1750 – 1797)

Nawabs of Mankera (1772 – 1839)

Nawab of Punjab

Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReign
Adina Beg Khan
(1710 – 15 September 1758)
Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257) (cropped).jpg 10 April 1758 – 15 September 1758

Princely states

Chamba State (550 – 1948)

State of Chamba next to the State of Kangra, c. 1911 Chamba Kangra Bilaspur Mandi Kulu 1911.jpeg
State of Chamba next to the State of Kangra, c. 1911

State of Bahawalpur (1748 – 1955)

State of Bahawalpur alongside other Princely states and British Indian provinces and presidencies Bahawalpur map.png
State of Bahawalpur alongside other Princely states and British Indian provinces and presidencies
Nawab Amir of BahawalpurTenure
Bahawal Khan Abbasi I1748 – 1750
Mubarak Khan Abbasi II1750 – 1772
Bahawal Khan Abbasi II1772 – 1809
Sadeq Khan Abbasi II1809 – 1827
Bahawal Khan Abbasi III1827 – 1852
Sadeq Khan Abbasi III1852 – 1853
Fath Mohammad Khan Abbasi1853 – 1858
Rahim Yaar Khan Abbasi1858 – 1866
Sadeq Khan Abbasi IV 1866 – 1899
Bahawal Khan Abbasi V 1899 – 1907
Sadeq Khan Abbasi V 1907 – 1955

Patiala State (1761 – 1947)

No.Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReignEnthronementRef.
Sardars
1 Ala Singh
(1691 or 1695 – 1765)
Detail of a mural of Ala Singh of Patiala State from the Sheesh Mahal of the Qila Mubarak.jpg 1709 – 1765? [28] :188–215 [29]
Maharajas
2Amar Singh
(7 June 1748 – February 1781)
Miniature painting of Raja Amar Singh of Patiala, ca.1830.jpg 1765 – 1781? [23] [29]
3Sahib Singh
(18 August 1773 – 26 March 1813)
Detail of an equestrian portrait of Raja Sahib Singh of Patiala State.jpg 1781 – 1813? [23] [29]
4Karam Singh
(12 October 1797 – 23 December 1845)
Painting of Maharaja Karam Singh in the Audience Hall of Qila Mubarak, Patiala.png 1813 – 184530 June 1813 [23] [29]
5 Narinder Singh
(26 October 1824 – 13 November 1862)
Photograph of Maharaja Narinder Singh (alt. spelt as 'Narendra Singh') of Patiala State with attendants, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860.jpg 1845 – 186218 January 1846 [23]
6 Mahendra Singh
(16 September 1852 – 13 or 14 April 1876)
Mahendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala in the 1870s.jpg 1862 – 187629 January 1863 [23]
7 Rajinder Singh
(25 May 1872 – 8 November 1900)
Portrait of Sir Rajinder Singh Maharaja of Patiala.jpg 1876 – 19006 January 1877 [23]
8 Bhupinder Singh
(12 October 1891 – 1938)
BHUPINDER-SINGH, MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18432128650).jpg 1900 – 1938? [23]
9 Yadavindra Singh
(7 January 1913 – 17 June 1974)
MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18615125252).jpg 1938 – 1974? [23]

Jind State (1763 – 1948)

No.Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReignEnthronementRef.
Sardars
1Sukhchain Singh
(1683 – 1758)
?? – 1758? [28]
Rajas
2Gajpat Singh
(15 April 1738 – 11 November 1789)
Miniature painting of Raja Gajpat Singh, founder of Jind State.jpg 1758 – 1789? [30] [23]
3Bhag Singh
(23 September 1760 – 16 June 1819)
Miniature portrait painting of Raja Bagh Singh of Jind State.jpg 1789 – 1819November 1789 [30] [23]
4Fateh Singh
(6 May 1789 – 3 February 1822)
Miniature portrait painting of Raja Fateh Singh of Jind State.jpg 1819 – 1822? [30] [23]
5Sangat Singh
(16 July 1810 – 4/5 November 1834)
Raja Sangat Singh.jpg 1822 – 183430 July 1822 [30] [23]
6 Swarup Singh
(30 May 1812 – 26 January 1864)
Miniature painting of Raja Swarup Singh of Jind State, seated on a terrace in a European-style chair, ca.1850-60.jpg 1834 – 1864April 1837 [30] [23]
7 Raghubir Singh
(1832 – 7 March 1887)
Maharaja Raghbir Singh of Jind photographed 1875.jpg 1864 – 188731 March 1864 [30] [23]
8 Ranbir Singh
(11 October 1879 – 1 April 1948)
Portrait photograph of Raja Ranbir Singh of Jind State, ca.1903.jpg 1887 – 194827 February 1888 [30] [23] [31]

Nabha State (1763 – 1947)

No.Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReignEnthronementRef.
Sardars
1Hamir Singh
(died 1783)
Painting of a nimbate Sardar Hamir Singh of Nabha holding a flower and leaning on a bolster.jpg 1754 – 1783? [23]
Rajas
2Jaswant Singh
(1775 – 22 May 1840)
Miniature painting of Raja Jaswant Singh of Nabha seated and leaning against a bolster, inscribed in Perso-Arabic script.jpg 1783 – 1840? [23]
3Devinder Singh
(5 September 1822 – 14/15 November 1865)
Miniature painting of Raja Devinder Singh of Nabha seated on a chair.jpg 1840 – 184615 October 1840 [23]
4Bharpur Singh
(5 October 1840 – 9 November 1863)
Equestrian painting of a nimbate Raja Bharpur Singh of Nabha, containing Persian inscriptions on border.jpg 1846 – 1863? [23]
5Bhagwan Singh
(30 November 1842 – 31 May 1871)
Maharaja Bhagwan Singh of Nabha (reg. 1863-71) standing in an interior.webp 1863 – 187117 February 1864 [23]
Maharajas
6 Hira Singh
(19 December 1843 – 24 December 1911)
A ruler of Punjab, probably Hira Singh, the maharajah of Nabha, India, Punjab state, former kingdom of Nabha, ca.1850-1900.jpg 1871 – 191110 August 1871 [23]
7 Ripudaman Singh
(4 March 1883 – 14 December 1942)
Photograph of Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha State, Bourne & Shepherd, 1903.jpg 1911 – 192324 January 1912 [23]
8 Partap Singh
(21 September 1919 – 22 July 1995)
Photograph of Maharaja Partap Singh of Nabha seated on a chair.jpg 1923 – 1948 [23]

Kapurthala State (1772 – 1947)

No.Name

(Birth–Death)

PortraitReignRef.
Sardars
1 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(1718–1783)
Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on horseback in-front of his haveli with a fly-whisk attendant, circa late 18th century.jpg 1777 – 20 October 1783 [32] [23]
2Bagh Singh Ahluwalia
(1747–1801)
Bhag Singh Ahluwalia.jpg 20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801[ citation needed ]
Rajas
3 Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
(1784–1837)
Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia of Kapurthala.jpg 10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837 [33] [34] [35]
4Nihal Singh
(1817–1852)
Sin foto.svg 20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852
5 Randhir Singh
(1831–1870)
The jirkuz of the Raja of Kapurthala.jpg 13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861 [23]
Raja-i Rajgan
Randhir Singh
(1831–1870)
The jirkuz of the Raja of Kapurthala.jpg 12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870 [23]
6Kharak Singh
(1850–1877)
Photograph of Kharak Singh of Kapurthala State.jpg 2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877
7 Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949)
Jagatjit Singh by Panjab Digital Library.jpg 3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911 [23]
Maharajas
Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949)
Jagatjit Singh by Panjab Digital Library.jpg 12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947 [23]
Titular
Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949)
Jagatjit Singh by Panjab Digital Library.jpg 15 August 1947 – 19 June 1949 [23]
8Paramjit Singh
9 Sukhjit Singh Brig. Sukhjit Singh.jpg

Sikh Empire (1799 – 1849)

Sikh Empire at its greatest extent under Maharaja Ranjit Singh Sikh Empire 1799-1849.svg
Sikh Empire at its greatest extent under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
S. No.NamePortraitBirth and deathReignNote
1 Maharaja Ranjit Singh Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lion of the Punjab.jpg 13 November 1780 (Gujranwala)27 June 1839 (Lahore)12 April 180127 June 183938 years, 76 daysThe first Sikh rulerStroke
2 Maharaja Kharak Singh Painting of Yuvraj Kharak Singh, Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, seated on a chair.jpg 22 February 1801 (Lahore)5 November 1840 (Lahore)27 June 18398 October 1839103 daysSon of Ranjit SinghPoisoning
3 Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh Painting of Nau Nihal Singh seated on a blue oval rug against a bolster with a yellow shawl reaching up to the back of his head, ca.1840.jpg 11 February 1820 (Lahore)6 November 1840 (Lahore)8 October 18396 November 18401 year, 29 daysSon of Kharak SinghAssassinated
4 Maharani Chand Kaur
Maharani Chand Kaur.jpg 1802 (Fatehgarh Churian)11 June 1842 (Lahore)6 November 184018 January 184173 daysWife of Kharak Singh and the only female ruler of Sikh EmpireAbdicated
5 Maharaja Sher Singh Sher Singh, emperor of the Sikhs.jpg 4 December 1807 (Batala)15 September 1843 (Lahore)18 January 184115 September 18432 years, 240 daysSon of Ranjit SinghAssassinated
6 Maharaja Duleep Singh Maharajah Duleep Singh dressed for a State function, c. 1875.jpg 6 September 1838 (Lahore)22 October 1893 (Paris)15 September 184329 March 18495 years, 195 daysSon of Ranjit SinghExiled
7 Maharani Jind Kaur
(regent; nominal)
Maharani Jind Kaur.jpg 1817 (Gujranwala)1 August 1863 (Kensington)15 September 184329 March 18495 years, 195 daysWife of Ranjit SinghExiled

See also

References

  1. Gilley & Worthington 2010, p. 198.
  2. O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p. 453
  3. Hartel, Herbert (2007). On The Cusp Of An Era Art In The Pre Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL. p.  324.
  4. 1 2 3 The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69
  5. Cribb & Donovan 2014, p. 4.
  6. Tod, James (1829). Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India. Madras: Higginbotham and Co. 1873. ISBN   9788120603509.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  7. Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
  8. Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
  9. Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
  10. Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
  11. Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
  12. Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1985). A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. Ajaya Prakashan.
  13. Ahmad, Asghar (1986). Pakistan tourism directory, '86: everything about tourism. Holiday Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  14. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson, Volume IV, p. 493
  15. "Saidpur has history, heritage of three eras". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809001906/http://www.kdfajk.org/Azad%20Kashmir%20and%20independencepolitics.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2024-04-07.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. Ali, Ammad (3 May 2020). "A forgotten tale: Bagh Jogian speaks of neglect, disinterest, threats from urbanisation | Footloose | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  18. Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN   984-32-0576-6. OCLC   52727562. OL   30677644M . Retrieved 26 August 2025.
  19. 1 2 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN   81-7276-407-1 {{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link), p.83
  20. 1 2 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN   81-7276-407-1 {{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link), pp.90–93
  21. 1 2 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN   81-7276-407-1 {{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link), p.94
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN   81-7276-407-1 {{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link), pp.94–96
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 "KAPURTHALA". Royal Family of India. 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
  24. 1 2 Singh, Harbans. The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. 3: M-R. Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 107–8.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Singh, Bhagat (1993). "Chapter 13 - The Karorsinghia Misal". A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Patiala Punjabi University. pp. 175–185.
  26. "History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion". 1914.
  27. "Indian states before 1947 A-J" . Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  28. 1 2 Singh, Bhagat (1993). "Chapter 14 - The Phulkian Misl". A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.
  29. 1 2 3 4 ANNE-COLOMBE “SAT KAUR” LAUNOIS. “Essence Du Pouvoir de Pattâlâ: Les Estrades Royales Du Qila Mubârak.” Arts Asiatiques, vol. 62, 2007, pp. 46–62. JSTOR, JSTOR   43486550. Accessed 15 Feb. 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kumar, Vijender (2018-12-29). "Jind royal family scion passes away". The Times of India. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 2023-02-07. The first king of the estate was Raja Gajpat Singh who died in 1789. After that Raja Bhag Singh took charge as king in 1789 and died in 1819. Next, Raja Fateh Singh ruled from till February 3, 1822, followed by Raja Sangat Singh from July 30, 1822, to November 1834. He was followed by Raja Sarup Singh till January 1864, Raja Raghubir Singh till 1887, Maharaja Ranbir Singh till 1948 and Rajbir Singh in 1948," Bhardwaj added.
  31. Malik, Satyawan (25 January 2020). "Jind monuments a picture of neglect". The Tribune. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  32. "Kapurthala". Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  33. "History | Kapurthala Web Portal | India". Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  34. A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej. Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941
  35. Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford : Clarendon press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

Sources

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