Mast cell stabilizer

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Cromolyn Cromolyn.svg
Cromolyn
Nedocromil Nedocromil.svg
Nedocromil

Mast cell stabilizers are medications used to prevent or treat certain allergic disorders. They block mast cell degranulation, stabilizing the cell and thereby preventing the release of histamine and related mediators. One suspected pharmacodynamic mechanism is the blocking of IgE-regulated calcium channels. Without intracellular calcium, the histamine vesicles cannot fuse to the cell membrane and degranulate. [1]

Contents

As inhalers they are used to treat asthma, as nasal sprays to treat hay fever (allergic rhinitis) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. [2] Finally, in oral form, they are used to treat the rare condition of mastocytosis. [3] [4]

Examples

Mast cell stabilizer medications include:

Research

The following substances are studied on their potential mast cell stabilizing effects, but the current results are inconclusive:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjunctivitis</span> Inflammation of the eye

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye or Madras eye, is inflammation of the conjunctiva and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning. Swelling of the sclera may also occur. Itching is more common in cases due to allergies. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastocytosis</span> Medical condition

Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells and CD34+ mast cell precursors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mast cell</span> Cell found in connective tissue

A mast cell is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems. Mast cells were discovered by Friedrich von Recklinghausen and later rediscovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1877. Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and vascular permeability in brain tumors.

H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions. Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allergic rhinitis</span> Nasal inflammation due to allergens in the air

Allergic rhinitis, of which the seasonal type is called hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose that occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. It is classified as a type I hypersensitivity reaction. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptom onset is often within minutes following allergen exposure, and can affect sleep and the ability to work or study. Some people may develop symptoms only during specific times of the year, often as a result of pollen exposure. Many people with allergic rhinitis also have asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, or atopic dermatitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cromoglicic acid</span> Chemical compound

Cromoglicic acid (INN)—also referred to as cromolyn (USAN), cromoglycate, or cromoglicate—is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate or cromolyn sodium. This drug prevents the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine from mast cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allergic conjunctivitis</span> Medical condition

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is inflammation of the conjunctiva due to allergy. Although allergens differ among patients, the most common cause is hay fever. Symptoms consist of redness, edema (swelling) of the conjunctiva, itching, and increased lacrimation. If this is combined with rhinitis, the condition is termed allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olopatadine</span> Chemical compound

Olopatadine, sold under the brand name Patanol among others, is an antihistamine medication used to decrease the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. It is used as eye drops or as a nasal spray. The eye drops generally result in an improvement within half an hour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dermatographic urticaria</span> Skin disorder

Dermatographic urticaria is a skin disorder and one of the most common types of urticaria, affecting 2–5% of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ketotifen</span> Antihistamine medication

Ketotifen is an antihistamine medication and a mast cell stabilizer used to treat allergic conditions such as conjunctivitis, asthma, and urticaria (hives). Ketotifen is available in ophthalmic and oral forms: the ophthalmic form relieves eye itchiness and irritation associated with seasonal allergies, while the oral form helps prevent systemic conditions such as asthma attacks and allergic reactions. In addition to treating allergies, ketotifen has shown efficacy in managing systemic mast cell diseases such as mastocytosis and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), which involve abnormal accumulation or activation of mast cells throughout the body. Ketotifen is also used for other allergic-type conditions like atopic dermatitis (eczema) and food allergies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nedocromil</span> Chemical compound

Nedocromil sodium is a medication considered as mast cell stabilizer which acts to prevent wheezing, shortness of breath, and other breathing problems caused by asthma. It is administered by an inhaler under the brand name Tilade, and as an eye drop under the brand name Alocril. The effects of nedocromil versus asthma are gradual rather than fast-acting and it is not indicated for acute respiratory distress compared to fast acting bronchodilators like albuterol or other well-known inhaler medications. Liquid preparations of nedocromil are available in the UK under the name Rapitil for use for allergic eye reactions. Nedocromil sodium has been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azelastine</span> Chemical compound

Azelastine, sold under the brand name Astelin among others, is a H1 receptor-blocking medication primarily used as a nasal spray to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. Other uses may include asthma and skin rashes for which it is taken by mouth. Onset of effects is within minutes when used in the eyes and within an hour when used in the nose. Effects last for up to 12 hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromone</span> Chemical compound

Chromone is a derivative of benzopyran with a substituted keto group on the pyran ring. It is an isomer of coumarin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antihistamine</span> Drug that blocks histamine or histamine agonists

Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, influenza, and other allergies. Typically, people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic drug that can be bought without a prescription and provides relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives caused by pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy with few side effects. Antihistamines are usually for short-term treatment. Chronic allergies increase the risk of health problems which antihistamines might not treat, including asthma, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Consultation of a medical professional is recommended for those who intend to take antihistamines for longer-term use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antazoline</span> Chemical compound

Antazoline is a 1st generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to relieve nasal congestion and in eye drops, usually in combination with naphazoline, to relieve the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. To treat allergic conjunctivitis, antazoline can be combined in a solution with tetryzoline. The drug is a Histamine H1 receptor antagonist: selectively binding to but not activating the receptor, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine and subsequently leading to the temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pemirolast</span> Chemical compound

Pemirolast (INN) is a mast cell stabilizer used as an anti-allergic drug therapy. It is marketed under the tradenames Alegysal and Alamast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lodoxamide</span> Chemical compound

Lodoxamide is an antiallergic pharmaceutical drug. It is marketed under the tradename Alomide in the UK. Like cromoglicic acid it acts as a mast cell stabilizer. In 2014 lodoxamide and bufrolin were found to be potent agonists at the G protein-coupled receptor 35, an orphan receptor believed to play a role in inflammatory processes, pain and the development of stomach cancer.

Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a term referring to one of two types of mast cell activation disorder (MCAD); the other type is idiopathic MCAD. MCAS is an immunological condition in which mast cells, a type of white blood cell, inappropriately and excessively release chemical mediators, such as histamine, resulting in a range of chronic symptoms, sometimes including anaphylaxis or near-anaphylaxis attacks. Primary symptoms include cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and respiratory problems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proxicromil</span> Chemical compound

Proxicromil is a detergent-like, lipophilic oral medication developed in the late 1970s that was not admitted on the market because of its possible carcinogenic effects. It suppresses allergic reactions by binding to FcεRI receptor in mast cells, thereby inhibiting production of histamines. It is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, and has been proven hepatotoxic for dogs as a result of its accumulation in biliary canaliculi.

Anti-allergic agents are medications used to treat allergic reactions. Anti-allergic agents have existed since 3000 B.C in countries such as China and Egypt. It was not until 1933 when antihistamines, the first type of anti-allergic agents, were developed. Common allergic diseases include allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis with varying symptoms, including runny nose, watery eyes, itchiness, coughing, and shortness of breath. More than one-third of the world's population is currently being affected by one or more allergic conditions.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Finn DF, Walsh JJ (September 2013). "Twenty-first century mast cell stabilizers". Br J Pharmacol. 170 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1111/bph.12138. PMC   3764846 . PMID   23441583.
  2. Castillo M, Scott NW, Mustafa MZ, Mustafa MS, Azuara-Blanco A (2015). "Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 (6): CD009566. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009566.pub2. hdl: 2164/6048 . PMC   10616535 . PMID   26028608.
  3. Castells M, Butterfield J (April 2019). "Mast Cell Activation Syndrome and Mastocytosis: Initial Treatment Options and Long-Term Management". J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 7 (4): 1097–1106. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.02.002. PMID   30961835.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Chadwick SJ (15 May 2009). "Principles of Allergy Management". Managing the Allergic Patient. pp. 19–72. doi:10.1016/B978-141603677-7.50006-6. ISBN   978-1-4160-3677-7. Sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn sodium) has now been available in an intranasal format OTC for almost 10 years[...] Nedocromil is much more potent [...] Other ophthalmic mast cell stabilizers include cromolyn sodium, ketotifen, and pemirolast, and topical antihistamines such as olopatadine also demonstrate mast-cell stabilizing effects. Cromolyn sodium is also used as an oral preparation for the treatment of mastocytosis and has been used off-label in the management of food allergy
  5. "Mast cell stabilizers". drugs.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  6. 1 2 Zhang L, Song J, Hou X (April 2016). "Mast Cells and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: From the Bench to the Bedside". J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 22 (2): 181–92. doi:10.5056/jnm15137. PMC   4819856 . PMID   26755686.
  7. Nwaru BI, Dhami S, Sheikh A (2017). "Idiopathic Anaphylaxis". Curr Treat Options Allergy. 4 (3): 312–319. doi:10.1007/s40521-017-0136-2. PMC   5569651 . PMID   28890861.
  8. El-Alali EA, Abukhiran IM, Alhmoud TZ (July 2021). "Successful use of montelukast in eosinophilic gastroenteritis: a case report and a literature review". BMC Gastroenterol. 21 (1): 279. doi: 10.1186/s12876-021-01854-x . PMC   8265096 . PMID   34238222.
  9. 1 2 Feuille EJ, Phipatanakul W, Permaul P (2022). "Conventional medications for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis". Allergic and Immunologic Diseases. pp. 1077–1109. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-95061-9.00038-2. ISBN   978-0-323-95061-9. Evidence is insufficient to compare the efficacy of available ocular mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn, lodoxamide, nedocromil)
  10. Lui ZQ, Lii XX, Qui ZQ, Yu Y, Li MG (2017). "Vitamin D contributes to mast cell stabilization". Allergy . 72 (8): 1184–1192. doi:10.1111/all.13110. PMID   27998003. S2CID   4643742.
  11. Weng Z, Zhang B, Asadi S, Sismanopoulos N, Butcher A, Fu X, et al. (28 March 2012). "Quercetin Is More Effective than Cromolyn in Blocking Human Mast Cell Cytokine Release and Inhibits Contact Dermatitis and Photosensitivity in Humans". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33805. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733805W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033805 . PMC   3314669 . PMID   22470478.