One-platoon system

Last updated March 23, 2024

The one-platoon system, also known as "iron man football", is a rule-driven substitution pattern in American football whereby players played continuously on both offense and defense. Players removed for a substitute were lost to their teams for the duration of the half (until 1932) or quarter (until 1941).

Due to budgetary pressures associated with expanded scholarship and travel costs, member schools of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) returned to the one-platoon system for 1953, gradually liberalizing substitution rules until a full return to two-platoon football was made in 1964.

One-platoon football is seen currently mostly on lower-end and smaller teams at the high school and semi-pro levels, where player shortages and talent disparities require it. Current teams with sufficient numbers of talented players no longer use the one-platoon system.

History

The platoon system in college football

Before 1941, virtually all football players saw action on "both sides of the ball," alternating in both offensive and defensive roles. Prior to 1932, a player removed during the first half could not return to the field until the second half, while a player removed in the second half was lost for the game.^[1]

From 1932 until 1940 another substitution rule was used, which stated, "A player may be substituted for another at any time, but a player withdrawn from the game may not return in the same period or intermission in which he was withdrawn."^[2] This is to say that, once removed for a substitute, a player was lost to his team for the duration of the quarter. Illegal return of a player to the field was regarded as a severe infraction of the rules, with the returning player ejected from the game and his team assessed a massive 25-yard penalty.^[2]

Substitutions under this "one-platoon system" were thus made individually and strategically based upon time on the clock, field position, and player exhaustion.

A major change in the governing rules of the sport was made ahead of the 1941 college football season. Instead of removed players being lost for the quarter, a new unlimited substitution rule was implemented, providing simply, "A player may be substituted for another at any time, but such player may not be withdrawn from, nor the outgoing player returned to, the game until one play has intervened."^[3]

Although this rule change had the practical effect of allowing alternating mass substitutions of entire squads for offense and defense, this substitution strategy was not immediately apparent. The first known use of the "two-platoon" system was by Michigan head coach Fritz Crisler in 1945 against an Army team under head coach "Colonel" Earl "Red" Blaik. Although Michigan lost the game, 28–7, Crisler's use of eight players who played only on offense, eight who played only on defense, and three that played both ways, impressed Blaik enough for him to adopt it for his own team.^[4] Blaik, a former soldier himself, coined the "platoon" terminology in reference to the type of military unit.^[4]

Between 1946 and 1950, Blaik's two-platoon teams twice finished the season ranked second in the Associated Press polls and never finished lower than 11th.^[4] Success inspired emulation across the country. Team size increased to provide for the increased demand for starting manpower, as did the costs of scholarships and travel — putting financial strain on smaller institutions as they attempted to keep up with their larger competitors.

Unlimited substitution in pro football

With respect to the National Football League changes in substitution rules were initially driven by the realities of World War II. Wartime needs for military manpower stressed rosters as players joined military units. Free substitution — apparently intended to be a mechanism to help lesser players last longer through rest breaks — was implemented in a rule change made April 7, 1943, "for the duration" of the war effort.^[5] This was paired with a one-year rule change made in August reducing the size of NFL rosters from 33 to just 28 players in an effort to reduce the impact of wartime travel to and from games.^[5]

The free substitution rule was renewed for another year at the April owners' meeting in 1944 and again in 1945.^[5]

In 1946, with the war at a close, roster size was expanded to the pre-war 33-man limit.^[5] At the same time, a desire to balance the one-platoon tradition with a trend towards mass substitutions existed so a new rule was adopted limiting player substitution to no more than three men at a time.^[5] The roster limit was expanded to 35 players in 1948, but the 3-at-a-time rule remained in place.^[6]

A move back to unlimited free substitution was made for another one year trial in the 1949 NFL season, but once again this was paired with a reduction rather than an increase in roster size, this time rolling back teams from 35 to 32 players.^[6] Unlimited free substitution was finally adopted on a permanent basis on January 23, 1950, with rosters gradually growing from 32 to 36 players ahead of the 1959 NFL season.^[7]

Despite the return of the NCAA to the one-platoon system in 1953, the NFL has continued its rules allowing free substitution from its 1949 season to the present day.

NCAA return to the one-platoon system

Starting with the 1953 season, the NCAA emplaced a set of new rules requiring the use of a one-platoon system, primarily for to financial reasons.^[8] One source indicated that only one player was allowed to be substituted between plays;^[9] however, according to the NCAA, the actual rule allowed a player to enter the game only once in each quarter.^[10] More precisely, a player leaving the game in the first or third quarter could not return until the beginning of the next quarter, and a player leaving the game in the second or fourth quarter could not return until the final four minutes of that quarter.^[11] Tennessee head coach "General" Robert Neyland praised the change as the end of "chickenshit football".^[12]

NCAA substitution rules were gradually liberalized over the next 11 seasons.

Elimination of the one-platoon system

For the 1964 season,^[10] the NCAA repealed the rules enforcing its use and allowed an unlimited number of player substitutions.^[10]^[13] This allowed, starting with the 1964 season,^[14] teams to form separate offensive and defensive units as well as "special teams" which would be employed in kicking situations. By the early 1970s, however, some university administrators, coaches and others were calling for a return to the days of one-platoon football.^[15]

Arena football

The sport of arena football used a limited one-platoon system (from which quarterbacks, kickers and one "specialist" were exempt) from its inception until 2007.

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References

↑ George C. Nilan, "It Can Never Happen Again: The New Rules Make Drastic Changes in the Game," Illustrated Football Annual, 1932. New York: Fiction House, 1932; pg. 84.
1 2 Football Rules Committee, Official Foot Ball Rules of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1934; p. 18.
↑ Walter R. Okeson (ed.). The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide: Including the Official Rules, 1941. New York: A.S. Barnes and Co., 1941; p. 244.
1 2 3 Douglas S. Looney, One Is More Like It, Sports Illustrated , 3 September 1990.
1 2 3 4 5 Roger Treat (ed.), The Official National Football League Football Encyclopedia. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1952; p. 21.
1 2 Treat (ed.), The Official National Football League Football Encyclopedia, p. 22.
↑ Jim Heffernan (ed.), "Waivers, Cutdown Dates, Move List, and Player Limits," National Football League 1969 Record Manual, New York: National Football League, 1969; p. 109.
↑ Clarence Munn, Thumbs Down On The One Platoon, Sports Illustrated , 29 November 1954, retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ K. Adam Powell, Woody Durham, "An Era of Change (1963-1968) (Google Books cache), Border Wars: The First Fifty Years of Atlantic Coast Conference Football, Scarecrow Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8108-4839-2, ISBN 978-0-8108-4839-9.
1 2 3 "College Football Rules Changes" (PDF). 2016 NCAA Football Records: Football Bowl Subdivision Records. p. 188. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
↑ Grothe, Peter (January 20, 1953). "Punts and Pitches". The Stanford Daily. p. 3. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
↑ Douglas S. Looney, One Is More Like It, Sports Illustrated , 3 September 1990, retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ 17 Reasons Why Knute Rockne Wouldn't Recognize This Game, Athlon Sports, retrieved 20 January 2009.
↑ Robert C. Gallagher, The Express: The Ernie Davis Story, p. 63, Random House, 2008, ISBN 0-345-51086-0.
↑ One-platoon football seen as a money saver, The Free-Lance Star , November 22, 1974.