Philadelphus lewisii

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Philadelphus lewisii
Philadelphus lewisii 5.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Cornales
Family: Hydrangeaceae
Genus: Philadelphus
Species:
P. lewisii
Binomial name
Philadelphus lewisii
Distribution of Philadelphus lewisii.jpg
Distribution of Lewis' mock orange (Philadelphus lewisii)

Philadelphus lewisii, the Lewis' mock-orange, mock-orange, Gordon's mockorange, wild mockorange, [1] Indian arrowwood, or syringa, [2] is a deciduous shrub native to western North America, and is the state flower of Idaho. [2]

Contents

It was first collected for science by scientist and explorer Meriwether Lewis in 1806 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and so was named after him. [3] [4]

Description

The perennial shrub [5] is rounded and grows to 1.5–3 meters (4 ft 11 in – 9 ft 10 in) in height. It sends out long stems which are red when new and fade to gray with age, the bark shredding in small flakes. [6]

The oppositely arranged leaves vary in size across individual plants but they are usually oval, 3–5 centimeters (1+14–2 in) long, smooth or serrated along the edges, and light green in color with a rough texture. [6]

The flowers are produced in clusters at the ends of long stems, with four white petals up to 4 cm (1+12 in) long and numerous yellow stamens. At the height of flowering, the plant is covered in a mass of blossoms. The flowers have a heavy, sweet scent similar to orange blossoms with a hint of pineapple. [6]

The fruit is a small hard capsule about 1 cm long with woody, pointed wings, containing many brown seeds. [7] Drought will stunt fruit development and prevent the production of viable seeds. [8]

The plant is somewhat similar in appearance to serviceberry. [9]

Fruits Philadelphus lewisii (5192712320).jpg
Fruits

Distribution and habitat

Lewis' mock-orange occurs from northwestern California in the Sierra Nevada, north through the Pacific Northwest to southern British Columbia, and east to Idaho and Montana. [10] In the Cascades it occurs from sea level up to 7,000 feet (2,100 m), while in the Sierra Nevada it grows from 1,000–5,000 feet (300–1,520 m). [8]

Though it is tolerant of moderate shade, it prefers full sun. It is common in open coniferous forests and on forest edges, and in drier regions of the Northwest it occurs mostly in wetter and riparian areas. It is also found in chaparral and seral communities. [8]

It occurs on well-drained, moist sites, and is tolerant of rocky soil, and it is hardy from USDA zones 3 to 9. [7] [8]

Ecology

Leaves and stems. Philadelphus lewisii (5192713240).jpg
Leaves and stems.

The foliage of Lewis' mock orange is of moderate importance as winter forage for elk and deer in British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana. In Montana, a 1957 study found that it comprised 2% of mule deer diets in the winter and a trace in the summer. [8]

The seeds are eaten by quail and squirrels. [8]

It occurs in dense shrub habitats which provide good thermal and security cover for wildlife. [8]

Philadelphus lewisii is able to spread vegetatively and from seed. It forms seedbanks in the top 2 inches (5.1 cm) of soil. [8]

Fire ecology

The shrub is native to relatively arid regions of the American West which experience frequent wildfires, and is therefore quite well adapted to fire. Although mock-orange is typically completely top-killed by fires, it will enthusiastically resprout from rhizomes and root crowns afterward. [8] A 1971 study found that in the next growing season after a fire, mock-orange had already regrown to 50% of its previous diameter and height, and that those plants had an average of 28.9 to 38.0 sprouts per plant postfire compared to just 0.6 to 1.5 before. [11]

Lewis' mock orange palatability for Rocky Mountain elk is much greater after fire, with 36.3% of twigs browsed compared to only 1.3% on adjacent unburned sites. [8]

Human use

Ethnobotany

Native American tribes used P. lewisii for numerous purposes. The hard wood was useful for making hunting and fishing tools, snowshoes, pipes, combs, cradles, netting shuttles, and furniture. The leaves and bark, which contain saponins, were mixed in water for use as a mild soap. [12] :787 [1] The flowers were used in preparing perfumes and teas. [12] :787

Cultivation

Lewis' mock-orange prefers full sun to partial sun. It is drought-tolerant, will grow in poor soils, and is suitable for xeriscaping. [7] It provides a landscape with flashy flowers and a fruity scent.

Waterton Mockorange Philadelphus lewisii 'Waterton' Waterton Mockorange Philadelphus lewisii 'Waterton'.JPG
Waterton Mockorange Philadelphus lewisii 'Waterton'

The Waterton Mockorange Philadelphus lewisii 'Waterton' was hybridized by the Alberta Horticultural Research Station in Brooks, Alberta, Canada. It grows to 4–6 ft. (1.2-1.8 m) in height. It is named for Augustus Griffin, who in 1933 noted that this plant was growing in what is now Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada. [7]

Symbolism

Philadelphus lewisii is the state flower of Idaho. The plant is protected by Idaho state law along with other native wildflowers and shrubs, and it is illegal to collect wild specimens on public property for export, sale, or transport without approval. [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Philadelphus</i> Genus of shrubs

Philadelphus (mock-orange) is a genus of about 60 species of shrubs from 3–20 ft tall, native to North America, Central America, Asia and (locally) in southeast Europe.

Mock orange or mock-orange typically refers to Philadelphus, a mostly Holarctic genus of shrubs, particularly the species Philadelphus coronarius, which is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.

<i>Fremontodendron</i> Genus of shrubs

Fremontodendron, with the common names fremontia and flannelbush or flannel bush, is a genus of three known species of shrubs native to the Southwestern United States and northwest Mexico.

<i>Eriophyllum lanatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriophyllum lanatum, with the common names common woolly sunflower, Oregon sunshine and golden yarrow, is a common, widespread, North American plant in the family Asteraceae.

<i>Andropogon gerardi</i> Species of grass

Andropogon gerardi, commonly known as big bluestem, is a species of tall grass native to much of the Great Plains and grassland regions of central and eastern North America. It is also known as tall bluestem, bluejoint, and turkeyfoot.

<i>Fremontodendron californicum</i> Species of shrub

Fremontodendron californicum, with the common names California flannelbush, California fremontia, and flannel bush, is a flowering shrub native to diverse habitats in southwestern North America.

<i>Sanguisorba minor</i> Species of flowering edible herb in the rose family Rosaceae

Sanguisorba minor, the salad burnet, garden burnet, small burnet, burnet, pimpernelle, Toper's plant, and burnet-bloodwort, is an edible perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae. It has ferny, toothed-leaf foliage; the unusual crimson, spherical flower clusters rise well above the leaves on thin stems. It generally grows to 25–55 cm tall. The large, long, taproots store water, making it drought-tolerant.

<i>Cornus sericea</i> Species of flowering plant

Cornus sericea, the red osier or red-osier dogwood, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cornaceae, native to much of North America. It has sometimes been considered a synonym of the Asian species Cornus alba. Other names include red brush, red willow, redstem dogwood, redtwig dogwood, red-rood, American dogwood, creek dogwood, and western dogwood.

<i>Linum lewisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Linum lewisii is a perennial plant in the family Linaceae, native to western North America from Alaska south to Baja California, and from the Pacific Coast east to the Mississippi River. It grows on ridges and dry slopes, from sea level in the north up to 11,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada.

<i>Philadelphus purpurascens</i> Species of shrub

Philadelphus purpurascens is a deciduous shrub native to Yunnan and Sichuan in southwestern China, growing in mixed forests, thickets and on mountain slopes.

<i>Astragalus purshii</i> Species of legume

Astragalus purshii is a species of milkvetch known by the common names woollypod milkvetch and Pursh's milkvetch.

<i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> Species of flowering plant

Balsamorhiza sagittata is a North American species of flowering plant in the tribe Heliantheae of the family Asteraceae known by the common name Arrowleaf Balsamroot. Also sometimes called Oregon sunflower, it is widespread across western Canada and much of the western United States.

<i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus is a species of shrub in the family Asteraceae of the Americas known by the common names yellow rabbitbrush and green rabbitbrush.

<i>Philadelphus microphyllus</i> Species of flowering plant

Philadelphus microphyllus is a species of Philadelphus known by the common names littleleaf mock-orange or desert syringa. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern quadrant of the United States as far north as Wyoming, where it grows in scrub and brush habitat in foothills and mountains, often in very rocky areas, sometimes anchoring itself in rock cracks and crevices.

<i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i> Species of plant

Vaccinium membranaceum is a species within the group of Vaccinium commonly referred to as huckleberry. This particular species is known by the common names thinleaf huckleberry, tall huckleberry, big huckleberry, mountain huckleberry, square-twig blueberry, and (ambiguously) as "black huckleberry".

<i>Mimosa aculeaticarpa</i> Species of plant

Mimosa aculeaticarpa is a species of woody shrub in the family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as the catclaw mimosa or the wait-a-minute bush, and is endemic to upland regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

<i>Liatris punctata</i> Species of flowering plant

Liatris punctata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names dotted gayfeather, dotted blazingstar, and narrow-leaved blazingstar. It is native to North America, where it occurs throughout the plains of central Canada, the central United States, and northern Mexico.

<i>Linanthus pungens</i> Species of flowering plant

Linanthus pungens is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names granite prickly-phlox and granite gilia. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Baja California and east to Montana and New Mexico.

<i>Holodiscus dumosus</i> Species of flowering plant

Holodiscus dumosus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, with the common names mountain spray, rock-spiraea, bush oceanspray, and glandular oceanspray.

Augustus Griffin (1883-1946) was a horticulture pioneer who collected, grew, crossed and tested plants at the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) Headquarters Farm in Brooks, Alberta, Canada where he worked as irrigation engineer. His former home is a registered historical site.

References

  1. 1 2 Lewis' Mockorange Philadelphus lewisii Pursh (PDF), Plant guide, 21 November 2003, retrieved 23 March 2016
  2. 1 2 "State Symbols USA: Idaho State Flower". 2 October 2014.
  3. "Wildflowers - Syringa Philadelphus lewisii Hydrangea family". USDA. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  4. Shaw, N. L. Philadelphus lewisii. In: Francis, J. K. (ed). Wildland Shrubs of the United States and its Territories: Thamnic Descriptions. USDA Forest Service. GTR IITF-WB-1.
  5. "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  6. 1 2 3 "Mock Orange, Philadelphus lewisii". calscape.org.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Waterton Mockorange Philadelphus lewisii Waterton", Dave's Garden, retrieved 23 March 2016
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Philadelphus lewisii". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  9. Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 166. ISBN   0-87842-280-3. OCLC   25708726.
  10. "Philadelphus lewisii". www.wnps.org.
  11. Leege, Thomas A.; Hickey, William O. (July 1971). "Sprouting of Northern Idaho Shrubs after Prescribed Burning". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 35 (3): 508. doi:10.2307/3799705. ISSN   0022-541X. JSTOR   3799705.
  12. 1 2 Bonner, Franklin T. (July 2008). The Woody Plant Seed Manual. ISBN   978-0-16-081131-9 . Retrieved 23 March 2016.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. "Section 18-3911 – Idaho State Legislature" . Retrieved 2021-05-07.