Kalmia latifolia

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Kalmia latifolia
Kalmia Latifolia.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Kalmia
Species:
K. latifolia
Binomial name
Kalmia latifolia
L.
Kalmia latifolia map.png

Kalmia latifolia, the mountain laurel, [3] calico-bush, [3] or spoonwood, [3] is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae, that is native to the eastern United States. Its range stretches from southern Maine south to northern Florida, and west to Indiana and Louisiana. Mountain laurel is the state flower of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. It is the namesake of Laurel County in Kentucky, the city of Laurel, Mississippi, and the Laurel Highlands in southwestern Pennsylvania. [4]

Contents

Description

Kalmia latifolia is an evergreen shrub growing 3–9 m (9.8–29.5 ft) tall. The leaves are 3–12 cm long and 1–4 cm wide. The flowers are hexagonal, sometimes appearing to be pentagonal, ranging from light pink to white, and occur in clusters. There are several named cultivars that have darker shades of pink, red and maroon. It blooms in May and June. All parts of the plant are poisonous. The roots are fibrous and matted. [5]

Distribution and habitat

The plant is naturally found on rocky slopes and mountainous forest areas. It thrives in acid soil, preferring a soil pH in the 4.5 to 5.5 range. The plant often grows in large thickets, covering great areas of forest floor. In the Appalachians, it can become a tree but is a shrub farther north. [5] The species is a frequent component of oak-heath forests. [6] [7] In low, wet areas it grows densely, but in dry uplands has a more sparse form. In the southern Appalachians, laurel thickets are referred to as "laurel hells" because it is nearly impossible to pass through one.

Ecology

Kalmia latifolia has been marked as a pollinator plant, supporting and attracting butterflies and hummingbirds. [8]

It is also notable for its unusual method of dispensing its pollen. As the flower grows, the filaments of its stamens are bent and brought into tension. When an insect lands on the flower, the tension is released, catapulting the pollen forcefully onto the insect. [9] Experiments have shown the flower capable of flinging its pollen up to 15 cm. [10] Physicist Lyman J. Briggs became fascinated with this phenomenon in the 1950s after his retirement from the National Bureau of Standards and conducted a series of experiments in order to explain it. [11]

Etymology

Kalmia latifolia is also known as ivybush or spoonwood (because Native Americans used to make their spoons out of it). [12] [13]

The plant was first recorded in America in 1624, but it was named after the Finnish explorer and botanist Pehr Kalm (1716–1779), who sent samples to Linnaeus.

The Latin specific epithet latifolia means "with broad leaves" – as opposed to its sister species Kalmia angustifolia , "with narrow leaves". [14]

Despite the name "mountain laurel", Kalmia latifolia is not closely related to the true laurels of the family Lauraceae.

Cultivation

K. latifolia 'Clementine Churchill', Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid Kalmia latifolia Clementine Churchill.jpg
K. latifolia 'Clementine Churchill', Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid

The plant was originally brought to Europe as an ornamental plant during the 18th century. It is still widely grown for its attractive flowers and year-round evergreen leaves. Elliptic, alternate, leathery, glossy evergreen leaves (to 5" long) are dark green above and yellow green beneath and reminiscent of the leaves of rhododendrons. All parts of this plant are toxic if ingested. Numerous cultivars have been selected with varying flower color. Many of the cultivars have originated from the Connecticut Experiment Station in Hamden and from the plant breeding of Dr. Richard Jaynes. Jaynes has numerous named varieties that he has created and is considered the world's authority on Kalmia latifolia. [15] [16]

In the UK the following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Wood

Wood railing section made with mountain laurel branches Mountain-laurel-handrail.jpg
Wood railing section made with mountain laurel branches

The wood of the mountain laurel is heavy and strong but brittle, with a close, straight grain. [21] It has never been a viable commercial crop as it does not grow large enough, [22] yet it is suitable for wreaths, furniture, bowls and other household items. [21] It was used in the early 19th century in wooden-works clocks. [23] Root burls were used for pipe bowls in place of imported briar burls unattainable during World War II. [22] It can be used for handrails or guard rails.

Toxicity

Mountain laurel is poisonous to several animals, including horses, [24] goats, cattle, deer, [25] monkeys, and humans, [26] due to grayanotoxin [27] and arbutin. [28] The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic, [26] including food products made from them, such as toxic honey that may produce neurotoxic and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans eating more than a modest amount. [27] Symptoms of toxicity begin to appear about 6 hours following ingestion. [26] Symptoms include irregular or difficulty breathing, anorexia, repeated swallowing, profuse salivation, watering of the eyes and nose, cardiac distress, incoordination, depression, vomiting, frequent defecation, weakness, convulsions, [28] paralysis, [28] coma, and eventually death. Necropsy of animals who have died from spoonwood poisoning show gastrointestinal hemorrhage. [26]

Use by Native Americans

The Cherokee use the plant as an analgesic, placing an infusion of leaves on scratches made over location of the pain. [29] They also rub the bristly edges of ten to twelve leaves over the skin for rheumatism, crush the leaves to rub brier scratches, use an infusion as a wash "to get rid of pests", use a compound as a liniment, rub leaf ooze into the scratched skin of ball players to prevent cramps, and use a leaf salve for healing. They also use the wood for carving. [30]

Related Research Articles

Grayanotoxins are a group of closely related neurotoxins named after Leucothoe grayana, a plant native to Japan originally named for 19th century American botanist Asa Gray. Grayanotoxin I is also known as andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, rhodotoxin and asebotoxin. Grayanotoxins are produced by Rhododendron species and other plants in the family Ericaceae. Honey made from the nectar and so containing pollen of these plants also contains grayanotoxins and is commonly referred to as mad honey. Consumption of the plant or any of its secondary products, including mad honey, can cause a rare poisonous reaction called grayanotoxin poisoning, mad honey disease, honey intoxication, or rhododendron poisoning. It is most frequently produced and consumed in regions of Nepal and Turkey as a recreational drug and traditional medicine.

<i>Delphinium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Delphinium is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus.

<i>Prunus laurocerasus</i> Species of plant

Prunus laurocerasus, also known as cherry laurel, common laurel and sometimes English laurel in North America, is an evergreen species of cherry (Prunus), native to regions bordering the Black Sea in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe, from Albania and Bulgaria east through Turkey to the Caucasus Mountains and northern Iran.

<i>Kalmia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the heath family Ericaceae

Kalmia is a genus of about ten species of evergreen shrubs from 0.2–5 m tall, in the family Ericaceae. They are native to North America and Cuba. They grow in acidic soils, with different species in wet acid bog habitats and dry, sandy soils.

<i>Sempervivum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae

Sempervivum is a genus of about 40 species of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, commonly known as houseleeks. Other common names include liveforever and hen and chicks, a name shared with plants of other genera as well. They are succulent perennials forming mats composed of tufted leaves in rosettes. In favourable conditions they spread rapidly via offsets, and several species are valued in cultivation as groundcover for dry, sunny locations.

<i>Echium vulgare</i> Species of flowering plant

Echium vulgare, known as viper's bugloss and blueweed, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae. It is native to most of Europe and western and central Asia and it occurs as an introduced species in north-eastern North America, south-western South America and the South and North Island of New Zealand. The plant root was used in ancient times as a treatment for snake or viper bites. If eaten, the plant is toxic to horses and cattle through the accumulation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the liver.

<i>Hyacinthus orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Hyacinthus orientalis, the common hyacinth, garden hyacinth or Dutch hyacinth, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, native to southwestern Asia, southern and central Turkey, northwestern Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel. It was introduced to Europe in the 16th century. It is widely cultivated everywhere in the temperate world for its strongly fragrant flowers which appear exceptionally early in the season, and frequently forced to flower at Christmas time.

<i>Hosta</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae

Hosta is a genus of plants commonly known as hostas, plantain lilies and occasionally by the Japanese name gibōshi. Hostas are widely cultivated as shade-tolerant foliage plants. The genus is currently placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, and is native to northeast Asia. Like many "lilioid monocots", the genus was once classified in the Liliaceae. The genus was named by Austrian botanist Leopold Trattinnick in 1812, in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host. In 1817, the generic name Funkia was used by German botanist Kurt Sprengel in honor of Heinrich Christian Funck, a collector of ferns and alpines; this was later used as a common name and can be found in some older literature.

<i>Viburnum tinus</i> Species of flowering plant

Viburnum tinus, the laurustinus, laurustine or laurestine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae, native to the Mediterranean area of Europe and North Africa. Laurus signifies the leaves' similarities to bay laurel.

<i>Kalmia polifolia</i> Species of shrub

Kalmia polifolia, previously known as Kalmia glauca and commonly called bog laurel, swamp laurel, or pale laurel, is a perennial evergreen shrub of cold acidic bogs, in the family Ericaceae. It is native to north-eastern North America, from Newfoundland to Hudson Bay southwards.

<i>Sambucus nigra</i> Species of flowering plant in the moschatel family Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae native to most of Europe. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry, and European black elderberry. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an ornamental shrub or small tree. Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for cordial and wine.

<i>Rhododendron luteum</i> Species of plant

Rhododendron luteum, the yellow azalea or honeysuckle azalea, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae, native to southeastern Europe and southwest Asia. In Europe, it occurs from southern Poland and Austria, south through the Balkans, and east to southern Russia; and in Asia, east to the Caucasus.

<i>Kalmia angustifolia</i> Species of shrub

Kalmia angustifolia is a flowering shrub in the family Ericaceae, commonly known as sheep laurel. It is distributed in eastern North America from Ontario and Quebec south to Virginia. It grows commonly in dry habitats in the boreal forest, and may become dominant over large areas after fire or logging. Like many plant species of infertile habitats it has evergreen leaves and mycorrhizal associations with fungi. It is also found in drier areas of peat bogs.

Spoonwood is a common name for two plants:

<i>Anemone hepatica</i> Species of flowering plant

Anemone hepatica, the common hepatica, liverwort, liverleaf, kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.

<i>Pieris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Pieris japonica, the Japanese andromeda or Japanese pieris, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern China, Taiwan, and Japan, where it grows in mountain thickets. This medium-sized evergreen shrub or tree is widely cultivated in gardens.

<i>Hydrangea serrata</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea serrata is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to mountainous regions of Korea and Japan. Common names include mountain hydrangea and tea of heaven. Growing to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall and broad, it is a deciduous shrub with oval leaves and panicles of blue and pink flowers in summer and autumn (fall). It is widely cultivated as an attractive ornamental shrub throughout the world in areas with suitable climate and soil.

<i>Anemonoides blanda</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides blanda, syn. Anemone blanda, the Balkan anemone, Grecian windflower, or winter windflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. The species is native to southeastern Europe and the Middle East. The specific epithet blanda means "mild" or "charming". The genus name is derived from the Greek word anemos, or wind.

<i>Kalmia microphylla</i> Species of flowering plant

Kalmia microphylla, known as alpine laurel, bog laurel, swamp-laurel, western bog-laurel or western laurel, is a species of Kalmia of the family Ericaceae. It is native to North America and can be found throughout the western US and western and central Canada below the subarctic.

<i>Lyonia mariana</i> Species of shrub

Lyonia mariana, the Piedmont staggerbush and staggerbush, is a perennial shrub that is native to the United States. Lyonia mariana, also known as the Piedmont staggerbush, is a shrub native to the southeastern United States, from Virginia to Florida. The shrub grows in habitats including pine flatwoods and sandhills, it displays adaptability to acidic soils. Recognized by its lance-shaped, glossy green leaves and clusters of white and pink tubular flowers, the Piedmont staggerbush contributes to the biodiversity of its ecosystem by providing shelter for wildlife and supporting pollinators. The plant contains grayanotoxins, making it potentially toxic if ingested.

References

  1. ↑ Stritch, L. (2018). "Kalmia latifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T62002834A62002836. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62002834A62002836.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Kalmia latifolia". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 "Kalmia latifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  4. ↑ Stich, Kelly (2021-06-11). "How the mountain laurel became Pennsylvania's state flower". Pennsylvania Wilds. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  5. 1 2 Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.  186–189.
  6. ↑ The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
  8. ↑ "Planting Guides" (PDF). Pollinator.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  9. ↑ McNabb, W. Henry. "Kalmia latifolia L." (PDF). United States Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Nimmo, John R.; Hermann, Paula M.; Kirkham, M. B.; Landa, Edward R. (2014). "Pollen Dispersal by Catapult: Experiments of Lyman J. Briggs on the Flower of Mountain Laurel". Physics in Perspective. 16 (3): 383. Bibcode:2014PhP....16..371N. doi:10.1007/s00016-014-0141-9. S2CID   121070863.
  11. ↑ Nimmo, John R.; Hermann, Paula M.; Kirkham, M. B.; Landa, Edward R. (2014). "Pollen Dispersal by Catapult: Experiments of Lyman J. Briggs on the Flower of Mountain Laurel". Physics in Perspective. 16 (3): 371–389. Bibcode:2014PhP....16..371N. doi:10.1007/s00016-014-0141-9. S2CID   121070863.
  12. ↑ Harris, Tony (11 August 2015). "Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)". mycherokeegarden.com. WordPress. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  13. ↑ "Kalmia latifolia". missouribotanicalgarden.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  14. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN   978-1845337315.
  15. ↑ Shreet, Sharon (April–May 1996). "Mountain Laurel". Flower and Garden Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26.
  16. ↑ Jaynes, Richard A. (1997). Kalmia: Mountain Laurel and Related Species . Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN   978-0-88192-367-4.
  17. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder – Kalmia latifolia 'Freckles'" . Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  18. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder – Kalmia latifolia 'Little Linda'" . Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder – Kalmia latifolia 'Olympic Fire'" . Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  20. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector – Kalmia latifolia 'Pink Charm'" . Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Species: Kalmia latifolia". Fire Effects Information Service. United States Forest Service . Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
  22. 1 2 "Mountain Laurel". Wood Magazine.com. 2001-10-29. Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
  23. ↑ Galbraith, Gene (September 12, 2006). "The legacy of the Ogee Clock" . Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Mountain Laurel". ASPCA . Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
  25. ↑ Horton, Jenner L.; Edge, W.Daniel (July 1994). "Deer-resistant Ornamental Plants" (PDF). Oregon State University Extension. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-29. Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Kalmia latifolia". University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
  27. 1 2 "Grayanotoxin". Bad Bug Book. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved Oct 7, 2011.
  28. 1 2 3 Russell, Alice B.; Hardin, James W.; Grand, Larry; Fraser, Angela. "Poisonous Plants: Kalmia latifolia". Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved Oct 3, 2011.
  29. ↑ Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 48)
  30. ↑ Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses – A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 42)
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