Eschscholzia californica

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California poppy
Kaldari Eschscholzia californica 01.jpg
Status TNC G4.svg
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Eschscholzia
Species:
E. californica
Binomial name
Eschscholzia californica

Eschscholzia californica, the California poppy, golden poppy, California sunlight or cup of gold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae, native to the United States and Mexico. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant flowering in summer (spring in southern Australia), with showy cup-shaped flowers in brilliant shades of red, orange and yellow (occasionally pink and white). It is also used as food or a garnish. It became the official state flower of California in 1903.

Contents

Description

California poppies open.jpg
California poppies closed.jpg
The same patch of California poppies, with petals open on a sunny day (above) and closed on a chilly evening (below).

California poppy is a perennial or annual plant growing to 5–12 in (13–30 cm) tall [2] with alternately branching glaucous blue-green foliage. The leaves are alternately divided into round, lobed segments. The flowers are solitary on long stems, silky-textured, with four petals, each petal 2 to 6 cm (0.79 to 2.36 in) long and broad; flower color ranges through yellow, orange and red. [3] Flowering occurs from February to September in the northern hemisphere. The petals close at night (or in cold, windy weather) and open again the following morning, although they may remain closed in cloudy weather. [4] The fruit is a slender, dehiscent capsule 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) long, which splits in two, sometimes explosively with an audible snap, to release numerous small 1.5–1.8 mm (0.059–0.071 in) wide black or dark brown seeds. [5] It survives mild winters in its native range, dying completely in colder climates.

Habitat

Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve Cal poppy.jpg
Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve

Its native habitat includes California and extends to Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora and northwest Baja California. [4] The Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve is located in northern Los Angeles County. At the peak of the blooming season, orange flowers seem to cover all 1,745 acres (706 ha) of the reserve. Other prominent locations of California poppy meadows include Bear Valley (Colusa County) and Point Buchon (San Luis Obispo County).

Taxonomy

Eschscholzia californica was the first named species of the genus Eschscholzia, named by the German botanist Adelbert von Chamisso after the Baltic German botanist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, his friend and colleague on Otto von Kotzebue's scientific expedition to California and the greater Pacific circa 1810 aboard the Russian ship Rurik .

California poppy is highly variable, with over 90 synonyms. Some botanists accept two subspecies—one with four varieties (e.g., Leger & Rice 2003)—though others do not recognize them as distinct (e.g., Jepson 1993):

Botanical research has held significant implications towards the classification of Eschscholzia. Despite some unresolved aspects in the phylogenies, it is evident that taxonomic are necessary within the genus, particularly in three areas: supporting two subspecies of E. californica, endorsing two subspecies of E. lemmonii, and recognizing two potential new taxa. [7] Currently, 8 taxa are officially recognized. [10]

It belongs to the subfamily Eschscholzioideae, sister group to the subfamily Papaveroideae (which includes Papaver somniferum , the opium poppy). [11]

Pollen

As poppies are not wind-pollinated, their pollen poses no allergy risk via inhalation.

A UK study of meadow flowers including commercial mixes and common plants such as ragwort and dandelion ranked the California poppy highly in pollen production, although it did not produce a significant amount of nectar. On a per-flower basis it ranked second, with a rate of 8.3 ± 1.1μl. The corn poppy, Papaver rhoeas , topped the list for per-flower pollen production with its rate of 13.3 ± 2.8μl. When measuring the entire capitulum the top two species were the ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare , with 15.9 ± 2μl, and Cosmos bipinnatus , which had a rate nearly equivalent to that of the corn poppy. [12]

Historical and cultural significance

In the late 1700s, Spanish settlers affectionately called the poppy "copa de oro" (gold cup). By 1816, Russian explorers officially named the flower Eschscholzia californica. Since California's statehood in 1850, local residents have embraced it as the California poppy or golden poppy.

Several years later, Chamisso introduced the wildflower through a detailed description and life-sized color painting in Horae Physicae Berolinenses (1820). [13] This marked the entry of the poppy into European taxonomic systems as Eschscholzia californica. [14] The living flower made its European debut in 1826, courtesy of Scottish botanist David Douglas, who collected various plant seeds, including Eschscholzia californica, for the Royal Horticultural Society of England. [14] While evidence indicates that the golden poppy started appearing in British gardens over the subsequent fifty years, it had not yet become strongly associated with ideas of California identity and statehood. [14] An 1883 Scottish report, recounting a visit to California and an encounter with the golden wildflowers, reflects the early attitudes forming around the poppy. [14]

By the 1890s, Eschscholzia californica had transformed from merely the California or golden poppy to the designated state poppy– a shift from a botanical specimen with regional ties to a symbol of the state.

Connection to indigenous tribes

The California poppy has been historically used as traditional medicine and cosmetics by some indigenous people in California, particularly those native to the regions where the plant is found. [7] In particular, Tongva Gabrielino, Cahuilla, Costanoan, Luiseno, and Pomo have cultural and historical connections with the poppy. [7] These connections involve traditional uses of the plant, cultural significance, and even folklore. While indigenous communities have nurtured the land for generations, establishing ecological conditions conducive to wildflower growth, colonial settlers and their governing structures found the native flower's status as a genuine and intrinsic product of the land appealing. [15]

Tongva (Garbrielino tribe)

In the 19th century, the California poppy held a dual identity, both as a botanical native and as a symbolic representation of California. It was crafted to embody the essence of a "true" Californian, celebrated and used predominantly by the white Californian community. [15] The Native Daughters and Sons of the Golden West played a pivotal role in establishing the California poppy as a cultural icon. [15]

In contrast, the Tongva peoples of the San Gabriel Valley region recognized the California poppy by the term, Mekachaa. [15] Such indigenous communities interpret the Mekechaa as a plant relative, and actively resisted attempts to appropriate its existence through artistic community projects. [15] In Waa'aka', the final plant created by the Tongva's god of creation, Wiyot, was the Island poppy, described as "golden as the sun, bringing beauty to the world." [15]

Uses

California poppy leaves are used as food or garnish, while the seeds are used in cooking. [16] There are no clinical trials showing it can effectively treat psychiatric disorders in humans. [17]

Chemical compounds

E. californica contains californidine (N+(CH3)2), allocryptopine, eschscholtzine N-CH3 (californidine), and other similar (Papaveraceae) alkaloids. [18]

Preparation

The California poppy has been used through two methods: fresh petals to create a syrup, and dried petals added to water to make an infusion or boiled for tea. [19]

Cultivation

E. californica is drought-tolerant, self-seeding, and easy to cultivate. It is best grown as an annual, in full sun, and well-draining sandy or loam soil. [20] Horticulturalists have produced numerous cultivars with a range of colors and blossom and stem forms. These typically do not breed true on reseeding. Seeds are often sold as mixtures. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- [21]

Invasive potential

Because of its beauty and ease of growing, the California poppy was introduced into several regions with similar Mediterranean climates.[ citation needed ] It is commercially sold and widely naturalized in Australia, including Tasmania, and was introduced to South Africa, Chile, New Zealand, and Argentina. In both Chile and California, there are marked differences between California poppies grown in low and high altitudes. Coastal or low-altitude specimens produce fewer flowers and seeds, experienced longer flowering times, and had shorter stems. [11] It is recognized as a potentially invasive species within the United States, although no indications of ill effects have been reported for this plant where it has been introduced outside of California. The golden poppy has been displaced in large areas of its original habitat, such as Southern California, by more invasive exotic species, such as mustard or annual grasses.[ citation needed ]

State flower of California

A Welcome to California road sign, featuring golden poppies MUTCD-CA G10B.svg
A Welcome to California road sign, featuring golden poppies
A California Scenic Route marker showing the state flower California Scenic State.svg
A California Scenic Route marker showing the state flower

During the 1890s Sarah Plummer Lemmon advocated for the adoption of the golden poppy as the state flower of California, eventually writing the bill passed by the California Legislature and signed by Governor George Pardee in 1903. [25] [26] In this era, the state aimed to construct an external identity grounded in the natural wealth of the region, enticing newcomers and businesses with promises of celebration and prosperity. [15] Publicly, products synonymous with the color gold, such as oranges, wheat, actual gold, and the iconic golden poppy, were strategically employed as influential elements in the endeavor to shape and promote the state. [15]

The designation of the California poppy as the state flower was influenced by a convergence of cultural, social, and political factors aimed at defining and affirming the identity of the colonial state. [15] Asserting claims of communal identity, white settlers orchestrated a movement to construct a cultural identity centered around the golden poppy. [15]

In the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, the California poppy became a central design motif and symbol influencing various decorative objects. [15] Such decorative objects featured California scenes and prominently showcased the California poppy symbolizing the imagined, pastoral and prosperous California that artists sought to create. [15]

A particular example is a wooden box painted by Lucia Mathews in 1929, this box serves as a visual representation of the symbiotic relationship between the poppy and California, reinforcing the state's identity through design. [15] As the official state flower of California, Eschscholzia californica is pictured on welcome signs along highways entering California and on official Scenic Route signs.

In March 2019, a "super bloom" of California poppies in the city of Lake Elsinore, California, drew nationwide attention. So-called super blooms occur after a period of heavy rainfall and often draw large crowds. The most popular sightseeing spot, Walker Canyon, was overwhelmed by more than 100,000 visitors in the span of a few days, causing city officials to temporarily shut down surrounding roads. [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poppy</span> Species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae

A poppy is a flowering plant in the subfamily Papaveroideae of the family Papaveraceae. Poppies are herbaceous plants, often grown for their colourful flowers. One species of poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the source of the narcotic drug mixture opium, which contains powerful medicinal alkaloids such as morphine and has been used since ancient times as an analgesic and narcotic medicinal and recreational drug. It also produces edible seeds. Following the trench warfare in the poppy fields of Flanders, Belgium, during World War I, poppies have become a symbol of remembrance of soldiers who have died during wartime, especially in the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth realms.

<i>Eschscholzia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveracae

Eschscholzia is a genus of 12 annual or perennial plants in the Papaveraceae (poppy) family. The genus was named after the Baltic German/Imperial Russian botanist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz (1793–1831). All species are native to Mexico or the southern United States.

<i>Fuchsia</i> Genus of plants

Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees.

<i>Papaver rhoeas</i> Species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Papaver rhoeas, with common names including common poppy, corn poppy, corn rose, field poppy, Flanders poppy, red poppy, and Odai, is an annual herbaceous species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is native to north Africa and temperate Eurasia and is introduced into temperate areas on all other continents except Antarctica.

<i>Ceanothus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Ceanothus is a genus of about 50–60 species of nitrogen-fixing shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). Common names for members of this genus are buckbrush, California lilac, soap bush, or just ceanothus. "Ceanothus" comes from Ancient Greek: κεάνωθος (keanōthos), which was applied by Theophrastus to an Old World plant believed to be Cirsium arvense.

<i>Dasiphora fruticosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Dasiphora fruticosa is a species of hardy deciduous flowering shrub in the family Rosaceae, native to the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere, often growing at high altitudes in mountains. Dasiphora fruticosa is still widely referenced in the horticultural literature under its synonym Potentilla fruticosa. Common names include shrubby cinquefoil, golden hardhack, bush cinquefoil, shrubby five-finger, widdy, kuril tea and tundra rose.

<i>Papaver</i> Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Papaver is a genus of 70–100 species of frost-tolerant annuals, biennials, and perennials native to temperate and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the poppy family, Papaveraceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papaveraceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in temperate and subtropical climates like Eastern Asia as well as California in North America. It is almost unknown in the tropics. Most are herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs and small trees. The family currently includes two groups that have been considered to be separate families: Fumariaceae and Pteridophyllaceae. Papaver is the classical name for poppy in Latin.

<i>Meconopsis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Meconopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It was created by French botanist Viguier in 1814 for the species known by the common name Welsh poppy, which Carl Linnaeus had described as Papaver cambricum. The genus name means "poppy-like". Himalayan species discovered later were also placed in Meconopsis. In the 21st century, it was discovered that the Himalayan species were less closely related to the Welsh poppy, which has been restored to Papaver. All species now placed in Meconopsis are native to the Himalayas and surrounding regions. They have attractive, usually blue flowers.

<i>Frangula californica</i> Species of tree

Frangula californica is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family native to western North America. It produces edible fruits and seeds. It is commonly known as California coffeeberry and California buckthorn.

<i>Deschampsia cespitosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Deschampsia cespitosa, commonly known as tufted hairgrass or tussock grass, is a perennial tufted plant in the grass family Poaceae. Distribution of this species is widespread including the eastern and western coasts of North America, parts of South America, Eurasia and Australia.

<i>Dicentra formosa</i> Species of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Dicentra formosa is a species of flowering plant in the poppy family, Papaveraceae. With its fern-like foliage and inflorescence of drooping pink, purple, yellow or cream "hearts", this species is native to the United States' Pacific Northwest and West Coast of North America.

<i>Romneya coulteri</i> Species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Romneya coulteri, the Coulter's Matilija poppy or California tree poppy, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. Native to southern California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico, it grows in dry canyons in chaparral and coastal sage scrub plant communities, sometimes in areas recently burned. It is a popular ornamental plant, kept for its large, showy flowers.

<i>Hunnemannia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hunnemannia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae, containing the single species Hunnemannia fumariifolia native to the highlands of Mexico. It is typically found at elevations of 1,500–2,000 m (4,921–6,562 ft) in the Chihuahuan Desert and south into central Mexico, where it favors rocky habitats, occurring along roadsides as well.

<i>Roemeria argemone</i> Species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Roemeria argemone is a species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. Its common names include long pricklyhead poppy, prickly poppy and pale poppy. Its native range includes parts of Eurasia and North Africa, but it can be found growing wild in parts of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant.

<i>Eschscholzia minutiflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Eschscholzia minutiflora is a species of poppy known by the common name pygmy poppy.

<i>Sambucus racemosa</i> Species of plant

Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry and red-berried elder.

<i>Papaver commutatum</i> Species of plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Californidine</span> Chemical compound

Californidine is an alkaloid with the molecular formula C20H20NO4+. It has been isolated from extracts of the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), from which it gets its name, and from other plants of the genus Eschscholzia.

<i>Papaver heterophyllum</i> Plant species

Papaver heterophyllum, previously known as Stylomecon heterophylla, and better known as the wind poppy, is a winter annual herbaceous plant. It is endemic to the western California Floristic Province and known to grow in the area starting from the San Francisco Bay Area of Central Western California southwards to northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Its main habitat is often described as mesic and shady, with loamy soils such as soft sandy loam, clay loam, and leaf mold loam.

References

  1. ↑ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0".
  2. ↑ "Eschscholzia californica | California poppy Annual Biennial/RHS Gardening".
  3. ↑ "Eschscholzia californica". Royal Horticultural Society, Plant Selector, RHS Gardening.
  4. 1 2 "California poppy, golden poppy, copa de oro". Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Eschscholzia californica". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  6. ↑ Eschscholzia mexicana at Arizona State University
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Still, Shannon M.; Potter, Daniel (2013). "California Poppy Conundrums: Insights into Relationships within Tribe Eschscholtzieae (Papaveraceae)". Systematic Botany. 38 (1): 104–117. doi:10.1600/036364413X661872. JSTOR   23362741. S2CID   84687122.
  8. ↑ Edward W. Greene, "Why the Eschscholtzia?" The San Francisco Examiner, December 21, 1890, Newspapers.com
  9. ↑ Jepson, W.L. (1922). "A Flora of California". Berkeley, California: Published by the author.
  10. 1 2 Cook, Anjie J. (August 17, 2021). "A Profusion of Poppy Confusion". UC Davis Arboretum and Public Garden. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  11. 1 2 Becker, Annette (March 2, 2023). "California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), the Papaveraceae golden girl model organism for evodevo and specialized metabolism". Frontiers in Plant Science. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1084358 . PMC   10017456 . PMID   36938015.
  12. ↑ Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016). "Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0158117. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158117H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158117 . PMC   4920406 . PMID   27341588.
  13. ↑ Beidleman, Richard G. (March 2006). California's Frontier Naturalist (1st ed.). pp. 52–53. ISBN   9780520230101
  14. 1 2 3 4 Douglas, David (1914). "Journal Kept by David Douglas during His Travels in North America 1823–1827". London: William Wesley & Son: 14.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Reynolds, Katrina (2023). Fields of Gold: Designing the Golden State With the California Poppy, 1880–1930 (Thesis). ProQuest   2832793885.[ page needed ]
  16. ↑ "Eschscholzia californica – Cham". Plants for a Future. 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  17. ↑ Sarris, Jerome; Panossian, Alexander; Schweitzer, Isaac; Stough, Con; Scholey, Andrew (December 2011). "Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: A review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 21 (12): 841–860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002. PMID   21601431. S2CID   16831869.
  18. ↑ B. Bös (June 4, 2007). "Kalifornischer Goldmohn (Eschscholzia californica)". www.giftpflanzen.com (in German). Giftpflanzen Compendium. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  19. ↑ "A tale of two poppies | Kew". www.kew.org. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  20. ↑ "Eschscholzia californica". Missouri Botanical Garden. 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  21. ↑ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 37. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  22. ↑ "Eschscholzia californica 'Apricot Chiffon' (Thai Silk Series)". Royal Horticultural Society, RHS Plant Selector. 2018.
  23. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Eschscholzia californica 'Dali' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  24. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector Eschscholzia californica 'Rose Chiffon' (Thai Silk Series) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  25. ↑ Michael Redmon, "Who is responsible for setting up Santa Barbara’s first library?" Archived October 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine , Santa Barbara Independent, April 10, 2008.
  26. ↑ "California Beat Hero: Sara Plummer Lemmon". California Beat. May 27, 2009. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  27. ↑ Schwartz, Matthew (March 19, 2019). "'Poppy Apocalypse': A California City Swarmed By Selfie Stick-Toting Tourists". National Public Radio (NPR). Retrieved October 24, 2023.

Sources

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