Police vehicles in the United States and Canada

Last updated

A Ford Police Interceptor Utility and a Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor used by the Houston Police Department Houston Police Department Ford Crown Victoria and Police Interceptor Utility.jpg
A Ford Police Interceptor Utility and a Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor used by the Houston Police Department
A Dodge Charger used by the Durham Regional Police Service Durham 19-901.jpg
A Dodge Charger used by the Durham Regional Police Service

Police vehicles in the United States and Canada consist of a wide range of police vehicles used by police and law enforcement officials in the United States and in Canada. Most police vehicles in the U.S. and Canada are produced by American automakers, primarily the Big Three, and many vehicle models and fleet norms have been shared by police in both countries.

Contents

Officially-marketed American and Canadian police vehicles—as in those officially marketed as such by their manufacturer—are typically classified as pursuit packages, which generally denote vehicle models that are capable of handling a majority of police tasks, primarily regular patrol duties but also, as the name implies, pursuits. Other models are often classified as special service packages, which generally denote specialized vehicles designed to fulfill specific tasks or utility roles, such as transport vans, pickup trucks, SWAT vehicles, and performance cars. Combined, these police fleet offerings are often referred to by manufacturers as police packages.

Unlike many other countries, American and Canadian law enforcement agencies are generally not limited by regulations on vehicle models or livery marking designs, meaning that, while there may be varying regulations on emergency vehicle equipment or unmarked police vehicles in each jurisdiction, there is no standardized vehicle livery design, and most agencies have their own unique designs.

History

A 1953 Ford formerly used by the New Orleans Police Department NOLAPoliceFord54Frontleft.jpg
A 1953 Ford formerly used by the New Orleans Police Department

The first police car in the world was an electrically powered wagon, operated by the Akron Police Department in 1899. The $2,400 vehicle was equipped with electric lights, gongs, and a stretcher, and could reach 16 mph (26 km/h) and travel 30 mi (48 km) before its battery needed to be recharged. The car's first assignment was to pick up a drunken man at the junction of Main and Exchange streets. [1] [2] Since the 1920s, the New York City Police Department has used vehicles for patrol duties, referred to as "Radio Motor Patrol" vehicles. [3]

Ford's introduction of the flathead V-8 in its Model 18 in 1932—the first low-priced, mass-marketed car with a V8 engine—proved popular amongst police departments and led to strong brand loyalty. In turn, this gave the company a market-capturing edge that lasted until 1968. In the 1940s and 1950s, the "Big Three" (Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler) began to offer specialized police packages with severe duty parts. Foremost amongst these was the Ford package of 1950, which utilized the larger and more powerful Mercury engine in the smaller, lighter Ford. This ended the practice of some state police forces buying larger and more powerful, but higher-priced models including Buicks, Hudsons, and Chryslers. In 1969, Plymouth took first place in the police market, with Chrysler's 440 cu. in. V8s, Torqueflite transmissions, and torsion bar suspensions giving them a compelling advantage. Chrysler held this lead until the 1970s energy crisis drove buyers to smaller cars, and Chrysler subsequently discontinued their rear-drive platform after the 1989 model year. [4]

Police have historically used full-size, low-expense sedans since the days of the Ford Model A, though many police departments switched to intermediates—such as the Plymouth Satellite, Ford Torino, and AMC Matador—in the 1960s and 1970s. Some state police forces adopted pony cars, such as the Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro, and AMC Javelin, for use as pursuit vehicles. The Ford LTD, Plymouth Gran Fury, and Chevrolet Caprice were re-adopted as standard when the models were downsized in the late 1970s.

After the discontinuation of the Chevrolet Caprice in 1996, the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor replaced it, becoming iconic as a police car due to its prevalence in fleets across North America. Other models such as the Chevrolet Impala (8th and 9th generations), Chevrolet Tahoe, and Dodge Charger also gained a percentage of the market during this period, and were often bought to diversify fleets and minimize disruption in the event of a Ford recall. [5]

Following the discontinuation of the Crown Victoria, Ford replaced their fleet offerings with police versions of the Ford Taurus and Ford Explorer, which remained popular with fleets. [6] General Motors marketed a revived Chevrolet Caprice as a fleet-only vehicle alongside a fleet-only 9th-generation Impala, while Dodge continued marketing their Charger, which was viewed as a viable sedan replacement for the Crown Victoria. [7] [8]

With the discontinuation of the Taurus, Impala, and Caprice, the police fleet market as of 2022 is dominated by crossovers and SUVs, with the Ford Explorer, Chevrolet Tahoe, and Dodge Durango predominantly marketed alongside similar models. [9] The last sedan marketed for police fleets was the Dodge Charger, [10] which was discontinued in late 2023. [11]

Common vehicles

Several New York City Police Department vehicles parked on 30th Street in Manhattan 30th Street as Cop Parking Lot (49975345531).jpg
Several New York City Police Department vehicles parked on 30th Street in Manhattan

Subject to federal, state, provincial and local laws, any vehicle, appropriately modified, can be used as a police vehicle, but the most common are those designed or modified by manufacturers as police or special service vehicles. Though previously dominated by sedans, sport utility vehicles and crossovers have become increasingly popular in police fleets, reflecting wider vehicle market trends. Benefits often cited include extra room for equipment and better outward visibility due to the higher seating position compared to sedans. [12]

The following model year 2020 and 2021 vehicles (in various drivetrain configurations) were submitted by manufacturers for the 2021 evaluation by the Michigan State Police: [13]

Other police fleet vehicles available from the same manufacturers during those model years include the Ford Expedition, Chevrolet Suburban, Chevrolet Silverado, Chevrolet Express, Ford Transit, and Ram 1500. Older models, namely the Ford Crown Victoria, Chevrolet Impala, Chevrolet Caprice, and Ford Police Interceptor Sedan, retain their popularity in fleets, but are gradually being phased out due to maintenance costs, mileage, and their end of production.

Common SWAT vehicles include the Lenco BearCat, BAE Caiman, and other armored vehicles of similar configurations.

Common motorcycles include the Harley-Davidson FLTHP and BMW R1200RT-P.

Other vehicles

A Ford Mustang Mach-E used by the New York City Police Department 2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E GT NYPD RMP 3000 (FSD), front NYIAS 2022.jpg
A Ford Mustang Mach-E used by the New York City Police Department

Other vehicles are used in varying capacities by some agencies, such as the Toyota Prius, [15] Smart Fortwo, [16] BMW i3, [17] and other models that are not officially sold to fleets.

Electric vehicles have gradually become more prevalent in police fleets as electric vehicles become increasingly popular. In 2017, when Fremont Police Department purchased a Tesla Model S for patrol duty, making it the first Tesla police car in the world; [18] since then, electric vehicles have been added to police fleets in Boulder City, [19] Dearborn, [19] Hallandale Beach, [20] and New York City, [21] among other departments. The first Tesla police car in Canada was purchased by the Bridgewater Police Service in 2022; [22] [23] later that year, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced they would be acquiring a Tesla Model Y, their first electric police car, in 2023. [24] Since 2023, automakers have officially announced and released police packages for their electric vehicles, such as the Chevy Blazer PPV and F-150 Lightning SSV. [25] [26]

Classic police cars may also remain in service, often out of heritage or community appeal; these vehicles are often only used at events or parades, and are not used in frontline patrol duty. However, this is not always the case; for instance, the McHenry County Sheriff's Department operates a retrofitted 1995 Chevrolet Caprice for regular patrol duties as of 2016. [27]

Performance cars

A Ford Mustang SSP and Chevrolet Camaro B4C formerly used by the Michigan State Police in the 1990s Michigan State Police cars -- 1991 Chevrolet Camaro and 1992 Ford Mustang 5.0.jpg
A Ford Mustang SSP and Chevrolet Camaro B4C formerly used by the Michigan State Police in the 1990s

Some police forces in the U.S. and Canada use performance cars in some roles. They are generally rare among police forces, and are often a single vehicle that was seized from a criminal [28] [29] [30] or donated by a benefactor, usually wealthy supporters in their jurisdiction [31] [32] or local car dealerships. [33] Contrary to popular belief, they do not respond to regular calls, conduct regular patrols, or take part in pursuits; [34] [35] rather, they are almost always used for promotional purposes [31] [34] [36] or as part of community policing efforts. [35] In the rare instance where the vehicle is used as a patrol vehicle, it is almost always a less-expensive vehicle used for limited traffic enforcement or highway patrol, and they are sometimes used in a slicktop, unmarked, or ghost configuration to exploit the unexpectedness of their use as a police car. [37] [38] In some instances, the vehicle is not used by the police at all but is made as a tribute to them, [33] or the vehicle is only used for a limited time before being sold at auction. [39]

The vehicle models used typically vary but are usually muscle cars such as the Chevrolet Camaro, [40] Dodge Challenger, [30] and Ford Mustang, [41] though sports cars such as the Chevrolet Corvette, [36] Nissan GT-R, [42] and various Ferrari models [33] have also been used in some instances. Historically, dedicated police packages existed for performance cars, such as the Ford Mustang SSP [43] [44] and Chevrolet Camaro B4C, [45] [46] [47] though they were uncommon and their use largely ceased into the 1990s and 2000s.

D.A.R.E. cars

A Ford Mustang D.A.R.E. vehicle used by the Stark County Sheriff's Office Stark County Sheriff Ford Mustang DARE (50229503913).jpg
A Ford Mustang D.A.R.E. vehicle used by the Stark County Sheriff's Office

A number of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) programs in American police departments have vehicles marked as police cars to promote the program. These "D.A.R.E. cars" are vehicles that have been seized from drug dealers and converted into a police vehicle. They are used to send the message that drug dealers forfeit all their glamorous trappings when they get caught. Traditionally, these vehicles are expensive, luxury, or performance cars, though more recent examples are simply police fleet vehicles with D.A.R.E. liveries. [48]

Appearance

Marked and unmarked Ford Police Interceptor Utility police cruisers used by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department LASD marked and unmarked Ford PIUs.jpg
Marked and unmarked Ford Police Interceptor Utility police cruisers used by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department

In the United States and Canada, the livery design for each fleet is usually determined by each individual agency; only Minnesota [49] and Ohio [50] have legislation specifying what police vehicle liveries must look like. Usually, laws exist that establish standards for police vehicle markings, and proscribe civilian vehicles from using certain markings or paint schemes, as is the case in California. [51]

Livery designs vary by jurisdiction. The side doors, hood, or trunk of a marked police car usually bear the seal or badge of the agency, city, or county, often in reflective finish. Markings such as emergency phone numbers, department mottoes, or website URLs are also common. Some agencies have identification numbers printed on the roofs of patrol cars for tracking of aircraft, or to distinguish specialized units, such as K-9 units or supervisors.

Emergency vehicle equipment, such as emergency lights, pushbars, spotlights, seat partitions, window bars, and hubcaps, vary with each department or service, and may be inconsistent depending on the cruiser's model, purpose, and time of commissioning. North American police cars are historically associated with being painted black and white—specifically, with the doors and roof painted white and the rest of the body painted black. Older police vehicles typically came from the factory painted in a single color, most often white or black. The contrasting black-and-white paint scheme was used to make police vehicles easily stand out from civilian vehicles without requiring bright paint colors, custom designs, graphics, or larger markings. The association between North American police and black-and-white color schemes is so strong that the United States Department of Homeland Security recommends, but does not require, that local law enforcement agencies adopt a black-and-white vehicle color scheme for ease of visual identification nationwide. [52]

A Ford Police Interceptor Utility with the St. Thomas Police Service, with Battenburg markings on the sides St. Thomas Police Cruiser.jpg
A Ford Police Interceptor Utility with the St. Thomas Police Service, with Battenburg markings on the sides

Unlike other countries, Battenburg markings are very rare on emergency vehicles in the United States and Canada. However, this does not mean they are completely nonexistent in North America; a few regional police services in Ontario, namely those in St. Thomas, Barrie and Cobourg, [53] have adopted yellow and blue Battenburg marking designs on some newer cruisers, [54] [55] [56] although this practice is uncommon in the two countries.

A yellow Plymouth Gran Fury used by the Toronto Police Service until the 1980s YellowTorontoPoliceCar.jpg
A yellow Plymouth Gran Fury used by the Toronto Police Service until the 1980s

While black and white designs are used in many jurisdictions, many modern police cars use solid colors, primarily neutral tones such as white, black, and grey, often out of budgetary concerns; for example, the NYPD switched from baby blue to white in the late 1990s to save money on painting costs. [57] Other colors, such as shades of blue, green, brown, tan, and red, are used by other agencies. In Canada, yellow was a common color used by municipal and regional police in Ontario until the 1980s; like the NYPD, most police services switched to white paint to save money. [58] [59]

Today, most fleet markings on patrol vehicles are created from reflective vinyl with an adhesive backing that is applied in a peel-and-stick manner. Colors chosen to represent the agency's identity are typically chosen by the individual department, although, as noted above, some states have specific guidelines for color schemes and markings. Vinyl used to produce fleets markings comes in large rolls that are fed through a plotter (cutter) or large-format printer/cutter. The designs are created in specialized computer software and sent to the machines via a cable link for production. Once the design is cut into the vinyl, the excess vinyl on the sheet is removed in a process called "weeding". Finally, a paper pre-mask is applied to the top of the vinyl design to allow easy application of multiple letters and shapes at one time.

Unmarked cars and ghost cars

A Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor ghost car used by the Toronto Police Service. A light is being shined on the front fender of the vehicle, making the white reflective livery visible; otherwise, the vehicle would appear fully black, as seen at the rear fender. Cop Car Dec 21, 2005 010.jpg
A Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor ghost car used by the Toronto Police Service. A light is being shined on the front fender of the vehicle, making the white reflective livery visible; otherwise, the vehicle would appear fully black, as seen at the rear fender.

Unmarked police vehicles are common in most agencies in the United States and Canada. Most unmarked police cars are often the same models as marked fleet vehicles, and may be virtually identical to them aside from the lack of roof-mounted emergency lights; however, this depends on the agency, and some may use common civilian vehicle models to blend in with traffic. [60] [61]

Many agencies also use "ghost cars" or "stealth cars", which are similar to unmarked cars, but have reflective graphics that are difficult to see unless illuminated by lights or viewed at certain angles. [62] [63] [64] Ghost cars are often used for traffic enforcement, though they may also be used in jurisdictions where traditional unmarked cars are prohibited or have their enforcement capabilities limited, such as being unable to conduct traffic stops. [61] [62]

Unmarked cars and ghost cars are controversial. Proponents argue they help deter illegal driving and keep undercover officers safe from detection, [63] while detractors argue they unfairly focus on issuing tickets and make police less visible on patrol. [62] [65] There are also concerns that the existence of unmarked cars enables police impersonators due to the ease in copying an unmarked car as opposed to a marked car. [66]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muscle car</span> High-performance car

A muscle car is an American-made two-door sports coupe with a powerful engine, generally designed for high-performance driving.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chevrolet Camaro</span> Muscle car manufactured by Chevrolet

The Chevrolet Camaro is a mid-size American automobile manufactured by Chevrolet, classified as a pony car. It first went on sale on September 29, 1966, for the 1967 model year and was designed to compete with the Ford Mustang. The Camaro shared its platform and major components with the Firebird, produced by General Motors' Pontiac division that was also introduced for the 1967 model year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chevrolet Caprice</span> Motor vehicle

The Chevrolet Caprice is a full-size car produced by Chevrolet in North America for the 1965 through 1996 model years. Full-size Chevrolet sales peaked in 1965, with over a million units sold. It was the most popular car in the U.S. in the 1960s and early 1970s, which, during its production, included the Biscayne, Bel Air, and Impala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pony car</span> American car classification

Pony car is an American car classification for affordable, compact, highly styled coupés or convertibles with a "sporty" or performance-oriented image. Common characteristics include rear-wheel drive, a long hood, a short decklid, a wide range of options to individualize each car and use of mass-produced parts shared with other models. The popularity of pony cars is largely due to the launch of the Ford Mustang in 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hertz Global Holdings</span> American car rental company

Hertz Global Holdings, Inc., known as Hertz, is an American car rental company based in Estero, Florida. The company operates its namesake Hertz brand, along with the brands Dollar Rent A Car, Firefly Car Rental and Thrifty Car Rental.

Rear-wheel drive (RWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, in which the engine drives the rear wheels only. Until the late 20th century, rear-wheel drive was the most common configuration for cars. Most rear-wheel drive vehicles feature a longitudinally-mounted engine at the front of the car.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Full-size car</span> Vehicle size class

Full-size car—also known as large car—is a vehicle size class which originated in the United States and is used for cars larger than mid-size cars. It is the largest size class for cars. In the United Kingdom, this class is referred to as the executive car, while in Europe, it is known as E-segment or F-segment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Police car</span> Ground vehicle used by police for transportation

A police car is a ground vehicle used by police and law enforcement for transportation during patrols and responses to calls for service. A type of emergency vehicle, police cars are used by police officers to patrol a beat, quickly reach incident scenes, and transport and temporarily detain suspects, all while establishing a police presence and providing visible crime deterrence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chevrolet 9C1</span> Code for police cars manufactured by Chevrolet

9C1 is a production code used by Chevrolet to designate a vehicle intended for use as a police car or car-based emergency vehicle. 9C1-designated vehicles are marketed under the Police Pursuit Vehicle or Police Patrol Vehicle (PPV) nameplate. The 9C1 package is intended to compete with the Ford Police Interceptor and Stellantis's Dodge Charger Pursuit and Dodge Durango Pursuit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SEMA (association)</span> Specialty Equipment Market Association

Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) of the automotive aftermarket was formed in 1963 by Paul Schiefer, Roy Richter, Ed Iskenderian, Els Lohn, Willie Garner, Bob Hedman, Robert E. Wyman, John Bartlett, Phil Weiand Jr, Al Segal, Dean Moon, and Vic Edelbrock Jr. Now it consists of 6,383 companies worldwide, bringing together aftermarket manufacturers, original equipment manufacturers (OEM), media, car dealers, specialty equipment distributors, installers, retailers, and restoration specialists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dodge St. Regis</span> Motor vehicle

The Dodge St. Regis is an automobile that was marketed by Dodge from the 1979 to 1981 model years. Replacing the Monaco, the St. Regis was the largest Dodge sedan, positioned above the mid-size Diplomat and Aspen. In contrast to both the Monaco and the Diplomat, the St. Regis was offered solely as a four-door sedan. Produced for a single generation, the St. Regis is one of the shortest-lived Dodge nameplates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Mustang SSP</span> Motor vehicle

The Ford Mustang SSP is a lightweight police car package that was based on the Ford Mustang and produced by Ford between 1982-1993. The car was meant to provide a speedier option for police departments in lieu of other full sized sedans on the market at the time. The SSP abbreviation means Special Service Package, a special Foxbody Mustang trim made exclusively for law enforcement use. One of the taglines used by Ford to help sell this car was This Ford chases Porsches for a living...

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LA Auto Show</span> Annual US auto show

The Los Angeles Auto Show, also known as the LA Auto Show, is an auto show held annually at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California, United States. It is open to the public for ten days, filling 760,000 square feet (71,000 m2) of exhibit space. Since 2006 the event is held in November or December.

MagneRide is an automotive adaptive suspension with magnetorheological damper system developed by the Delphi Automotive corporation, that uses magnetically controlled dampers, or shock absorbers, for a highly adaptive ride. As opposed to traditional suspension systems, MagneRide has no mechanical valves or even small moving parts that can wear. This system consists of monotube dampers, one on each corner of the vehicle, a sensor set, and an ECU to maintain the system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virginia State Police</span> State police force for Virginia, US

The Virginia State Police, officially the Virginia Department of State Police, conceived in 1919 and established in 1932, is the state police force for the U.S. state of Virginia. The agency originated out of the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles as an inspector and enforcer of highway laws. It is currently one of fourteen agencies within the Cabinet Secretariat of Public Safety. On January 18, 2018, Gary T. Settle was sworn in as Superintendent of the Virginia State Police. Colonel Settle replaced retiring Colonel W. Steven Flaherty, who had served since 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia State Patrol</span> Highway patrol agency for Georgia, United States

The Georgia State Patrol (GSP) was established in March 1937 in the U.S. state of Georgia and is a division of the Georgia Department of Public Safety. It is the primary state patrol agency for the U.S. state of Georgia. Although focused primarily on the enforcement of traffic laws and investigation of traffic crashes, the Georgia State Patrol (GSP) supports the efforts of all public safety agencies to reduce criminal activity, apprehend those involved, and respond to natural and manmade disasters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Angeles Police Department resources</span> Resources and systems used by the Los Angeles Police Department

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the primary law enforcement agency of Los Angeles, California, United States, maintains and uses a variety of resources that allow its officers to effectively perform their duties. The LAPD's organization is complex with the department divided into bureaus and offices that oversee functions and manage specialized units. The LAPD's resources include the department's divisions, transportation, communications, and technology.

In the context of the automobile industry, downsizing is a practice used to transition vehicles from one size segment to another. Commenced during the Malaise era, downsizing is done in response to consumer and government demands influencing vehicle design. As vehicle product lines completed their model cycles, automobile manufacturers developed the next generation of a vehicle with a smaller exterior footprint to allow for weight reduction and increased fuel economy, using a shortened wheelbase and body length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Titusville Police Department</span> Law enforcement agency in Titusville, Florida

The Titusville Police Department (TPD) is the police force with the primary responsibility of public safety and the enforcement of state laws and county/municipal ordinances in the city of Titusville, Florida. In 2018, the department consisted of 137 full-time personnel and 17 part-time personnel. Full-time personnel includes sworn members, 911 dispatchers, code enforcement, and non-sworn civilians. The department also contained part-time personnel, like school crossing guards or record clerks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford police vehicles</span> Police vehicles manufactured by the Ford Motor Company

Ford police vehicles constitute the automobiles manufactured and sold by the Ford Motor Company for use as police cars and other car-based emergency vehicles. Though Ford has been producing police-oriented fleet vehicle variants of their full-size Ford sedans since the 1950s, the primary nameplate used by Ford for police vehicles since 1992 has been the Ford Police Interceptor, consisting of existing Ford models modified and sold for frontline police and emergency service use. A similar nameplate, the Ford Police Responder, was introduced in the mid-2010s, consisting of special-duty police vehicles not intended to be used in frontline roles.

References

  1. ↑ "City of Akron: News Releases 2009: STATE OF THE CITY PRESENTATION". Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  2. ↑ "The Police Wagon", Akron Beacon Journal, 1999-06-20
  3. ↑ "New York Police Vehicles Through the Ages". The New York Times. December 2, 2016. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  4. ↑ Sanow, Edwin J. (January 16, 1998). Ford Police Cars, 1932–1997. MBI Publishing Company LLC. p. 7. ISBN   0-7603-0372-X.
  5. ↑ Baker, Al (August 21, 2006). "A Police Car With Plenty of Muscle". The New York Times.
  6. ↑ Ziegler, Chris (October 13, 2015). "It's official: for police, the Ford Taurus and Explorer are the new Crown Vic". The Verge. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  7. ↑ Elbow, Steven (January 14, 2010). "Cops shop for new cars after Ford stops making Crown Victoria". The Cap Times. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  8. ↑ Anderson, Greg (April 14, 2010). "5 New High-Performance Cop Cars". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  9. ↑ Alaniz, Anthony. "America's Police Fleet: Every New Cop Car You'll See In The U.S." Motor1.com. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  10. ↑ Griffith, David (June 16, 2021). "Dodge Charger: The Last Patrol Sedan". www.policemag.com. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  11. ↑ Gregg, Aaron; Shaban, Hamza (August 16, 2022). "Dodge will retire Charger and Challenger, its muscle car mainstays". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  12. ↑ Woodyard, Chris. "Nation's most popular police car is now an SUV". USA TODAY.
  13. ↑ "Police Vehicle Evaluation: Model Year 2021" (PDF). Michigan.gov. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
  14. ↑ "2020 Ford Police Interceptor Utility Hybrid AWD Saves Fuel, Hauls Ass". Car and Driver. May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  15. ↑ "NYPD Prius Cruiser Filmed Repeatedly Ramming Cars In Queens NYC". Carscoops. April 1, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  16. ↑ "NYPD's "kissable and huggable" Smart cars receive flood of attention". www.cbsnews.com. June 27, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  17. ↑ Lee, Kristen. "The Los Angeles Police Department's barely used BMW i3 EVs keep flying off of used-car lots". Business Insider. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  18. ↑ Ortiz, Aimee (October 3, 2019). "A Police Tesla Nearly Ran Out of Power During a Chase. It Wasn't the Car's Fault". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  19. 1 2 Wilcox, Kyle (September 1, 2022). "Boulder City Police going electric with new Tesla patrol cars". KSNV. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  20. ↑ Boul, Kevin; Ier • • (July 16, 2022). "It's Electric! Hallandale Beach Police Rolls Out Electric Vehicle Fleet". NBC 6 South Florida. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  21. ↑ "NYPD shifting to SUVs and electric vehicles as traditional 'interceptor' sedans are gradually retired". New York Daily News. September 18, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  22. ↑ "Bridgewater police adding a Tesla to its fleet, first electric patrol car in Atlantic Canada - Halifax | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  23. ↑ "LighthouseNow: Bridgewater's first electric police vehicle goes into service". lighthousenow.ca. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Langford gets Island's first Tesla centre, RCMP's first EV cruiser". Nanaimo News Bulletin. March 3, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  25. ↑ "EVs are Taking Over! Meet the Electric Police Cars of Today". May 18, 2023.
  26. ↑ "America's Police Fleet: Every New Cop Car You'll See in the US".
  27. ↑ "20-year-old Chevrolet Caprice still patrolling for McHenry County Sheriff's Office (with video)". Shaw Local. January 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  28. ↑ Atadero, Julybien (March 24, 2021). "Confiscated Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Converted Into Police Car By Florida Sheriff's Department". HotCars. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  29. ↑ Anderson, Brad (October 2, 2022). "Street Racer's Seized 1080 HP Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Redeye Is Now Serving Texas Police". Carscoops.
  30. 1 2 Arya, Ayush (October 1, 2022). "This 1,080 HP Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Went From Street-Racer To State Trooper". HotCars. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  31. 1 2 "LAPD Adds Lamborghini Gallardo To Its Fleet". Motor Authority. March 17, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  32. ↑ Automotive, Saleen (May 10, 2017). "Saleen Automotive Delivers 730HP Saleen Mustang Police Vehicle". Saleen. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 Ramirez, Charles E. "Dealership stripes Ferrari to look like West Bloomfield police car". The Detroit News. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  34. 1 2 Holderith, Peter (November 11, 2021). "This Ford Mustang SSP Cop Car Remake Is More Than Just a Sticker Pack". The Drive. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  35. 1 2 "This 1005-hp Corvette Cop Car Has An Unusual Backstory". CarBuzz. May 30, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  36. 1 2 "OPP unveils new Corvette cruiser. Sort of". CTV News Toronto . February 17, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Texas Police Use Chevy Camaro 'Ghost' Cop Cars To Catch Bad Drivers". CarBuzz. June 11, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  38. ↑ "Chevy Camaro added to Harris Co. Pct. 4 fleet". khou.com. March 8, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  39. ↑ "New Braunfels Police Department adds Corvette to fleet". KENS 5. September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  40. ↑ "Greenwood Police Department adds Camaro to patrol fleet". Index-Journal. May 4, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  41. ↑ Anderson, Brad (May 3, 2022). "Steeda Creates A Special Ford Mustang For A Police Department In Georgia". Carscoops. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  42. ↑ Sifuentes, Edward (December 24, 2014). "Oceanside police show off new wheels". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  43. ↑ Gold, Aaron (December 30, 2019). "The Ford Mustang SSP: The Police Car That Put a (Temporary) End to Outrunning the Cops". MotorTrend. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  44. ↑ Kung, Vinnie (February 19, 2021). "The Five-O's 5.0: 1991 Ford Mustang SSP Police Car Rewind Review". MotorTrend. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  45. ↑ "History of the 1991-2002 B4C Chevy Camaro". Code 3 Garage. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  46. ↑ DeMauro, Thomas A. (June 3, 2021). "The 2002 Chevy Camaro B4C special service police package could apprehend some of the biggest speeders of its day". www.hemmings.com. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  47. ↑ "Modern Racer - Features - Police Cars - Chevrolet Camaro Police". www.modernracer.com. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  48. ↑ "2022 Car Show Entries | D.A.R.E. America" . Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  49. ↑ "169.98 - 2006 Minnesota Statutes". www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us.
  50. ↑ "311-3 - 2019 Ohio Administrative Code". codes.ohio.gov.
  51. ↑ Vehicles, California Department of Motor. "Detail". www.dmv.ca.gov.
  52. ↑ "Speeders beware: More cop cars getting the 'panda' paint scheme across North America". thestar.com. May 6, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  53. ↑ "Cobourg Police Service test Battenburg-patterned cruiser to increase visibility | Cobourg Police Services" . Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  54. ↑ "St. Thomas police testing out new cruiser paint design". London. June 4, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  55. ↑ Mays, Jennett (July 26, 2022). "Barrie Police test Battenburg-patterned cruisers to increase visibility | Barrie Police". Barrie Police. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  56. ↑ Draper, John (August 30, 2023). "Highly Visible Police Cars – Cobourg News Blog". Cobourg News Blog. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  57. ↑ Krauss, Clifford (June 25, 1996). "New Color Scheme, Mostly White, to Reduce the Cost of Painting Police Cars". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  58. ↑ "Yellow's fading appeal | Maclean's | OCTOBER 13, 1986". Maclean's | The Complete Archive. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  59. ↑ "Historical photos: Hamilton police drove bright yellow police cars". The Hamilton Spectator. April 1, 2019. ISSN   1189-9417 . Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  60. ↑ "How to Spot Undercover Cops and Unmarked Police Cars". Lifehacker. January 5, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  61. 1 2 "'Ghost' Police Cars Are Becoming More Popular | GetJerry.com". getjerry.com. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  62. 1 2 3 Day, Lewin (June 10, 2021). "Texas Police Are Now Using 'Ghost' Camaros to Patrol the Highways". The Drive. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  63. 1 2 Wong, Clayton (September 20, 2017). "'Ghost' Cars Lower Crash Rates". www.government-fleet.com. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  64. ↑ "Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study" (PDF). p. 24. Retrieved January 25, 2014. For law enforcement vehicles, retroreflective material can be concentrated on the sides and rear to maintain stealth when facing traffic or patrolling.
  65. ↑ Latu, Dan (March 27, 2022). "'Aren't we supposed to be able to see them easily?': TikToker shows 'ghost' cop car, sparking debate". The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  66. ↑ Freind, Christopher (May 21, 2012). "Unmarked Police Cars Lead to Dangers for Citizens | The Philly Post". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.