Pseudastacus

Last updated

Pseudastacus
Temporal range: Sinemurian–Cenomanian
Pseudastacus pustulosus.JPG
Fossil of P. pustulosus at the Jura Museum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family:† Stenochiridae
Genus:† Pseudastacus
Oppel, 1861
Type species
†Bolina pustulosa
Münster, 1839
Species
  • †P. lemovicesCharbonnier & Audo, 2020
  • †P. minor? Fraas, 1878
  • †P. mucronatus? Phillips, 1835
  • †P. pusillus? Van Straelen, 1925
  • †P. pustulosusMünster, 1839
Synonyms
Synonyms of Pseudastacus
  • AlvisMünster, 1840
  • BolinaMünster, 1839
Synonyms of P. pustulosus
  • Alvis octopusMünster, 1840
  • Bolina pustulosaMünster, 1839
  • Pseudastacus muensteriOppel, 1861
Synonyms of P. mucronatus

Pseudastacus (meaning "false Astacus ", in comparison to the extant crayfish genus) is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived during the Jurassic period in Europe, and possibly the Cretaceous period in Lebanon. Many species have been assigned to it, though the placement of some species remains uncertain and others have been reassigned to different genera. Fossils attributable to this genus were first described by Georg zu Münster in 1839 under the name Bolina pustulosa, but the generic name was changed in 1861 after Albert Oppel noted that it was preoccupied. The genus has been placed into different families by numerous authors, historically being assigned to Nephropidae or Protastacidae. Currently, it is believed to be a member of Stenochiridae.

Contents

Reaching up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in total length, Pseudastacus was a small animal. Members of this genus have a crayfish-like build, possessing long antennae, a triangular rostrum and a frontmost pair of appendages enlarged into long and narrow pincers. Deep grooves are present on the carapace, which is around the same length as the abdomen. The surface of the carapace is usually uneven, with either small tubercles or pits. Sexual dimorphism is known in P. pustulosus, with the pincers of females being more elongated than those of the males. There is evidence of possible gregarious behavior in P. lemovices in the form of multiple individuals preserved alongside each other, possibly killed in a mass mortality event. With the oldest known record dating to the Sinemurian age of the Early Jurassic, and possible species surviving into the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, Pseudastacus has a long temporal range and was a widespread taxon. Fossils of this animal were first found in the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, but have also been recorded from France, England and Lebanon. All species in this genus lived in marine environments.

Discovery and naming

Bolina pustulosa.jpg
Alvis octopus.jpg
Figure drawn by Münster in 1839 (left) labelled as Bolina pustulosa, and fossil of P. pustulosus (right) as illustrated in Münster's 1840 paper, originally labelled as Alvis octopus

Fossils of Pseudastacus had been described prior to the naming of this genus, under other names which are currently invalid. In 1839, German paleontologist Georg zu Münster established the genus Bolina to include two species, B. pustulosa (the type species) and B. angusta, both of which are based on specimens collected from the Solnhofen Limestone. The generic name references the nymph Bolina from Greek mythology, who threw herself into the sea. [1] A year later, Münster described several fossils from the Solnhofen Limestone he believed to represent isopods, and erected the genus Alvis to contain the single species A. octopus, naming it after the dwarf Alvíss from Norse mythology. [2]

In 1861, German paleontologist Albert Oppel placed B. pustulosa and B. angusta into two new genera, Pseudastacus and Stenochirus respectively. Now renamed as Pseudastacus pustulosus and Stenochirus angustus, the two species became the type species of their own respective genera. [3] This was done because the name Bolina had already been assigned to both a gastropod and a ctenophore, thus the crustacean named by Münster had to be renamed. [4] The name Pseudastacus combines the Greek word ψεύδος (pseudos, meaning "false") and Astacus , referencing its resemblance to the modern crayfish genus. [3] Oppel declared that 10 specimens known at the time represented P. pustulosus, one of which was from the Redenbacher collection of the Berlin Natural History Museum and the remaining nine were from the collection of the Palaeontological Museum, Munich. His analysis also found that the specimen named as Alvis octopus by Münster was not an isopod, but essentially identical to P. pustulosus, and therefore synonymized the two species. In addition, he identified one specimen (BSPG AS I 672) housed in the Palaeontological Museum as a second species of the genus which he named P. muensteri. [5]

In 2006, Alessandro Garassino and Guenter Schweigert reviewed the decapod fossils from Solnhofen and found that four of the P. pustulosus specimens from Oppel's collection were still present, and that P. muensteri represents female specimens of P. pustulosus (thus being a junior synonym). [6]

Species

Several species have been assigned to the genus Pseudastacus, though the placement of some species remains uncertain or tentative. In addition, some have since been moved into different genera after it was discovered that they were not closely related to the type species. A 2020 revision by Sylvain Charbonnier and Denis Audo retained five species within the genus Pseudastacus: [7]

Illustration made in 1835 of the P. mucronatus type specimen Pseudastacus mucronatus.jpg
Illustration made in 1835 of the P. mucronatus type specimen
Illustration made in 1878 of the currently lost P. minor type specimen Pseudastacus minor.jpg
Illustration made in 1878 of the currently lost P. minor type specimen

Reassigned species

The following species were formerly placed in Pseudastacus, but have since been moved to different genera.

Description

Life restoration of P. pustulosus with speculative coloration Pseudastacus pustulosus male.png
Life restoration of P. pustulosus with speculative coloration

Pseudastacus is a small crustacean, with the known specimens of P. pustulosus ranging from 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) in total length. [6] The carapace of P. lemovices reaches a length of 11 mm (0.43 in) excluding the rostrum, and a height of 6.5 mm (0.26 in). [7]

Members of this genus often have an uneven carapace surface, with some species (such as P. pustulosus) having tubercles and others (such as P. lemovices) having pits distributed uniformly across the carapace surface. Individuals with smoother carapaces are also documented, though this may be due to abrasion. Grooves are present on the carapace, including a deep, arch-shaped cervical groove that stretches across the top of the carapace, linking to similarly deep gastroorbital, antennal and hepatic grooves at the sides. A weaker additional groove (the postcervical groove) lies behind the cervical groove on either side. The rostrum is triangular and elongated, with three spines on the sides. [7] [6] The carapace and head are separated by an arch-shaped depression. A pair of long antennae and two pairs of shorter antennules extend from the head, with the outer antennules being slightly narrower and more pointed than the inner pair. [2] A pair of compound eyes are attached to the head by short eye stalks. [6]

Life restoration of P. lemovices with speculative coloration Pseudastacus lemovices.png
Life restoration of P. lemovices with speculative coloration

The thorax bears five pairs of appendages known as pereiopods (walking legs). The first three pairs of pereiopods terminate with chelae (pincers), and the pair furthest front is particularly long and enlarged. Though ornamented with tubercles in P. pustulosus, the pincers are smooth and undecorated in P. lemovices. The pereiopods decrease in size the further back they are placed, the pair furthest front being largest and longest. The abdomen is around the length of the carapace, with the frontmost segment being the smallest. The uropods (tail appendages) are equal in length, with a ridge down the middle. Long setae (bristles) are preserved on the uropod margins of P. lemovices. [7]

Classification

Illustrations of P. pustulosus made in 1862 Pseudastacus pustulosus Oppel.jpg
Illustrations of P. pustulosus made in 1862

In the years since it was first discovered, Pseudastacus has been placed in a variety of families by different authors. For many decades, the genus was thought to be a member of Nephropidae (the lobster family), as first reported by Victor van Straelen in 1925. [11] This placement was followed by subsequent authors such as Beurlen (1928), Glaessner (1929), and Chong & Förster (1976). [16] [17] [18] In 1983, Henning Albrecht erected the family Protastacidae and moved Pseudastacus into it, whereas Tshudy & Babcock (1997) included the genus into their newly-established family Chilenophoberidae. [19] [20] Although Garassino & Schweigert (2006) continued to place Pseudastacus in Proastacidae following Albrecht (1983), other authors in the 2000s would place it in Chilenophoberidae based on the more recent findings of Tshudy & Babcock (1997). [6] [21] [22]

In 2013, Karasawa and colleagues recovered Pseudastacus as the sister taxon to Stenochirus , making Chilenophoberidae a paraphyletic group. The family was therefore synonymized with Stenochiridae. The following cladogram shows the placement of Pseudastacus within Stenochiridae according to the study: [23]

Stenochiridae

Paleobiology

Sexual dimorphism

Illustrations made in 1862 of male (left) and female (center and right) P. pustulosus, originally labeling the females as P. muensteri Pseudastacus male and female.jpg
Illustrations made in 1862 of male (left) and female (center and right) P. pustulosus, originally labeling the females as P. muensteri

Albert Oppel noticed that Pseudastacus fossils from the Solnhofen Limestone could be divided into two morphs; aside from those most similar to the P. pustulosus type specimen, there was also one with a smaller body and longer, more slender claws. Oppel believed the latter morph to be a separate species which he named P. muensteri in 1862. [5] Over a century later, Garassino & Schweigert (2006) found that specimens of P. muensteri were essentially identical to P. pustulosus aside from the claw form. In addition, they noted that in fossil glypheids and the extant Neoglyphea inopinata , the females possess longer clawed limbs than the males. Based on this, they declared P. muensteri as a junior synonym of P. pustulosus, and actually represents a female specimen of this species which was sexually dimorphic. [6]

Social behavior

The type series of P. lemovices consists of five individuals preserved together in a single limestone slab, possibly indicating that the species exhibited gregarious behaviour, with this group being killed in a mass mortality event (perhaps caused by temperature changes or lack of oxygen). [7] Evidence of gregarious behaviour is also known in other fossil lobsters, as well as in extant species. [24] [25]

Paleoenvironment

Early Jurassic

Pseudastacus is believed to have first evolved during the Early Jurassic, with P. lemovices being the oldest member of the genus currently known. The five known specimens of this species were preserved in a single limestone slab collected from a garden in Chauffour-sur-Vell, France. The sediment in this locality represents a marine environment dating back to the Sinemurian age (between 199.5 and 192.9 million years ago), and the general area has been specifically dated to the late Sinemurian based on the presence of the green alga Palaeodasycladus mediterraneus in a regional bed. [7]

Late Jurassic

Pseudastacus pustulosus, the type species of the genus, is known from the most specimens. All known remains of this species were collected from the Solnhofen Limestone of Bavaria, Germany, which dates to the Tithonian age of the Late Jurassic period, between 149.2 and 145 million years ago. During the time of deposition, the European continent was partly inundated, forming a dry, tropical archipelago at the edge of the Tethys Ocean. The Solnhofen Limestone would have been laid down in a lagoonal environment cut off from the main ocean by reefs. [26] A coastal habitat is further confirmed by the fossil content of the area, which includes numerous marine species that P. pustulosus would have lived alongside. These include cephalopods (such as ammonoids and belemnites), [27] crinoids (such as Saccocoma ), [28] other crustaceans (including eryonids, axiids, glypheids, mantis shrimp, and the closely related Stenochirus ), [6] fish (such as pycnodonts, pachycormids, aspidorhynchids and caturids) [29] and marine reptiles (such as turtles, ichthyosaurs and metriorhynchids). [30] [31] [32] Remains of terrestrial animals, though rarer, are also present and represent species that would have lived on the islands surrounded by the lagoons, including dinosaurs (such as Archaeopteryx and Compsognathus ), [33] lizards (such as Ardeosaurus , Bavarisaurus and Schoenesmahl ), [34] and pterosaurs (such as Rhamphorhynchus , Aurorazhdarcho , Pterodactylus , Germanodactylus , Ctenochasma and Scaphognathus ). [35] [36]

Cretaceous

Two Pseudastacus species, P. mucronatus and P. minor, originate from deposits dating to the Cretaceous period, though their assignment to this genus remains uncertain. These two species did not coexist, being from different stages of the Cretaceous as well as different locations. Known remains of P. mucronatus have been collected from the Speeton Clay Formation in England, which extends from the Berriasian to Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous (145 to 113 million years ago). [37] The formation was a marine environment that was initially deposited during a period of low sea level, and the sea level later fluctuated greatly over the course of the formation's deposition, representing events of marine transgression and regression. This is reflected by the foraminifera assemblage, and Plymouth Sound has been proposed as a modern analogue for the formation. [38] Fossilized remains of various marine animals are preserved in the Speeton Clay Formation, with those of belemnites being the most abundant. [39] Ammonites, crustaceans, and the teeth of sharks and rays (including Cretorectolobus , Spathobatis , Dasyatis and Synechodus ) are also commonly recorded from these deposits. [8] [40] [41]

Known from a single (currently missing) specimen from the Cenomanian-aged (between 100.5 and 93.9 million-year-old) marine deposits of Lebanon, P. minor would be the geologically youngest species of Pseudastacus, assuming it does belong to the genus. During this age, Lebanon was located on a large carbonate platform mostly submerged in the Neotethys Ocean, and located near the northeastern edge of the Afro-Arabian continent. [42] Plant fossils from Cenomanian Lebanese deposits (including gymnosperms and deciduous angiosperms) indicate a similar climate to the modern-day Mediterranean Basin, and are similar to floral assemblages from contemporary Crimea, North America and Central Europe. [43] The paleontological sites of Lebanon have yielded many well-preserved fossils, including a wide variety of fish, crustaceans and even octopuses. [44] [45] [46] Terrestrial insects and reptiles (including pterosaurs and squamates) are also represented in the fossil finds from these deposits. [42] [47] [48]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glypheoidea</span> Superfamily of crustaceans

The Glypheoidea, is a group of lobster-like decapod crustaceans which forms an important part of fossil faunas, such as the Solnhofen limestone. These fossils included taxa such as Glyphea, and Mecochirus, mostly with elongated chelipeds. This group of decapods is a good example of a living fossil, or a lazarus taxon, since until their discovery in the 1970s, the group was considered to have become extinct in the Eocene. The superfamily Glypheoidea comprises five families. The two extant species, Neoglyphea inopinata and Laurentaeglyphea neocaledonica, are both in the family Glypheidae.

<i>Belonostomus</i> Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes

Belonostomus is a genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that was described by Louis Agassiz in 1844. It is a member of the order Aspidorhynchiformes, a group of fish known for their distinctive elongated rostrums.

<i>Acanthochirana</i> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Acanthochirana is an extinct genus of prawn that existed during the upper Jurassic period. It was named by E. Strand in 1928, and its type species is Acanthochirana cordata. They are distinguished from the related genus Aeger by the presence of teeth on the rostrum, which are absent in Aeger.

<i>Macropenaeus</i> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Macropenaeus is an extinct genus of prawn in the order Decapoda, containing two species: the type species M. incertus, known from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon, and M. sidiaichensis known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Tunisia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galatheoidea</span> Superfamily of crustaceans

The Galatheoidea are a superfamily of decapod crustaceans comprising the porcelain crabs and some squat lobsters. Squat lobsters within the three families of the superfamily Chirostyloidea are not closely related to the squat lobsters within the Galatheoidea. The fossil record of the superfamily extends back to the Middle Jurassic genus Palaeomunidopsis.

<i>Glyphea</i> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Glyphea is a genus of fossil glypheoid crustaceans that lived from the Jurassic to the Eocene. It includes the following species:

<i>Cancrinos</i> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Cancrinos is a genus of fossil crustaceans closely allied with the slipper lobsters. One species is known, C. claviger from the Jurassic of southern Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sannine Formation</span> Geologic formation in Lebanon

The Sannine Formation, also called the Sannine Limestone, is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Lebanon. It is a Konservat-Lagerstätte that contains a high diversity of well-preserved fish, reptiles, and invertebrates from the Tethys Ocean within its three main localities: Haqel, Hjoula, and Nammoura.

<i>Chresmoda</i> Extinct insect genus

Chresmoda is an extinct genus of insects within the family Chresmodidae.

Paracancrinos is a prehistoric genus of crustacean that lived during the Upper Cretaceous in what is now Lebanon. It contains a single species, P. libanensis, which was originally described as a species of Cancrinos in 2006, but was moved to its own genus in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palinurina</span> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Palinurina is an extinct genus of crustaceans, belonging to the decapods. These animals lived between the Lower Jurassic and the Upper Jurassic and their fossils can be found in Europe. This crustacean is considered one of the oldest lobsters.

<i>Mimodactylus</i> Genus of Late Cretaceous pterosaur

Mimodactylus is a genus of istiodactyliform pterosaur that lived in what is now Lebanon during the Late Cretaceous, 95 million years ago. The only known specimen was discovered in a limestone quarry near the town of Hjoula, belonging to the Sannine Formation. The owner of the quarry allowed the specimen to be prepared and scientifically described by an international team of researchers, and when it was eventually sold, the buyer donated it to the MIM Museum in Beirut. In 2019, the researchers named the new genus and species Mimodactylus libanensis; the generic name refers to the MIM Museum, combined with the Greek word daktylos for "digit", and the specific name refers to Lebanon. The well-preserved holotype specimen is the first complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent, and the third pterosaur fossil known from Lebanon.

2020 in arthropod paleontology is a list of new arthropod fossil taxa, including arachnids, crustaceans, insects, trilobites, and other arthropods that were announced or described, as well as other significant arthropod paleontological discoveries and events which occurred in 2020.

<i>Notahomarus</i> Extinct species of crustacean

Notahomarus is a genus of fossil lobster belonging to the family Nephropidae that is known from fossils found only in Lebanon. The type species, N. hakelensis, was initially placed within the genus Homarus in 1878, but it was transferred to the genus Notahomarus in 2017.

<i>Sculda</i> Extinct genus of mantis shrimp

Sculda is an extinct genus of mantis shrimp known from the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous of Germany and Lebanon. Although several species have been assigned to it, some are now deemed dubious or moved to different genera. It was a moderate-sized crustacean, measuring no more than 50 mm (2.0 in) long. Sculda would have lived in a marine environment and been a predatory animal, likely smashing its prey with the widened segment of its raptorial appendages before cutting it with the sharp appendage tips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stenochiridae</span> Family of crustaceans

Stenochiridae is a family of fossil decapod crustaceans which lived from the early Jurassic to late Cretaceous periods. It is the only family in the superfamily Stenochiroidea. Fossils of stenochirids are known from Europe, Japan, Chile and Australia.

<i>Stenochirus</i> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Stenochirus is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived from the Callovian to Tithonian stages of the Jurassic period. Its fossils have been found in Germany and France.

Chilenophoberus is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic period in what is now Cordillera de Domeyko, Chile. The genus contains a single species, Chilenophoberus atacamensis.

Tillocheles is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived during the Cretaceous period. Two species are currently placed in the genus. Fossils of the earlier type species, T. shannonae, have been found in Queensland, while remains of the later species, T. kaoriae, are known from Hokkaido.

<i>Protastacus</i> Extinct genus of crustaceans

Protastacus is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived in what is now Germany during the early Cretaceous period. The type species is P. politus, and a second species, P. antiquus, is also assigned to the genus. Protastacus grew to around 10 cm (3.9 in) long and had a mostly crayfish-like appearance, with enlarged pincer-bearing appendages and a segmented abdomen. Though formerly assigned to the Astacidae or Nephropoidea, it is currently placed as the only genus in the family Protastacidae, which in turn is the only family in the superfamily Protastacoidea.

References

  1. 1 2 Münster, Georg Herbert (1839). Beitraege zur Petrefacten-Kunde : mit XXX. Nach Der Natur Gezeichneten Tafeln (in German). Bayreuth: in Commission der Buchner'schen Buchhandlung. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original on 2023-11-23. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  2. 1 2 Münster, G (1840). "Ueber einige Isopoden in den Kalkschiefern von Bayern" (PDF). Beiträge zur Petrefactenkunde (in German). 3: 19–23. Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  3. 1 2 3 A, Oppel (1861). "Die arten der gattungen Eryma, Pseudastacus, Magila und Etallonia" (PDF). Jahreshefte des Vereins fur Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg (in German). 17: 355–364. Archived from the original on 2023-11-23. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  4. ↑ Moore, R. C.; Brooks, H. K.; Glaessner, M. F.; Rolfe, W. D. Ian; Manning, Raymond B.; Holthuis, L. B.; Hessler, Robert R. (1969). "Decapoda". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part R, Arthropoda 4. University of Kansas Press. pp. R460. doi:10.17161/dt.v0i0.5629. ISSN   2153-621X.
  5. 1 2 Oppel, Carl Albert; Zittel, Karl Alfred von; Boehm, Georg; Bayerisches Nationalmuseum (1862). "Über jurassische Crustaceen". Palaeontologische Mittheilungen aus dem Museum des Koenigl. Bayer. Staates. Smithsonian Libraries. Stuttgart: Ebner & Seubert. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.15040. OCLC   1050262342.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Garassino, Alessandro; Schweigert, Guenter (2006). "The Upper Jurassic Solnhofen decapod crustacean fauna: Review of the types from old descriptions. Part I. Infraorders Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura" (PDF). Memorie della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 34 (1): 1–64. OCLC   1104150486. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Charbonnier, Sylvain; Audo, Denis (2020). "A new stenochirid lobster (Crustacea, Decapoda, Stenochiridae) from the Early Jurassic of France". Geodiversitas. 42 (7): 93–102. doi: 10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a7 . ISSN   1280-9659.
  8. 1 2 Phillips, John (1835). Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, or, A Description of the Strata and Organic Remains: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Plates of the Fossil Plants and Animals (2nd ed. of part. 1. ed.). London: pr. for J. Murray. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.127948. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24.
  9. ↑ Woods, Henry (1925). "A monograph of the fossil macrurous crustacea of England. Part II. Plates V–VIII". Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society. 77 (359): 17–40. Bibcode:1925MPalS..77...17W. doi:10.1080/02693445.1925.12035594. ISSN   0269-3445. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25.
  10. 1 2 Fraas, Oskar Friedrich von (1878). Aus dem Orient: Geologische Beobachtungen am Libanon. II (in German). Verlag von Ebner & Seubert. pp. 90–91.
  11. 1 2 Van Straelen, V. (1925). "Contribution à l'étude des crustacés décapodes de la période jurassique". Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences de l'Académie royale de Belgique. 7: 1–462. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  12. ↑ Charbonnier, Sylvain; Audo, Denis; Garassino, Alessandro; Hyžný, Matús, eds. (2017). Fossil Crustacea of Lebanon. Mémoires du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Paris: Publications scientifiques du Muséum. pp. 126–129. ISBN   978-2-85653-785-5.
  13. ↑ Jean, Roger (1946). Les Invertébrés des Couches a Poissons du Crétacé Supérieur du Liban : Étude Paléobiologique des Gesements (in French). Paris: Société géologique de France. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  14. ↑ Via, Luis (1971). "Crustáceos decápodos del Jurásico Superior de Montsech (Lérida)". Cuadernas Geología Ibérica. 2: 607–612. hdl:10261/6397. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  15. ↑ Garassino, Alessandro (1997). "The macruran decapod crustaceans of the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Barremian) of Las Hoyas (Cuenca, Spain)". Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano. 137 (1–2): 101–126. S2CID   54195033. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  16. ↑ Beurlen, Karl (1928). "Die decapoden des Schwäbischen Jura, mit ausnahme der aus den oberjurassischen plattenkalken stammenden. Beiträge zur systematik und stammesgeschichte der decapoden". Palaeontographica (in German): 115–278. Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  17. ↑ Fossilium catalogus: Animalia / ed. a J. F. Pompeckj. Crustacea decapoda / M. F. Glaessner (in German). Berlin: W. Junk. 1929. OCLC   73055895. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  18. ↑ Chong, G; Förster, R (1976). "Chilenophoberus atacamensis, a new decapod crustacean from the Middle Oxfordian of the Cordillera de Domeyko, northern Chile". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 3: 145–156. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  19. ↑ Albrecht, Henning (1983). "Die Protastacidae n. fam., fossile vorfahren der flußkrebse?" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte (in German): 5–15. doi:10.1127/njgpm/1983/1983/5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-24.
  20. ↑ Tshudy, D; Babcock, L.E. (1997). "Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of the clawed lobsters (family Nephropidae and the new family Chilenophoberidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 17 (2): 253–263. doi: 10.1163/193724097x00288 . ISSN   0278-0372.
  21. ↑ De Grave, Sammy; Pentcheff, N. Dean; Ahyong, Shane T.; Chan, Tin-Yam; Crandall, Keith A.; Dworschak, Peter C.; Felder, Darryl L.; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Fransen, Charles H. J. M.; Goulding, Laura Y. D.; Lemaitre, Rafael; Low, Martyn E. Y.; Martin, Joel W.; Ng, Peter K. L.; Schweitzer, Carrie E. (2009). "A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology: 1–109. hdl:10088/8358. ISSN   0217-2445. S2CID   80915884. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  22. ↑ Schweitzer, Carrie; Feldmann, Rodney; Garassino, Alessandro; Karasawa, Hiroaki; Schweigert, Günter (2010). "Systematic list of fossil decapod crustacean species". Crustaceana Monographs. 10: 1–222. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004178915.i-222. ISBN   978-90-474-4126-7. S2CID   83766569.
  23. ↑ Karasawa, Hiroaki; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (2013). "Phylogeny and systematics of extant and extinct lobsters". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 33 (1): 78–123. doi: 10.1163/1937240X-00002111 . ISSN   0278-0372. S2CID   84072710.
  24. ↑ Klompmaker, Adiël A.; Fraaije, René H. B. (2012). "Animal behavior frozen in time: gregarious behavior of Early Jurassic lobsters within an ammonoid body chamber". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31893. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731893K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031893 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3296704 . PMID   22412846.
  25. ↑ Zimmer-Faust, Richard K.; Spanier, Ehud (1987). "Gregariousness and sociality in spiny lobsters: implications for den habitation". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 105 (1): 57–71. Bibcode:1987JEMBE.105...57Z. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(87)80029-1. ISSN   0022-0981.
  26. ↑ Barthel, K Werner (1970). "On the deposition of the Solnhofen lithographic limestone (Lower Tithonian, Bavaria, Germany)" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 135: 1–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  27. ↑ Keupp, Helmut (2007). "Complete ammonoid jaw apparatuses from the Solnhofen plattenkalks: implications for aptychi function and microphagous feeding of ammonoids". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 245 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0093. ISSN   0077-7749. Archived from the original on 2023-11-08.
  28. ↑ Milsom, Clare V. (1994). "Saccocoma: a benthic crinoid from the Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone, Germany". Palaeontology. 37: 121–129. S2CID   221961983. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  29. ↑ Lambers, Paul H. (1999). "The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian 'Plattenkalke' near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art". Geologie en Mijnbouw. 78 (2): 215–229. doi:10.1023/A:1003855831015. hdl: 1874/420683 . ISSN   1573-9708. S2CID   127676896. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25.
  30. ↑ Augustin, Felix J.; Rabi, Márton; Spindler, Frederik; Kampouridis, Panagiotis; Hartung, Josephina; Albersdörfer, Raimund; Matzke, Andreas T. (2023). Surmik, Dawid (ed.). "A new specimen of Solnhofia parsonsi from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) Plattenkalk deposits of Painten (Bavaria, Germany) and comments on the relationship between limb taphonomy and habitat ecology in fossil turtles". PLOS ONE. 18 (7): e0287936. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1887936A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287936 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   10370695 . PMID   37494369.
  31. ↑ Bardet, N.; Fernandez, M. (2000). "A new ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria". Journal of Paleontology. 74 (3): 503–511. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0503:ANIFTU>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   131190803. Archived from the original on 2023-12-23.
  32. ↑ Young, Mark Thomas; De Andrade, Marco Brandalise (2009). "What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 551–585. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00536.x. S2CID   83242976. Archived from the original on 2023-11-18.
  33. ↑ Wellnhofer, Peter (2010). "A short history of research on Archaeopteryx and its relationship with dinosaurs". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 343 (1): 237–250. Bibcode:2010GSLSP.343..237W. doi:10.1144/SP343.14. ISSN   0305-8719. S2CID   140555285. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25.
  34. ↑ Conrad, Jack L (2018). "A new lizard (Squamata) was the last meal of Compsognathus (Theropoda: Dinosauria) and is a holotype in a holotype". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 584–634. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx055. ISSN   0024-4082. Archived from the original on 2023-10-23.
  35. ↑ Hone, David W. E.; Habib, Michael B.; Lamanna, Matthew C. (2013). "An annotated and illustrated catalogue of Solnhofen (Upper Jurassic, Germany) pterosaur specimens at Carnegie Museum of Natural History". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 82 (2): 165–191. doi:10.2992/007.082.0203. ISSN   0097-4463. S2CID   86700910. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25.
  36. ↑ Bennett, S. Christopher (1996). "Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: taxonomic and systematic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (3): 432–444. Bibcode:1996JVPal..16..432B. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011332. ISSN   0272-4634. JSTOR   4523735. S2CID   83973821.
  37. ↑ "BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units - Result Details". webapps.bgs.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  38. ↑ Hart, Malcolm B.; Price, Gregory D.; Smart, Christopher W. (2008). "Foraminifera and sequence stratigraphy of the lower part of the Speeton Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) in N. E. England". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie. 110: 423–442. ISSN   0255-0091. JSTOR   41701824. S2CID   130723560.
  39. ↑ Taylor, Paul D.; Barnbrook, Jane A.; Sendino, Consuelo (2013). "Endolithic biota of belemnites from the Early Cretaceous Speeton Clay Formation of North Yorkshire, UK". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 59 (4): 227–245. Bibcode:2013PYGS...59..227T. doi:10.1144/pygs2013-336. ISSN   0044-0604. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25.
  40. ↑ Doyle, J. C. (1989). "The stratigraphy of a late Lower Hauterivian horizon in the Speeton Clay formation (Lower Cretaceous) of East Yorkshire". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. The work of amateur geologists. 100 (2): 175–182. Bibcode:1989PrGA..100..175D. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(89)80004-5. ISSN   0016-7878.
  41. ↑ Underwood, Charlie J.; Mitchell, Simon F.; Veltcamp, Kees J. (1999). "Shark and ray teeth from the Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of north-east England". Palaeontology. 42 (2): 287–302. Bibcode:1999Palgy..42..287U. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00074. ISSN   0031-0239. S2CID   128703474. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18.
  42. 1 2 Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. Bibcode:2019NatSR...917875K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6884559 . PMID   31784545.
  43. ↑ Krassilov, Valentin; Bacchia, Flavio (2000). "Cenomanian florule of Nammoura, Lebanon". Cretaceous Research. 21 (6): 785–799. Bibcode:2000CrRes..21..785K. doi:10.1006/cres.2000.0229. ISSN   0195-6671.
  44. ↑ Hay, Oliver P. (1903). "On a collection of Upper Cretaceous fishes from Mount Lebanon, Syria, with descriptions of four new genera and nineteen new species". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 19: 395–452. OCLC   40266857. Archived from the original on 2023-11-16. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  45. ↑ Garassino, Alessandro (1994). The Macruran Decapod Crustaceans of the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Società italiana di scienze naturali, Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  46. ↑ Fuchs, Dirk; Bracchi, Giacomo; Weis, Robert (2009). "New octopods (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) of Hâkel and Hâdjoula, Lebanon". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 65–81. Bibcode:2009Palgy..52...65F. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x. ISSN   0031-0239. Archived from the original on 2023-10-06.
  47. ↑ Maksoud, Sibelle; Granier, Bruno R.C.; Azar, Dany (2022). "Palaeoentomological (fossil insects) outcrops in Lebanon". Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology). 22 (16): 699–743. doi:10.2110/carnets.2022.2216. S2CID   253513442. Archived from the original on 2023-08-03.
  48. ↑ Campbell Mekarski, Michelle; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2019). "Spatiotemporal distributions of non-ophidian ophidiomorphs, with implications for their origin, radiation, and extinction". Frontiers in Earth Science. 7: 245. Bibcode:2019FrEaS...7..245C. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00245 . ISSN   2296-6463.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.