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Yule is a winter festival historically observed by the Germanic peoples that was incorporated into Christmas during the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples. In present times adherents of some new religious movements celebrate Yule independently of the Christian festival. Scholars have connected the original celebrations of Yule to the Wild Hunt, the god Odin, and the heathen Anglo-Saxon Mōdraniht. The term Yule and cognates are still used in English and the Scandinavian languages as well as in Finnish and Estonian to describe Christmas and other festivals occurring during the winter holiday season. Furthermore, some present-day Christmas customs and traditions such as the Yule log, Yule goat, Yule boar, Yule singing, and others may have connections to older pagan Yule traditions.
Jansson's temptation is a traditional Swedish casserole made of potatoes, onions, pickled sprats, bread crumbs and cream. It is commonly included in a Swedish julbord, and the Easter påskbuffé, which is lighter than a traditional julbord. The dish is also common in Finland where it is known as janssoninkiusaus.
Education in Norway is mandatory for all children aged from 6 to 16. Schools are typically divided into two divisions: primary and lower secondary schooling. The majority of schools in Norway are municipal, where local governments fund and manage administration. Primary and lower secondary schools are available free of charge for all Norwegian citizens as a given right.
Jul or jol is the term used for the Christmas holiday season in Scandinavia and parts of Scotland. Originally, jul was the name of a month in the old Germanic calendar. The concept of jul as a period of time rather than a specific event prevailed in Scandinavia; in modern times, jul is a period of time stretching from the fourth Sunday before Christmas Eve, December 24, to (traditionally) mid-January at the date of Epiphany with the month of December and Christmas, and the week up to the New Year, as its highlight. The modern English yule and yuletide are cognates with this term.
HNLMS Gelderland was a Holland-class protected cruiser of the Royal Netherlands Navy. During its career in the Dutch Navy it was most notable for being the ship Queen Wilhelmina sent to Portuguese East Africa to transport Paul Kruger to Europe during the Second Boer War. The ship was taken over by the Germans during World War II, rebuilt as an anti-aircraft cruiser and renamed Niobe. Commissioned into the German navy on 1 March 1944, she was sunk in Kotka harbour in Finland on 16 July 1944.
HNLMS Zuiderkruis (A832) was a replenishment oiler operated by the Royal Netherlands Navy. Zuiderkruis entered service in 1975 and was decommissioned on 10 February 2012. Her design was based on the earlier replenishment ship Poolster. The ship has been stripped for parts and left Den Helder for scrapping in Turkey on 21 February 2014.
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup was a Norwegian poet and children's writer. He received several literary prizes, including the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature, the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment, the Dobloug Prize and the Riksmål Society Literature Prize.
Edgar Otto (1873–1952) was a Norwegian admiral.
HNLMS Marten Harpertszoon Tromp was a unique coastal defence ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy built by the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam.
HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck was a unique coastal defence ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy built by the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam. She was among the ships send to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the Second Castro Crisis. After her active career she was rebuilt into a stationary battery ship and recommissioned. During World War II she was captured by the invading German forces and converted in an anti-aircraft battery. After the war the ship was recovered and given back to the Netherlands, to be converted to an accommodation ship.
Events in the year 1700 in Norway.
Van Gogh is an opera in one act and five scenes by Nevit Kodallı to a Turkish-language libretto by playwright Orhan Asena based on Irving Stone's Lust for Life about the painter Vincent van Gogh. The work was premiered at the Ankara State Opera as part of the first Ankara Music Festival that was planned by local arts organizations. The original production was directed by tenor Aydın Gün who also portrayed the title role. Other artists in the world premiere included soprano Sevda Aydan as Maya and bass Ayhan Baran as Paul Gauguin among others.
HNLMS Hertog Hendrik was a Koningin Regentes-class coastal defence ship (pantserschip) of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ship was built at the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam at the start of the twentieth century. She was the first ship in the Dutch navy to be equipped with wireless communication. The ship took part in two expeditions to South Celebes and during the Spanish Civil War she performed convoy duties. During World War II she was captured by the invading German forces and converted into an anti-aircraft battery. After the war the ship was recovered and given back to the Netherlands, to be converted into an accommodation ship.
HNLMS Noordbrabant was a Holland-class protected cruiser of the Royal Netherlands Navy.
HNLMS Sumatra was a Java-class cruiser of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She was launched during World War I and saw action during World War II. She was scuttled off the coast of Normandy on 9 June 1944 at Ouistreham as part of a "gooseberry" pier to protect an artificial Allied Mulberry Harbour built as part of Operation Overlord.
HNLMS Java was a Java-class cruiser of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She was sunk during the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942.
Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender, formerly subtitled Lexikon der lebenden deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftler, is a German language biographical and bibliographical encyclopedia of scientists and scholars from the German-speaking part of Europe. It is published by Walter de Gruyter. The first edition appeared in 1925, edited by Gerhard Lüdtke. Prior to the 9th edition, it consisted of one volume, but with the 6th edition in 1941 and then again from the 9th in 1961 it was extended to two volumes. Since the 22nd edition in 2009, it includes four volumes. The 28th edition appeared in 2016. The encyclopedia generally only includes academics who are active researchers at universities or research institutes, and who hold the Habilitation or are full professors, or have equivalent qualifications.
A voorcompagnie (pre-company) is the name given to trading companies from the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands that traded in Asia between 1594 and 1602, before they merged to form the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The pre-companies were financed by merchants from the Northern Netherlands and rich immigrants from the Southern Netherlands. Because of the deadly competition, the government forced the smaller trading companies to unite and form the (United) East India Company. In its turn, it received the exclusive rights for the trade with Asia for the following 21 years.
The Kalender Çelebi rebellion was a rebellion that occurred in 1527 in Elbistan, Eastern Anatolia. This rebellion was led by Kalender Çelebi against the Ottoman reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, who was extending his influence in the region. Although Kalender Çelebi gained the initial support of local tribal chieftains he was outmanoeuvred by Suleiman. Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire defeated the rebels, and killed Çelebi.
HNLMS Tromp (F801) was a frigate of the Tromp class. The ship was in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy from 1975 to 1999. The frigate was named after Dutch naval hero Tromp. The ship's radio call sign was "PADE".
