Raffman Site

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Raffman Site
16 MA 20
Raffman Site Coles Creek culture HRoe 2011.jpg
Diagram showing the arrangement of plaza and platform mounds at site
USA Louisiana location map.svg
Archaeological site icon (red).svg
Location within Louisiana today
Location Waverly, Louisiana,  Madison Parish, Louisiana, Flag of the United States.svg  USA
Region Madison Parish, Louisiana
Coordinates 32°28′23.92″N91°20′46.97″W / 32.4733111°N 91.3463806°W / 32.4733111; -91.3463806
History
Founded500 BCE
Abandoned1200 CE
PeriodsBalmoral Phase
Cultures Tchefuncte culture, Coles Creek culture
Site notes
Excavation dates1981, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004
ArchaeologistsTristram R. Kidder, Lori Roe
Responsible body: private

The Raffman Site ( 16 MA 20 ) is an archaeological site located in Madison Parish, Louisiana and constructed between 700 and 1200 CE. [1] It has components from the Tchefuncte culture and the Coles Creek culture, whose main period of occupation was during the Balmoral Phase(1000-1100 CE) of the Tensas Basin and Natchez Bluffs chronology and which was virtually deserted by the end of the Preston Phase (1100-1200 CE) . [2]

Contents

Description

The site is quite large with nine platform mounds arranged around a central plaza. The plaza is 90 metres (300 ft) by 100 metres (330 ft), with Mounds A, B, C, D, E, and G closely crowded around it. Mounds H and I are located adjacent to Mound A just to the southeast of the plaza. Located on the southern boundary of the plaza is Mound A, the largest at the site. It is 12 metres (39 ft) in height and 75 metres (246 ft) by 100 metres (330 ft) at its base. [2]

Chronology

Testing of the site revealed Early Woodland period deposits from the Tchefuncte period (600 BCE to 200 CE) underlying the Coles Creek period mounds (700 to 1200 CE). [3] After the Early Woodland phase the site was the site of Middle and early Late Woodland occupations. Sometime after 700 CE the inhabitants of the site began erecting large flat and conical mounds. By 1000 CE during the Coles Creek period a massive construction effort succeeded in restructuring the plaza and further mounds were added to the group. About 1200 CE the site was almost entirely abandoned. [4]

Excavations

Raffman is first mentioned as an archaeological site in 1954 by noted archaeologists Philip Phillips and Robert Neitzel. Except for some mapping and shovel tests in 1981 by Williams, Belmont and Kardish, investigations over the fifty years were sparse. [2] Beginning in the late 1990s the site was excavated over multiple seasons by archaeologist Tristam R. Kidder in 1998 and 2000 and then by Lori Roe and Kidder in 2002 and 2004. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Coles Creek culture

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Plaquemine culture

The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture centered on the Lower Mississippi River valley. It had a deep history in the area stretching back through the earlier Coles Creek and Troyville cultures to the Marksville culture. The Natchez and related Taensa peoples were their historic period descendants. The type site for the culture is the Medora Site in Louisiana; while other examples include the Anna, Emerald, Holly Bluff, and Winterville sites in Mississippi.

Aden Site Archaeological type site

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Marksville culture

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Fitzhugh Mounds

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Venable Mound Archaeological site

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Sundown Mounds

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Flowery Mound

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Routh Mounds

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Mott Archaeological Preserve Archeological site

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Morgan Mounds

Morgan Mounds is an important archaeological site of the Coastal Coles Creek culture, built and occupied by Native Americans from 700 to 1000 CE on Pecan Island in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. Of the 45 recorded Coastal Coles Creek sites in the Petite Anse region, it is the only one with ceremonial substructure mounds. These indicate that it was possibly the center of a local chiefdom.

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References

  1. Kidder, Tristram R. (2004). "Plazas as architecture : An example from the Raffman Site, Northeast Louisiana". American Antiquity. 69 (3): 514–532. doi:10.2307/4128404. JSTOR   4128404.
  2. 1 2 3 Lori Roe (2007). "Coles Creek antecedents of Plaquemine mound construction : Evidence from the Raffman Site". In Rees, Mark A.; Livingood, Patrick C. (eds.). Plaquemine Archaeology . University of Alabama Press. pp.  20–37.
  3. 1 2 Kidder, Tristram R; Roe, Lori; Schilling, Timothy M. "Early Woodland settlement and mound building in the Upper Tensas Basin, Northeast Louisiana" . Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  4. "Raffman Project". Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2011-10-21.