Clovis point

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Clovis point, 11500-9000 BC, Sevier County, Utah, chert Clovis point, 11500-9000 BC, Sevier County, Utah, chert - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07376.JPG
Clovis point, 11500–9000 BC, Sevier County, Utah, chert

Clovis points are the characteristically fluted projectile points associated with the New World Clovis culture, a prehistoric Paleo-American culture. They are present in dense concentrations across much of North America and they are largely restricted to the north of South America. There are slight differences in points found in the Eastern United States bringing them to sometimes be called "Clovis-like". [1] Clovis points date to the Early Paleoindian period, with all known points dating from roughly 13,400–12,700 years ago (11,500 to 10,800 C14 years BP). As an example, Clovis remains at the Murry Springs Site date to around 12,900 calendar years ago (10,900 ± 50 C14 years BP). [2] Clovis fluted points are named after the city of Clovis, New Mexico, where examples were first found in 1929 by Ridgely Whiteman. [3]

Contents

A typical Clovis point is a medium to large lanceolate point with sharp edges, a third of an inch thick, one to two inches wide, and about four inches (10 cm) long. [4] Sides are parallel to convex, and exhibit careful pressure flaking along the blade edge. The broadest area is towards the base which is distinctly concave with concave grooves called "flutes" removed from one or, more commonly, both surfaces of the blade. The lower edges of the blade and base are ground to dull edges for hafting. [5] There is debate about how Clovis points were used. Originally it was assumed that they were used in a thrusting spear. Later suggestions arose that the points had been used as throwing spears, either as is or with spear thrower (atlatl) which technically would be considered darts, or as a braced weapon (pike). [6] [7] [8] It is also possible the points were used in the animal butchering process. [9]

Folsom point for comparison Folsom point.png
Folsom point for comparison

Around 10,000 years before present, a new type of fluted projectile point called Folsom appeared in archaeological deposits, and Clovis-style points disappeared from the continental United States. Most Folsom points are shorter in length than Clovis points and exhibit longer flutes and different pressure flaking patterns. This is particularly easy to see when comparing the unfinished preforms of Clovis and Folsom points. [10] Analysis of radiocarbon dates suggests that the Haskett Projectile Point is contemporary with Clovis and Folsom points. [11]

Type description

Clovis points from the Rummells-Maske Cache Site, Iowa Clovis Rummells Maske.jpg
Clovis points from the Rummells-Maske Cache Site, Iowa

Only a few recovered Clovis points are in their original condition. Most points were "reworked" to resharpen them or repair damage. [12] This can make it difficult to identify which lithic tradition they come from. [13]

Clovis type description: [14]

Points generally weigh between roughly 25 grams and 35 grams. [15] Specimens are known to have been made of flint, chert, jasper, chalcedony and other stone of conchoidal fracture. [16] Clovis points can vary even at a single site. The eight points found at Naco, while otherwise similar, ranged in length from 2 to 4 inches. [17] A study suggested that Clovis points east of the Mississippi river had more diversity/richness that those in the west. [18] [19]

Distribution

Clovis points collected in 1807 at Bone Lick, Kentucky Clovis spearpoints collected in 1807 - Cleveland Museum of Natural History - 2014-12-26 (20426140553).jpg
Clovis points collected in 1807 at Bone Lick, Kentucky

Clovis points have been found over most of North America and, less commonly, as far south as Venezuela. [20] [21] One issue is that the sea level is now about 50 meters higher than in the Paleoindian period so any coastal sites would be underwater, which may be skewing the data. [22] The widespread South American Fishtail or Fell projectile point style has been suggested to have derived from Clovis. [23] Of the around 6000 points currently classified as Clovis found in the United States the majority were east of the Mississippi and especially in the Southeast. [24] Some researchers suggest that many of the eastern points are misclassified and most real Clovis Points are found in the west. [14] Significant Clovis find sites include: [25]

Flint-knapping demonstration Flint-knapping Demonstration (27349458154).jpg
Flint-knapping demonstration

Fraudulent Clovis points have also emerged on the open market, some with false documentation. [28]

Caches

DeGraffenried Clovis Cache DeGraffenried Clovis Cache.tif
DeGraffenried Clovis Cache

Clovis points, along with other stone and bone/ivory tools, have been identified in over two dozen artifact caches. [29] These caches range from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and Northwest United States. While the Anzick cache is associated with a child burial, the majority of caches appear to represent anticipatory material storage at strategic locations on the Pleistocene landscape. [30] In May 2008, a major Clovis cache, now called the Mahaffey Cache, was found in Boulder, Colorado, with 83 Clovis stone tools though no actual Clovis Points. The tools were found to have traces of horse and cameloid protein. They were dated to 13,000 to 13,500 YBP, a date confirmed by sediment layers in which the tools were found and the types of protein residues found on the artifacts. [31] The Fenn cache is an important collection of 56 items of uncertain provenance but that was probably discovered in 1902 "near the area where Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho meet" and was acquired by Forrest Fenn in 1988. [32]

There is current debate on whether "assemblages", production debris typically found in Clovis sites (blade cores, large bifacial overface flakes, etc.) but without actual projectile points, actually date to the Clovis period or to later periods. [33] [34]

Origins

A Clovis projectile point created using bifacial percussion flaking (that is, each face is flaked on both edges alternatively with a percussor) Image courtesy of the Virginia Dept. of Historic Resources. Clovis Point.jpg
A Clovis projectile point created using bifacial percussion flaking (that is, each face is flaked on both edges alternatively with a percussor)
Image courtesy of the Virginia Dept. of Historic Resources.

Whether Clovis toolmaking technology was developed in the Americas in response to megafauna hunting or originated through influences from elsewhere is an open question among archaeologists. Lithic antecedents of Clovis points have not been found in northeast Asia, from where the first human inhabitants of the Americas originated in the current consensus of archaeology. Some archaeologists have argued that similarities between points produced by the Solutrean culture in the Iberian Peninsula of Europe suggest that the technology was introduced by hunters traversing the Atlantic ice-shelf and suggests that some of the first American humans were European (the Solutrean hypothesis). [35] [36] However, this hypothesis is not well-accepted as other archaeologists have pointed out that Solutrean and Clovis lithic technologies are technologically distinct (e.g. a lack of distinctive flutes in Solutrean technology), [37] there is no genetic evidence for European ancestry in Indigenous North Americans, [38] and the proposed Solutrean migration route was likely unsuitable. [39]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clovis culture</span> Prehistoric culture in the Americas c. 11,100–10,800 BCE

The Clovis culture is an archaeological culture from the Paleoindian period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years Before Present (BP). The type site is Blackwater Draw locality No. 1 near Clovis, New Mexico, where stone tools were found alongside the remains of Columbian mammoths in 1929. Clovis sites have been found across North America. The most distinctive part of the Clovis culture toolkit are Clovis points, which are projectile points with a fluted, lanceolate shape. Clovis points are typically large, sometimes exceeding 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. These points were multifunctional, also serving as cutting tools. Other stone tools used by the Clovis culture include knives, scrapers, and bifacial tools, with bone tools including beveled rods and shaft wrenches, with possible ivory points also being identified. Hides, wood, and natural fibers may also have been utilized, though no direct evidence of this has been preserved. Clovis artifacts are often found grouped together in caches where they had been stored for later retrieval, and over 20 Clovis caches have been identified.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishtail projectile point</span> Type of projectile point used in South America during the Late Pleistocene

Fishtail points, also known as Fell points are a style of Paleoindian projectile point widespread across much of South America at the end of the Late Pleistocene, around 13-12,000 years ago. They are thought to have been multifunctional, serving as cutting tools, as well as hafted to spears to use as hunting weapons, possibly in combination with spear throwers.

References

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  2. ↑ Haynes, C. Vance, et al., "The Murray Springs Clovis Site, Pleistocene Extinction, and the Question of Extraterrestrial Impact", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 4010–15, 2010
  3. ↑ "The Initial Research at Clovis, New Mexico: 1932-1937", Plains Anthropologist, vol. 35, no. 130, pp. 1–20, 1990
  4. ↑ Mann, Charles C. (November 2013). "The Clovis Point and the Discovery of America's First Culture". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  5. ↑ Slade, Alan Michael, "To haft and to hold: Evidence for the hafting of Clovis fluted points", Journal of Lithic Studies 8.3, pp. 133-151, 2021
  6. ↑ Baldino, Jacob, et al., "North American Clovis point form and performance V: An experimental assessment of spear thrusting penetration depth and entry wound size", Lithic Technology 49.3, pp. 295-310, 2024
  7. ↑ Byram, R. Scott, Kent G. Lightfoot, and Jun Ueno Sunseri, "Clovis points and foreshafts under braced weapon compression: Modeling Pleistocene megafauna encounters with a lithic pike", Plos one 19.8 e0307996, 2024
  8. ↑ Mukusha, Lawrence, et al. ,"Hit or miss: Do microscopic linear impact traces (MLITs) form on Clovis stone tips launched via atlatl into foliage and sediment?", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 55 104517, 2024
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  11. ↑ Rosencrance, Richard L., et al., "Bayesian Analysis of Haskett Projectile Point Radiocarbon Dates in the Intermountain West Demonstrates Contemporaneity with Clovis and Folsom Points", PaleoAmerica 10.2-3, pp. 132-155, 2024
  12. ↑ Peck, Rodney M., "Re-Worked Clovis Projectile Points", Central States Archaeological Journal, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 26–28, 2010
  13. ↑ Roosa, William B., "Some Great Lakes Fluted Point Types", Michigan Archaeologist 11(3,4), pp. 89-102, 1965
  14. 1 2 Howard, Calvin D., "The Clovis Point: Characteristics and Type Description", Plains Anthropologist, vol. 35, no. 129, pp. 255–62, 1990
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  29. ↑ J. David Kilby (May 10, 2019). "A North American perspective on the Volgu Biface Cache from Upper Paleolithic France and its relationship to the "Solutrean Hypothesis" for Clovis origins". Quaternary International. 515: 197–207. Bibcode:2019QuInt.515..197K. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.019.
  30. ↑ David Kilby; B.B. Huckell (January 2014). "Clovis Caches: Current perspectives and future directions".
  31. ↑ "13,000-Year-Old Stone Tool Cache in Colorado Shows Evidence of Camel, Horse Butchering". University of Colorado at Boulder. February 25, 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  32. ↑ Banks, Alan (2000). "Review of The Fenn Cache, Clovis Weapons and Tools". Central States Archaeological Journal. 47 (2): 93. ISSN   0008-9559. JSTOR   43141943.
  33. ↑ (Eren et al., "Is Clovis Technology Unique to Clovis?", PaleoAmerica 4, pp.202–228, 2018
  34. ↑ Eren, Metin I., David J. Meltzer, and Brian N. Andrews, "Clovis technology is not unique to Clovis", PaleoAmerica 7.3 (2021): 226–241, 2021
  35. ↑ Stanford, Dennis J. and Bradley, Bruce A., "The Solutrean Hypothesis", Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 147-238, 2012
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  37. ↑ Straus, Lawrence Guy; Meltzer, David J.; Goebel, Ted (December 2005). "Ice Age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis 'connection'". World Archaeology. 37 (4): 507–532. doi:10.1080/00438240500395797. eISSN   1470-1375. ISSN   0043-8243.
  38. ↑ Raff, Jennifer A.; Bolnick, Deborah A. (October 2015). "Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? A Critical Re-Evaluation". PaleoAmerica. 1 (4): 297–304. doi: 10.1179/2055556315Z.00000000040 . eISSN   2055-5571. ISSN   2055-5563.
  39. ↑ Westley, Kieran; Dix, Justin (July 2008). "The Solutrean Atlantic Hypothesis: A View from the Ocean". Journal of the North Atlantic. 1: 85–98. doi:10.3721/J080527. eISSN   1935-1933. ISSN   1935-1933.

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