The Hopewell tradition,also called the Hopewell culture and Hopewellian exchange,describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands from 100 BCE to 500 CE,in the Middle Woodland period. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes.
The Great Serpent Mound is a 1,348-foot-long (411 m),three-foot-high prehistoric effigy mound located in Peebles,Ohio. It was built on what is known as the Serpent Mound crater plateau,running along the Ohio Brush Creek in Adams County,Ohio. The mound is the largest serpent effigy in the world.
The Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 500 BCE to 100 CE,in a time known as the Early Woodland period. The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system. The Adena culture was centered on the location of the modern state of Ohio,but also extended into contiguous areas of northern Kentucky,eastern Indiana,West Virginia,and parts of extreme western Pennsylvania.
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is a United States national historical park with earthworks and burial mounds from the Hopewell culture,indigenous peoples who flourished from about 200 BC to AD 500. The park is composed of six separate sites in Ross County,Ohio,including the former Mound City Group National Monument. The park includes archaeological resources of the Hopewell culture. It is administered by the United States Department of the Interior's National Park Service.
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848) by the Americans Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis is a landmark in American scientific research,the study of the prehistoric indigenous mound builders of North America,and the early development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. Published in 1848,it was the Smithsonian Institution's first publication and the first volume in its Contributions to Knowledge series. The book had 306 pages,48 lithographed maps and plates,and 207 wood engravings. The book was reissued in 1998 in paperback,with an introduction by David J. Meltzer,professor of anthropology at Southern Methodist University.
The Newark Earthworks in Newark and Heath,Ohio,consist of three sections of preserved earthworks:the Great Circle Earthworks,the Octagon Earthworks,and the Wright Earthworks. This complex,built by the Hopewell culture between 100 BCE and 400 CE,contains the largest earthen enclosures in the world,and was about 3,000 acres in total extent. Less than 10 percent of the total site has been preserved since European-American settlement;this area contains a total of 206 acres (83 ha). Newark's Octagon and Great Circle Earthworks are managed by the Ohio History Connection. A designated National Historic Landmark,in 2006 the Newark Earthworks was also designated as the "official prehistoric monument of the State of Ohio."
The Hopeton Earthworks are an Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site consisting of mounds and earthwork enclosures. It is located on the eastern bank of the Scioto River just north of Chillicothe in Ross County,Ohio,about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the Mound City Group and Shriver Circle on a terrace of the Scioto River. The site is a detached portion of the Hopewell Culture National Historic Park,along with the Mound City Group,Hopewell Mound Group,Seip Earthworks,Spruce Hill Earthworks and the High Bank Works. The site is open to the public.
The Tremper Mound and Works are a Hopewell earthen enclosure and large,irregularly shaped mound. The site is located in Scioto County,Ohio,about five miles northwest of Portsmouth,Ohio,on the second terrace floodplain overlooking the Scioto River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
Prehistory of Ohio provides an overview of the activities that occurred prior to Ohio's recorded history. The ancient hunters,Paleo-Indians,descended from humans that crossed the Bering Strait. There is evidence of Paleo-Indians in Ohio,who were hunter-gatherers that ranged widely over land to hunt large game. For instance,mastodon bones were found at the Burning Tree Mastodon site that showed that it had been butchered. Clovis points have been found that indicate interaction with other groups and hunted large game. The Paleo Crossing site and Nobles Pond site provide evidence that groups interacted with one another. The Paleo-Indian's diet included fish,small game,and nuts and berries that gathered. They lived in simple shelters made of wood and bark or hides. Canoes were created by digging out trees with granite axes.
The Mount Horeb Earthworks Complex is an Adena culture group of earthworks in Lexington,Kentucky. It consists of two major components,the Mount Horeb Site 1 and the Peter Village enclosure,and several smaller features including the Grimes Village site,Tarleton Mound,and Fisher Mound. The Peter Village and Grimes Village enclosures were mapped by Rafinesque and featured in Squier and Davis's landmark publication Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley in 1848 as Plate XIV Figures 3 and 4.
The Bentley site (15Gp15) is a Late Fort Ancient culture Madisonville horizon archaeological site overlain by an 18th-century Shawnee village;it is located within the Lower Shawneetown Archeological District,near South Portsmouth in Greenup County,Kentucky and Lewis County,Kentucky. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 28,1983. It is located near four groups of Hopewell tradition mounds,built between 100 BCE and 500 CE,known as the Portsmouth Earthworks.
The Hansen site (15GP14) is an archaeological site located near South Portsmouth in Greenup County,Kentucky,United States. The 6-hectare (15-acre) site is on a flood terrace of the Ohio River across from the mouth of the Scioto River,just upstream from the Lower Shawneetown site and the Old Fort Earthworks. The site was occupied several times over the centuries,with occupations dating from the Late Archaic,Middle Woodland,and Fort Ancient periods.
The Biggs site (15Gp8),also known as the Portsmouth Earthworks Group D,is an Adena culture archaeological site located near South Shore in Greenup County,Kentucky. Biggs was originally a concentric circular embankment and ditch surrounding a central conical burial mound with a causeway crossing the ring and ditch. It was part of a larger complex,the Portsmouth Earthworks located across the Ohio River,now mostly obliterated by agriculture and the developing city of Portsmouth,Ohio.
The Marietta Earthworks is an archaeological site located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio Rivers in Washington County,Ohio,United States. Most of this Hopewellian complex of earthworks is now covered by the modern city of Marietta. Archaeologists have dated the ceremonial site's construction to approximately 100 BCE to 500 CE.
Indian Mound Reserve is a public country park near the village of Cedarville,Ohio,United States. Named for two different earthworks within its bounds —the Williamson Mound and the Pollock Works —the park straddles Massies Creek as it flows through a small canyon.
Cedar-Bank Works is group of Adena culture earthworks located in Ross County,Ohio in the United States. It is located approximately five miles north of the town of Chillicothe,Ohio.
The Piketon Mounds are a group of earthworks located in Piketon,Ohio in the United States. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The specific age of the site is unknown. Some mounds were created by the Adena culture,while other mounds were built by the Hopewell culture.
The Stubbs Earthworks was a massive Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site located in Morrow in Warren County,Ohio.
The Shriver Circle Earthworks are an Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site located in Chillicothe in Ross County,Ohio. At 1,200 feet (370 m) in diameter the site is one of the largest Hopewell circular enclosures in the state of Ohio.
