Reaction Engines

Last updated

Reaction Engines Limited
Company type Private
Industry Aerospace, Engineering
Founded1989
Founders
FateEntered administration, 2024
Headquarters Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire, England
Key people
  • Richard Varvill (Chief Designer)
  • Mark Thomas (CEO)
  • Adam Dissel (President of Reaction Engines Inc.)
Products
Website www.reactionengines.co.uk

Reaction Engines Limited (REL) was a British aerospace manufacturer founded in 1989 and based in Oxfordshire, England. [1] The company also operated in the USA, where it used the name Reaction Engines Inc. (REI).

Contents

REL filed for bankruptcy on 31 October 2024. Both REL and REI ceased operations and laid off the bulk of their staff. [2]

History and personnel

In 1989, Reaction Engines was founded by Alan Bond (lead engineer on the British Interplanetary Society's Project Daedalus), Richard Varvill and John Scott-Scott [3] (the two principal Rolls-Royce engineers from the RB545 engine project). The company conducted research into space propulsion systems, centred on the development of the Skylon re-usable SSTO spaceplane. The three founders had worked together on the HOTOL project, funding for which had been withdrawn the previous year, in 1988.[ citation needed ]

In 2015, BAE Systems agreed to buy a 20% stake in the company for £20.6m as part of an agreement to help develop Reaction Engines' Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) hypersonic engine designed to propel the Skylon orbiter. [4] [5]

In April 2018, Boeing announced its investment in Reaction Engines, through Boeing HorizonX Ventures with a $37.3 million Series B funding alongside Rolls-Royce PLC. [6] [7] Rolls-Royce and REL announced a strategic partnership in August 2020, with a £20m investment. [8]

In January 2023 the company announced that it had raised a further £40m from backers including the United Arab Emirates Strategic Development Fund. [9] [10]

At the end of October 2024, after unsuccessful attempts to raise more money from investors, [11] the company ceased operations, laying off the majority of staff and entering administration. [10] [12]

Research

Skylon

The proposed Skylon spacecraft Skylon.svg
The proposed Skylon spacecraft

Skylon was a design for a single-stage-to-orbit combined-cycle-powered orbital spaceplane.

SABRE

Skylon and the SABRE engine by which it was to be powered were being developed as a private venture which aimed to overcome the obstacles that were imposed on further HOTOL development due to the British government classifying the HOTOL engine as an "Official Secret", and keeping the engine design classified for many years afterward.

The company's development effort was focused on developing a ground demonstration of the SABRE air-breathing core, with additional funding gained from the sale of consultancy and spin-off applications from its heat exchanger expertise.

In February 2009, the European Space Agency announced that it was partially funding work on Skylon's engine to produce technology demonstrations by 2011. [13] [14] With this funding Reaction Engines completed a non-frosting sub-zero heat exchanger demonstration program, Bristol University developed the STRICT expansion/deflection nozzle and DLR completed an oxidiser-cooled combustion chamber demonstration. Reaction claimed this work moved the Skylon project to a TRL of 4/5.

In July 2016, at the Farnborough Air Show, Reaction Engines announced £60 million in funds from the UK Space Agency and ESA to create a ground-based SABRE demonstration engine by 2020. [15]

Commenting on work undertaken at TF2 in Colorado, in April 2019, Reaction Engines announced that it had successfully tested the precooler technology for supersonic conditions needed to prevent the engine from melting, [16] and in October 2019, Reaction announced that it successfully validated its precooler for hypersonic (Mach 5) conditions. [17]

United States

In January 2014, Reaction entered into a Cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to assess and develop SABRE technology. [18]

In 2015 AFRL announced their analysis "confirmed the feasibility and potential performance of the SABRE engine cycle". However they felt SSTO as a first application was a very high risk development path and proposed that a Two Stage to Orbit (TSTO) vehicle was a more realistic first step.[ citation needed ]

In 2016 AFRL released two TSTO concepts using SABRE in the first stage: The first 150 feet (46 m) long carrying an expendable upper stage in an underside opening cargo bay capable of delivering around 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg; 2.3 t) to an orbit of 100 nautical miles (190 km), the second 190 feet (58 m) long carrying a reusable spaceplane on its back, capable of delivering around 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg; 9.1 t) to an orbit of 100 nautical miles (190 km). [19]

In March 2017, Reaction announced the formation of an American subsidiary, Reaction Engines Inc (REI), led by Adam Dissel in Castle Rock, Colorado.[ citation needed ]

In September 2017, REI announced a contract from DARPA to test a Reaction precooler test article "HTX" at temperatures exceeding 1,000 °C (1,830 °F; 1,270 K), [20] previous precooler tests focusing on frost control having been conducted from ambient temperature.[ citation needed ]

Other studies

LAPCAT A2

On 5 February 2008, the company announced it had designed a passenger plane to the concept stage. The LAPCAT A2 would be capable of flying, non-stop, halfway around the world at hypersonic speed (Mach 5+). [21]

The engine, SCIMITAR, has precooler technology which is somewhat similar to SABRE, but does not have the rocket features, and was optimized for higher efficiency for atmospheric flight.

Passenger Module for Skylon

Although Skylon was designed to only launch and retrieve satellites, and would be uncrewed, Reaction Engines Ltd. proposed a passenger module in the payload bay of the Reaction Engines Skylon spaceplane. [22]

The passenger module was sized to fit in the payload bay, and early designs could carry up to 24 passengers and 1 crew. There was an ISS-type docking port and airlock as the central feature. There were two ground entry doors that align with the doors on the side of the Skylon payload bay to allow easy ground access to the cabin. The doors were fitted with conventional inflatable chutes for passengers to escape in case of any ground emergency. There could have bene Space Shuttle-type windows on the roof of the module for passengers to enjoy the view in space. There was also a washroom and hygienic facilities provided in the cabin. [22]

Further studies refined the concept, with an initial configuration to be fitted with five ejector seats, for four passengers and one crew, similar to the first four Space Shuttle spaceflights. Once the passenger module was fully certified, the ejection seats would be removed and there would be 16 upright seats installed for a short stay in space (<14 days) and four supine seats for a long stay in space (>14 days). An upright seat would also be provided for the crew. There were also life support systems under the cabin floor, equipment bays, and cargo holds. [23]

Orbital Base Station

The Orbital Base Station (OBS) was a concept of a future, expandable space station to serve as an integral part of a future space transportation system and also in the maintenance and construction of future crewed Moon and Mars spacecraft. [24]

The construction of the OBS was modular, and assumed the use of the Reaction Engines Skylon in Low Earth Orbit. The structure iwas based on a cylinder, designed to allow space inside the cylindrical section for the construction and repair of various spacecraft. The cylindrical structure would also provide space for habitation modules with docking ports, manipulator arms, and propellant farms to refuel an interplanetary spacecraft.

Reaction Engines Project Troy

The Reaction Engines Troy Mission was a concept of a future crewed mission to Mars. The concept arose to confirm the capability of the Skylon launch vehicle that it could enable large human exploration to the Solar System's planets. [25]

The Troy spacecraft concept consisted of a robotic precursor mission, including an Earth Departure Stage, and a Mars Transfer Stage. There was a habitation module, a storage module, and a propulsion module to be deployed from the spacecraft to land together at a selected site on the Martian surface to form a base. There were also ferry vehicles that would transfer crew members to and from the base to an orbiting crewed spacecraft. There would have been three precursor spacecraft to Mars to set up three bases on the planet to enable maximum exploration of the planet's surface.

50 days after launch, the Earth Departure Stage was to be brought back to low Earth orbit by the Earth's gravity, and the Fluyt space tug would bring the stage back to the Orbital Base Station for construction of the later crewed mission.[ citation needed ]

The crewed spacecraft would consist of 3 habitation modules, 3 docking ports, and two ferry vehicles. The spacecraft would rotate along the centerline to provide artificial gravity. It would leave Earth with the Earth Departure Stage and transfer to Mars with the Mars Transfer Stage, and rendezvous with the precursor spacecraft in Martian orbit. The craft would dock together to enable the crew to transfer to the ferry vehicles for descent to the surface at a selected site. The crew, along with the equipped rovers, would spend 14 months to explore the Martian surface. The crew would return to Martian orbit with the ferry vehicle and rendezvous and dock with the orbiting crewed spacecraft. After a detailed inspection of the vehicle, the spacecraft would leave Mars for Earth on the Earth Return Stage. When the craft was captured in a Molniya orbit around Earth, the crew would board a ferry vehicle for transfer to low Earth orbit and rendezvous and dock with the waiting Skylon spacecraft for return to Earth.

Construction of the spacecraft would take place at the Orbital Base Station inside the cylindrical structure. Because the spacecraft was of highly modular design, the components would be brought up by the Skylon spacecraft. The rocket engines, fuel and oxidizer tanks, and habitation modules were sized to fit inside the Skylon payload bay, and that the fully assembled craft would also fit inside the cylindrical structure of the OBS. [26]

Fluyt OTV

The Fluyt Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV) was a concept of a future space tug. It would have had the ability to dock with orbiting spacecraft and move payload in orbit. It was conceived to be assembled from two parts, each sized to fit inside the Skylon payload bay, it would be launched from the Skylon and would also be an integral part for the construction of the Orbital Base Station as well as the Reaction Engines Troy and the retrieval of the Earth Departure Stage from the Precursor mission of the Troy mission. [27] [28]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Aerospace HOTOL</span> UK spaceplane design of the 1980s

HOTOL, for Horizontal Take-Off and Landing, was a 1980s British design for a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spaceplane that was to be powered by an airbreathing jet engine. Development was being conducted by a consortium led by Rolls-Royce and British Aerospace (BAe).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interplanetary spaceflight</span> Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planets

Interplanetary spaceflight or interplanetary travel is the crewed or uncrewed travel between stars and planets, usually within a single planetary system. In practice, spaceflights of this type are confined to travel between the planets of the Solar System. Uncrewed space probes have flown to all the observed planets in the Solar System as well as to dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres, and several asteroids. Orbiters and landers return more information than fly-by missions. Crewed flights have landed on the Moon and have been planned, from time to time, for Mars, Venus and Mercury. While many scientists appreciate the knowledge value that uncrewed flights provide, the value of crewed missions is more controversial. Science fiction writers propose a number of benefits, including the mining of asteroids, access to solar power, and room for colonization in the event of an Earth catastrophe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-stage-to-orbit</span> Launch system that only uses one rocket stage

A single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle reaches orbit from the surface of a body using only propellants and fluids and without expending tanks, engines, or other major hardware. The term exclusively refers to reusable vehicles. To date, no Earth-launched SSTO launch vehicles have ever been flown; orbital launches from Earth have been performed by either fully or partially expendable multi-stage rockets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spaceflight</span> Flight into or through outer space

Spaceflight is an application of astronautics to fly objects, usually spacecraft, into or through outer space, either with or without humans on board. Most spaceflight is uncrewed and conducted mainly with spacecraft such as satellites in orbit around Earth, but also includes space probes for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either by telerobotic or autonomous control. The first spaceflights began in the 1950s with the launches of the Soviet Sputnik satellites and American Explorer and Vanguard missions. Human spaceflight programs include the Soyuz, Shenzhou, the past Apollo Moon landing and the Space Shuttle programs. Other current spaceflight are conducted to the International Space Station and to China's Tiangong Space Station.

Human spaceflight programs have been conducted, started, or planned by multiple countries and companies. Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries and one private company (SpaceX) had successfully launched humans to Earth orbit, and two private companies had launched humans on a suborbital trajectory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reusable launch vehicle</span> Vehicles that can go to space and return

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skylon (spacecraft)</span> Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane

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References

  1. ↑ "Reaction Engines Ltd. Main Page". Reactionengines.co.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  2. ↑ Spaceplane developer Reaction Engines goes bankrupt, SpaceNews, 10 November 2024.
  3. ↑ "BBC Four – The Three Rocketeers". Bbc.co.uk. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  4. ↑ Norris, Guy (1 November 2015). "BAE Takes Stake in Reaction Engines Hypersonic Development". aviationweek.com. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  5. ↑ Peggy Hollinger; Clive Cookson (1 November 2015). "BAE Systems to pay £20.6 million for 20% of space engine group". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  6. ↑ "Boeing HorizonX Invests in Reaction Engines, a UK Hypersonic Propulsion Company" (Press release). Boeing. 11 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Norris, Guy (11 April 2018). "Boeing, Rolls-Royce Back Reaction Hypersonic Engine Developer". Aviation Week.
  8. ↑ Tovey, Alan (21 August 2020). "Rolls-Royce eyes 'hypersonic' flight as it partners with Reaction Engines". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  9. ↑ "Reaction Engines Announces £40m / $47.7m Funding Round" (press release). Strategic Development Fund. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  10. 1 2 Norris, Guy (31 October 2024). "Reaction Engines Folds After Funding Shortfall". Aviation Week. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  11. ↑ Godding, Nicky (24 September 2024). "Could Oxfordshire's Reaction Engines be rescued by UAE?". The Business Magazine. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  12. ↑ Field, Matthew (31 October 2024). "British Concorde successor collapses into administration". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  13. ↑ Rob Coppinger (19 February 2009). "Skylon spaceplane engine technology gets European funding". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  14. ↑ Jonathan Amos (19 February 2009). "Skylon spaceplane gets cash boost". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  15. ↑ Anthony, Sebastian (13 July 2016). "Reaction Engines unlocks funds for single-stage-to-orbit SABRE engine". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  16. ↑ "Reaction Engines test programme successfully proves precooler capability at supersonic heat conditions :: Reaction Engines".
  17. ↑ "REACTION ENGINES TEST PROGRAMME FULLY VALIDATES PRECOOLER AT HYPERSONIC HEAT CONDITIONS :: Reaction Engines".
  18. ↑ Ford, Jason. "ARFL confirms feasibility of Reaction Engines' SABRE engine concept". The Engineer . Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  19. ↑ "PPRuNe Forums - View Single Post - Skylon".
  20. ↑ "Reaction Engines Awarded DARPA Contract to Perform High-Temperature Testing of the SABRE Precooler" (Press release). 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  21. ↑ "Hypersonic passenger jet designed". BBC News. 5 February 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  22. 1 2 "Passenger module study for Reaction Engines Skylon". Reactionengines.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  23. ↑ Hempsell, Mark. "A Phased Approach To Orbital Public Access" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010.
  24. ↑ "Advanced Studies: Orbital Base Station". Reactionengines.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  25. ↑ "Advanced Studies: Reaction Engines TROY". Reactionengines.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Video on TROY Mission to Mars". Reactionengines.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  27. ↑ "The Fluyt OTV". Reactionengines.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  28. ↑ IAC-10.D2.3.7 – The Fluyt Stage: A Design for a Space-Based Orbit Transfer Vehicle

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