Rosa roxburghii

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Rosa roxburghii
Rosa roxburghii kz07.jpg
Unripe hip
Rosa roxburghii - Quarryhill Botanical Garden - DSC03250.JPG
Habit
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa
Species:
R. roxburghii
Binomial name
Rosa roxburghii
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Juzepczukia microphyllaChrshan.
    • Juzepczukia roxburghii(Tratt.) Chrshan.
    • Platyrhodon microphyllumHurst
    • Rosa forrestiiFocke
    • Rosa microphyllaPamp.
    • Rosa microphyllaRoxb. ex Lindl.
    • Rosa microphylla var. glabraRegel
    • Rosa microphylla var. plenaRehder
    • Rosa roxbourgiiTratt.
    • Rosa roxburghii f. esetosaT.C.Ku
    • Rosa roxburghii f. normalisRehder & E.H.Wilson
    • Rosa roxburghii var. plenaRehder
    • Saintpierrea microphyllaGerm.

Rosa roxburghii, (the burr rose, chestnut rose, or chinquapin rose), is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to the eastern Himalayas, Tibet, and central and southern China. [1] In the wild it is found in thickets, mountain forests, on slopes, and alongside streams, typically 500 to 1,400 m (1,600 to 4,600 ft) above sea level. [2] A diffuse shrub capable of reaching 8 m (26 ft) but usually shorter, it is available from commercial suppliers. [3] In China, it is cultivated for its vitamin C-rich hips on 170,000 ha (420,000 acres), mostly in Guizhou. [4]

Contents

It was dedicated to William Roxburgh, a Scottish physician and botanist who was director of the Calcutta Botanical Garden.

Three forms have been recognized: Rosa roxburghii f. roxburghii, which has double or semi-double, reddish or pink flowers 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) in diam.,Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder & E. H. Wilson (in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 318. 1915), which has simple, pink flowers 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) in diam. and also, Rosa roxburghii f. hirtula (Regel) (Rehder and Wilson), flowers single, pale pink or lilac-pink from Japan.

Taxonomy

R. roxburghii is also known commonly as the 'Sweet Chestnut Rose', the 'Chestnut Rose', [5] [6] the 'Burr Rose', and the 'Chinquapin Rose'. [7] [8] [9]

It gets its common name 'Chestnut Rose' from the large burred hips that look like chestnuts. [10]

It was originally found in China in the early 1800s, where it had been growing for generations, [7] [11] [9] and it is rarely grown in European gardens. [11] It was then introduced to the botanic garden in Calcutta around 1824. [12]

In 1823, Trattinick changed the name of a species of rose. It was originally named Rosa microphylla by Dr. William Roxburgh (1751-1815) in 1820, because René Louiche Desfontaines had previously applied the name microphylla to an unrelated European species of rose in 1798. It then became Rosa roxburghii, [13] [14] and Trattinick published this name change in 'Rosacearum monographia' on page 233 in 1823. [1] [15] [16] Rosacearum monographia (or The 'Monograph of the Rose Family') covered generic and species descriptions of plants in the rose family, although it was not illustrated. [17]

The specific epithet was spelled roxbourgii in the protologue, [2] but roxburghii is more commonly used. [13] [18]

The etymological root of the binomial name Rosa is from the ancient Latin name for the rose. The Latin specific epithet of Roxburghii was named after John Roxburgh (1770s–1820s), an occasional overseer of Calcutta Botanic Garden. [19]

It was verified as Rosa roxburghii by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 15 February 1996, [15] and is listed as Rosa roxburghii in the Encyclopedia of Life. [18]

Rosa roxburghii f. normalis is an accepted name by the RHS and listed in the RHS Plant Finder book. [20]

It is also often sold under name Rosa roxburghii 'plena'. [21] [22] [23] Normally, advertised as a medium pink double form, [9] but a deeper pink version is available from nurseries. [10]

It belongs to the section 'Microphyllae' which also includes the Japanese species, R. hirtula. [24]

After gene sequencing was carried out it was found that R. roxburghii is closely related to Rosa odorata var. gigantea . [25]

Distribution and habitat

Rosa roxburghii is native to temperate areas of eastern Asia, within China and Japan. [26] [27] [15]

Range

Found within China, [28] [29] it is found in the provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Jiangxi, Guizhou, [30] [31] Shaanxi, Sichuan, [24] Yunnan, [24] [32] Guangxi and Xinjiang. [2] [15]

Habitat

It is found growing in various habitats including; Mountain forests, thickets, [19] slopes, [33] stream sides, [2] [19] semi-arid river valleys, waysides, [5] and on roadsides. [33] [32] In China, it is commonly found on banks between rice fields, where it can obtain plenty of water during the summer. [24]

They can be found at an altitude of 500–2,500 m (1,600–8,200 ft) above sea level. [33] [2]

Uses

Rosa roxburghii in Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California Rosa roxburghii - Quarryhill Botanical Garden - DSC03252.JPG
Rosa roxburghii in Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California

Rosa roxburghii has various uses including; as an ornamental (within gardens), [2] as a food source with (edible fruit, [34] or fruit drink) and also medicinal use (in folklore and scientific research). [15] [27]

The edible fruit are very rich in vitamins and have a sweet, sour taste; [32] they are used medicinally and to ferment wine. The roots are also used medicinally. The species is also cultivated for ornament, for its showy flowers, or as a hedge because of its abundant prickles. [2]

Food source

Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis both have edible fruit and have been eaten since 1765 A.D. [35]

The fruit / rosehips can be eaten raw or cooked, [36] and has a sweet sour taste. [2] The fruit is very rich in vitamins, [2] including Vitamin E. [37] [38] [33] and rich in vitamin C, [30] [38] [39] The content of Vitamin C is much higher than other kinds of fruits such as grape, apple, pear and dahurian rose fruit. [40] The vitamin content is 5-7 % (per 100 mg of fruit). [41] It also has higher content vitamin P than other common vegetables and fruits. [40] [41] Unusually for a fruit, it is also a known source of essential fatty acids. [33]

In 2016, the phytochemical characteristics of the fruit were investigated. A total of 135 volatile compounds were identified, a total of 59 compounds in methanol extracts were identified, including 13 organic acids (including ascorbic acid), [29] 12 flavonoids, 11 triterpenes, nine amino acids, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensed tannins, two stilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives and one benzoic acid derivative. [35] Roxbins A and B were also found in the fruit. [42] [43]

There is only a thin layer of edible flesh surrounding the many seeds. It can be ground into a powder, [39] and mixed with flour or added to other foods as a supplement. [37] [44] Be sure to remove the seed hairs. [37] In China, it is the commercial source of rosehip powder. [41]

R. roxburghii fruit has seen a rise in patent applications for methods to produce juice. [45] The juice, wine, and the preserved fruit can be used as a dietary supplement, [39] [46] in many health-related industries. [35] [40] A rose jelly formula has been found. [47]

While being edible, there are some hazards of eating Rosa roxburghii. There is a layer of hairs around the seeds just beneath the flesh of the fruit. These hairs can cause irritation to the mouth and digestive tract if ingested. [33] [5]

Medicinal use

It is used in Chinese traditional medicine, [25] [38] and called 'Cili', [48] and used as fruit juice remedy. [38]

In Compendium of Materia Medica (written in 1578), the fruits can alleviate mental depression and remove stagnated food. [32]

It is used in health supplements because of its strong anti-oxidation, [35] [49] [50] [12] circulatory and cardiovascular tonic properties, [41] gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive functions, including anti-aging, free radical scavenging, immunologic regulation, stress tolerance, [38] [51] anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-aging, anti-fatigue effects and to enhance immunity. [40] Also has anti-mutagenic, [50] anti-atherogenic and anti-tumor effects, as well as genoprotective and radioprotective activities. [35] Due to being rich in tannins it is also used as an astringent. [52]

A controlled feeding study in 2005 found that a supplement increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state. [53]

In modern medicine, it has been undergoing various experimental tests and pharmacological studies, including gene sequencing, [29] extracts have demonstrated anti-arteriosclerosis activity and benefits for cholesterol levels that support its use for cardiovascular disorders. [38] Also seems to have rejuvenation, immune supportive and anti-cancer effects. [41] [38] [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose</span> Genus of plants

A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and Northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.

<i>Prunus</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Rosaceae that includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, being native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and temperate and tropical regions of Eurasia and Africa, There are about 340 accepted species as of March 2024. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena. This shell encloses the seed, which is edible in some species, but poisonous in many others. Besides being eaten off the hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and the seeds for roasting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose hip</span> Fruit of the rose plant

The rose hip or rosehip, also called rose haw and rose hep, is the accessory fruit of the various species of rose plant. It is typically red to orange, but ranges from dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips begin to form after pollination of flowers in spring or early summer, and ripen in late summer through autumn.

<i>Hibiscus</i> Genus of plants

Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow.

<i>Rosa rugosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Rosa rugosa is a species of rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern China, Japan, Korea and southeastern Siberia, where it grows on beach coasts, often on sand dunes. It is naturalized in much of Europe and parts of the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Rosa multiflora, which is also known as "Japanese rose". The Latin word "rugosa" means "wrinkled", referring to the wrinkled leaves. Often used as an ornamental plant, it has become invasive in parts of Europe, North America and South America.

<i>Rubus idaeus</i> Red raspberry

Rubus idaeus is a red-fruited species of Rubus native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions.

<i>Castanea sativa</i> Species of tree

Castanea sativa, the sweet chestnut, Spanish chestnut or just chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redcurrant</span> Flowering plant species in the gooseberry family

The redcurrant or red currant is a member of the genus Ribes in the gooseberry family. It is native to western Europe. The species is widely cultivated and has escaped into the wild in many regions.

<i>Prunus salicina</i> Species of tree

Prunus salicina, commonly called the Japanese plum or Chinese plum, is a small deciduous tree native to China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. It is an introduced species in Korea, Japan, Israel, the United States, and Australia.

<i>Phellodendron amurense</i> Species of tree

Phellodendron amurense is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of huáng bò, one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Ainu people used this plant, called shikerebe-ni, as a painkiller. It is known as hwangbyeok in Korean and (キハダ) kihada in Japanese.

<i>Calendula officinalis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, common marigold, ruddles, Mary's gold or Scotch marigold, is a flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown. It is also widely naturalised farther north in Europe and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world.

<i>Castanea pumila</i> Species of tree

Castanea pumila, commonly known as the Allegheny chinquapin, American chinquapin or dwarf chestnut, is a species of chestnut native to the southeastern United States. The native range is from Massachusetts and New York to Maryland and extreme southern New Jersey and southeast Pennsylvania south to central Florida, west to eastern Texas, and north to southern Missouri and Kentucky. The plant's habitat is dry sandy and rocky uplands and ridges mixed with oak and hickory to 1000 m elevation. It grows best on well-drained soils in full sun or partial shade.

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<i>Breynia androgyna</i> Edible plant

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<i>Gynura bicolor</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Ficus auriculata</i> Species of fig

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopold Trattinnick</span> Austrian botanist and mycologist (1764–1849)

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<i>Stenochlaena palustris</i> Species of fern

Stenochlaena palustris is an edible medicinal fern species. In the folk medicines of India and Malaysia, the leaves of this fern are used as remedies for fever, skin diseases, ulcers, and stomachache.

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "缫丝花 sao si hua". Flora of China. efloras.org. 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
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  53. ↑ Janse van Rensburg, C.; Erasmus, E.; Loots, D.T.; Oosthuizen, W.; Jerling, J.C.; Kruger, H.S.; Louw, R.; Brits, M.; van der Westhuizen, F.H. (October 2005). "Rosa roxburghii supplementation in a controlled feeding study increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state". Eur. J. Nutr. 44 (7): 452–7. doi:10.1007/s00394-005-0555-x. PMID   15782288. S2CID   22740242 . Retrieved 17 December 2019.
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