Round goby

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Round goby
A large neogobius melanostomus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Gobiiformes
Family: Gobiidae
Genus: Neogobius
Species:
N. melanostomus
Binomial name
Neogobius melanostomus
(Pallas, 1814)
Round goby range.png
Range of the round goby and introduction sites
Synonyms [2] [3]
  • Gobius affinis Eichwald, 1831
  • Gobius cephalargesPallas, 1814
  • Gobius chiloPallas, 1814
  • Gobius exanthematosusPallas, 1814
  • Gobius grossholzii Steindachner, 1894
  • Gobius lugens Nordmann, 1840
  • Gobius marmoratus(non Risso or Pallas) Antipa, 1909
  • Gobius melanioPallas, 1814
  • Gobius melanostomusPallas, 1814
  • Gobius sulcatusEichwald, 1831
  • Gobius virescensPallas, 1814
  • Neogobius cephalarges(Pallas, 1814)
  • Apollonia melanostoma(Pallas, 1814)
  • Ponticola cephalarges(Pallas, 1814)

The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a euryhaline bottom-dwelling species of fish of the family Gobiidae. It is native to Central Eurasia, including the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Round gobies have established large non-native populations in the Baltic Sea, several major Eurasian rivers, and the North American Great Lakes. [4]

Contents

Characteristics

Round gobies are small, soft-bodied fish characterized by a distinctive black spot on the first dorsal fin. The eyes are large and protrude slightly from the top of the head and, like most gobies, the pelvic fins are fused to form a single disc (shaped like a suction cup) on the belly. Round gobies range in length from 10 to 25 centimetres (4 to 10 inches), with a maximum size of 24.6 cm (9.7 in). They weigh between 5.0 and 79.8 grams (0.176 and 2.816 ounces), their weight increasing with age. Male round gobies are larger than females. Juvenile round gobies (less than one year old) are grey. Upon maturation, round gobies become mottled with grey, black, brown, and olive green markings. Adult male round gobies turn inky black during the spawning season and develop swollen cheeks. Male and female round gobies are easily differentiated by the shape of their urogenital papilla, which in males is white to grey and long and pointed and in females is brown, short, and blunt-tipped. [ citation needed ]

Distribution and habitat

Round gobies are widespread in the Sea of Marmara and in the rivers of its basin and can also be found in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, along all coasts and fresh waters of their basins as well as in the coastal lakes and lagoons. They are also found in the rivers of Crimea and the Caucasus (Mezib, Pshada, Vulan, Kodori, and Çoruh) and in the Caspian Sea, represented by subspecies Neogobius melanostomus affinis.

Since 1990, the round goby has been registered as introduced in the North American Great Lakes, in parts of Europe, and in the Baltic Sea as an invasive species. [5] The first catch in North America was documented by Jude et al. 1992 and Crossman et al. 1992, caught by an angler in Sarnia, Ontario, fishing the St. Clair River on June 28, 1990. The studies of Jude, Crossman, together with Jude et al. 1995 found a range of sizes between 29 and 180 millimetres (1+1⁄8 and 7+1⁄8 in) in the St. Clair. [6] Round gobies are also rapidly expanding into tributaries of the Great Lakes in North America and were recently discovered in at least one of the Finger Lakes in New York State (Cayuga Lake). The first round goby in the Hudson River was discovered by the state of New York in 2021.[ citation needed ]

Round gobies are euryhaline (salt-tolerant) and live in both freshwater and marine ecosystems, up to a mineralization of 18–24%. They are commonly found on continental shelves with sandy and rocky bottoms with low silting at depths from 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) to 10–17 m (33–56 ft).

Feeding

Round gobies actively feed both nocturnally and diurnally and are believed to detect prey only while stationary. The primary diet of round gobies includes mollusks, crustaceans, worms, fish eggs, zebra mussels, small fish, insect larvae, and other small invertebrates (insects and amphipods) living on the bottom of lakes and streams. [4] In spring, the main elements of their diet in the Sasyk Lagoon are Hydrobia , Cerastoderma , and Abra . [7] In the same season, near the Romanian coasts of the Black Sea, the round goby feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans ( Idotea balthica , Pachygrapsus marmoratus , Xantho poressa , etc.), and juvenile gobies. [8] Near Sevastopol, the round goby feeds on molluscs ( Mytilaster lineatus and Abra sp.). [9]

In the Gulf of Odessa, twenty-three items are identified in the diet of the round goby; [10] Mytilus galloprovincialis , Setia pulcherrima , Mytilaster lineatus , Lentidium mediterraneum , Idotea balthica , and Alitta (Nereis) succinea dominate in the spring, while in the summer, the diet consists mainly of Sphaeroma pulchellum and L. mediterraneum . The mussels M. galloprovincialis and M. lineatus are important in all seasons.

Reproduction

Round goby eggs on rocks, Dniester Estuary, Ukraine Round goby eggs.jpg
Round goby eggs on rocks, Dniester Estuary, Ukraine

Female round gobies reach sexual maturity in one to two years while males do so in three to four years. Gobies in the Laurentian Great Lakes typically mature up to one year earlier than in their native habitat in Europe. Females can spawn up to six times during the spawning season, which spans April to September in most areas.

Males will migrate from deeper water, where overwintering occurs, into shallower breeding grounds during the beginning of the mating season. They then release a steroid sex pheromone that attracts females to their territory. Males also use visual displays, including posturing and changing color from beige to black during mating season, and can produce sounds during courtship. The females deposit their eggs in male-guarded crevices between rocks. Eggs are 4 by 2.2 mm (0.16 by 0.087 in) in size, while egg clutches can contain up to five thousand eggs. Males are territorial and will defend eggs from predators as well as continuously fan them to provide the developing embryos with oxygenated water. This results in successful hatch rates of up to 95%.

Invasive species

Round goby from the Great Lakes, United States Neogobius melanostomus1.jpg
Round goby from the Great Lakes, United States

The species was accidentally introduced into the North American Great Lakes by way of ballast water transfer in cargo ships. First discovered in North America in the St. Clair River in 1990, the round goby is considered an invasive species with significant ecological and economic impact. [11] The consequences of introduction are quite complex, as the fish both competes with native species and provides an abundant source of food for them, while consuming other invasive species itself. [12] In other words, the round goby behaves much like most biological invasive controls. An aggressive fish, the round goby outcompetes native species such as the sculpin and logperch for food (such as snails and mussels), shelter, and nesting sites, substantially reducing their numbers. Round gobies are also voracious predators of eggs of native fish, many of them important to the angling industry. The goby's robust ability to survive in degraded environmental conditions has helped to increase its competitive advantage compared to native species.

Many native predatory fish such as smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, walleye, salmon, and trout have begun to prey on round gobies. The incorporation of the round goby into native foodwebs, coupled with the goby's ability to consume large numbers of invasive mussels (zebra and quagga), may result in greater bioaccumulation of toxins such as PCBs higher in the food chain, since these mussels filter-feed and are known to accumulate persistent contaminants. However, this is partly beneficial because even though they do not reduce the population of zebra mussels, they do control their population. Hence, it prevents a large-scale spread of the zebra mussel, which is also an invasive species in the Great Lakes. Another unintended benefit of the round goby's introduction is that the Lake Erie watersnake, once listed as a threatened species, has found the goby to be a tasty addition to its diet. A recent study found the introduced fish now accounts for up to 90% of the snake's diet. The new food supply means that the water snake is now staging a comeback. [13] Round gobies also serve as food for a variety of predatory fishes in the Great Lakes, including bass, lake trout, lake whitefish, burbot, lake sturgeon, and walleye. [14]

The round goby is also considered invasive in parts of Europe. This process was started by its introduction to the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) in 1990. [15] Locations recently invaded by round gobies include the Aegean Sea, [16] different parts of the Baltic Sea, [17] the North Sea basin, [18] and the Danube and Rhine basins. [19] [20] In the German part of the Baltic Sea this fish was first noted near Rügen Island. [21] It is now distributed all along the southwestern Baltic Sea coast, including Stettiner Haff (Szczecin Lagoon), the Unterwarnow (Warnow river estuary), the mouth of the Trave, and the Nord-Ostsee (Kiel) Canal.

As of 2010, the westernmost site of round goby occurrence in Europe was the lower Scheldt, including the tidal zone in the river mouth, and Albert Canal, Belgium. [22] In 2011, the round goby began invading the fresh waters of France; the species appeared in the Rhine River (on the border between France and Germany) and in the French part of the Moselle River. [23]

Parasites

In total, fifty-two parasite species are registered in the round goby in its native area. [24] The most abundant parasites of the Black Sea round goby are metacercariae of trematodes of the Heterophyidae family, such as Cryptocotyle concavum, C. lingua, and Pygidiopsis genata. [25] The trematodes C. lingua and P. genata can infest humans. [26] [27] In the 1950s, along the coast of the Gulf of Taganrog (Sea of Azov), the round goby was registered as a host of epizootic nematodes Tetrameres fissispina and Streptocara crassicauda, which were fatal to ducklings. [28]

In the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, the parasites of the invasive round goby consist of twelve species. [29] The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of trematode metacercariae: C. concavum and Diplostomum spathaceum. Also in the Baltic Sea, the round goby is a paratenic host of the invasive nematode Anguillicoloides crassus . [30] In the Vistula Lagoon, the most abundant parasites of the round goby are nematodes Hysterothylacium aduncum and Anguillicoloides crassus. [31]

Twenty-five species of parasites are noted in the round goby in the American Great Lakes. [32] [33] [34] [35] The trematode D. spathaceum is the most abundant core species overall, while the cestode Proteocephalus sp. and the trematode Neochasmus umbellus are also well represented. The round goby may prevent some of the metacercariae of N. umbellus from completing their life cycle. [36] The parasite "load" on the invasive gobies in the Great Lakes appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "enemy release hypothesis".

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gobiidae</span> Family of fishes

Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length, and the family includes some of the smallest vertebrates in the world, such as Trimmatom nanus and Pandaka pygmaea, Trimmatom nanus are under 1 cm long when fully grown, then Pandaka pygmaea standard length are 9 mm (0.35 in), maximum known standard length are 11 mm (0.43 in). Some large gobies can reach over 30 cm (0.98 ft) in length, but that is exceptional. Generally, they are benthic or bottom-dwellers. Although few are important as food fish for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for other commercially important fish such as cod, haddock, sea bass and flatfish. Several gobiids are also of interest as aquarium fish, such as the dartfish of the genus Ptereleotris. Phylogenetic relationships of gobiids have been studied using molecular data.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zebra mussel</span> Species of bivalve

The zebra mussel is a small freshwater mussel. The species originates from the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas and has become an invasive species in many countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, the species has invaded the Great Lakes, Hudson River, Lake Travis, Finger Lakes, Lake Bonaparte, and Lake Simcoe. The adverse effects of dreissenid mussels on freshwater systems have led to their ranking as one of the world's most invasive aquatic species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common logperch</span> Species of fish

The common logperch, sometimes simply known as the logperch, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. Like other logperches, it has the typical vertical barring along the flank and a subterminal mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monkey goby</span> Species of fish

The monkey goby is a species of goby native to the basins of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

<i>Neogobius</i> Genus of fishes

Neogobius is a genus of gobies, native to Black Sea and the Caspian Sea basins. It is part of the broader Benthophilinae subfamily which is also endemic to the same region. Nevertheless, two Neogobius species have recently turned out to be highly invasive and spread across Europe and even to the Great Lakes of North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Racer goby</span> Species of fish

The racer goby is a species of goby native to fresh, sometimes brackish, waters, of the Black Sea basin. It is a Ponto-Caspian relict species. The species is placed a monotypic genus, Babka, which was once considered a subgenus of genus Neogobius, but was then elevated to genus-status based on the molecular analysis.

<i>Ponticola kessleri</i> Species of fish

Ponticola kessleri, the bighead goby or Kessler's goby, is a species of goby native to Eurasia. The bighead goby is a Ponto-Caspian relict species. It inhabits the fresh and oligohaline waters, with mineralisation from 0-0.5‰ up to 1.5-3.0‰.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel darter</span> Species of fish

The channel darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is native to North America where it typically occurs in the sandy or gravelly shallows of lakes and in small and medium-sized rivers in riffles over sand, gravel or rock bottoms. It is a small fish ranging from 34 to 72 mm in length, olive brown with darker speckles and sometimes with a dark spot below the eye and dark blotches along the flank. It feeds mostly on insect larvae and other small invertebrates and breeds in small streams. This species is listed as threatened by the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) but overall it has a wide range and numerous sub-populations and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as a "least concern species".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese sleeper</span> Species of fish

The Chinese sleeper, also known as the Amur sleeper, is a species of freshwater sleeper native to the Amur River basin in eastern Asia with introduced populations in other regions of Eurasia. It is currently the only known member of its genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Sapanca</span> Lake in Turkey

Lake Sapanca is a fresh water lake in Turkey, between the Gulf of İzmit and the Adapazarı Meadow. The lake has a catchment area of 251 km2, surface area is 45 km2, a length 16 km east–west / 5 km north–south, and a maximum depth of 52 m. Lake Sapanca, Turkey

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western tubenose goby</span> Species of fish

The western tubenose goby is a species of goby native to fresh waters of the Black Sea and Aegean Sea basins. It has recently spread as an invasive species to Central and Western Europe and to North America. Previously Proterorhinus semilunaris was considered as a junior synonym of Proterorhinus marmoratus, but was confirmed as a distinct species based on molecular analysis.

<i>Ponticola</i> Genus of fishes

Ponticola is a genus of gobies native mostly to fresh waters of the Black Sea - Caspian Sea region in Eurasia. Some species occur in the brackish-water Black and Caspian seas themselves. It was considered to be part of the broader goby subfamily Benthophilinae, also endemic to the same region, although the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not list any subfamilies in the Gobiidae. Originally, Ponticola was described as subgenus of Neogobius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grass goby</span> Species of fish

The grass goby is a species of goby native to the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It is the only known member of its genus.

<i>Proterorhinus</i> Genus of fishes

Proterorhinus is a genus of fishes, known as the tubenose gobies. These gobiid fish are native to Eurasia where they occur in the region of the Caspian and Black seas, inhabiting marine, brackish and fresh waters. The species Proterorhinus semilunaris was introduced to the St. Clair River in Michigan during the late 1990s. Until recently, the genus was considered monotypic, comprising only the tubenose goby. Following molecular and further morphological investigations it has been split into several taxa, with distinct distributions in marine vs. fresh waters and in the Black Sea vs. Caspian Sea basins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinchuk's goby</span> Species of fish

Pinchuk's goby is a species of goby native to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benthophilinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

The Benthophilinae are a subfamily of gobies endemic to the Ponto-Caspian region. The subfamily includes about 50 species. The representatives of the subfamily have fused pelvic fins and elongated dorsal and anal fins. They are distinguished from the closely related subfamily Gobiinae by the absence of a swimbladder in adults and location of the uppermost rays of the pectoral fins within the fin membrane.

Neogobius pallasi, the Caspian sand goby or the Caspian monkey goby, is a species of fish native to fresh and brackish waters of the Caspian Sea basin including the Volga drainage up to the vicinity of Moscow. It has been introduced into the Aral basin. This species of goby can reach a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) SL. It is also important to local commercial fisheries.

<i>Rotundaria tuberculata</i> Species of bivalve

Rotundaria tuberculata, commonly called the purple wartyback, is a freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk.

Holostephanus cobitidis is a species of parasitic trematode in the family Cyathocotylidae.

References

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  2. ↑ "Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814)". Global Biodiversity Information Facility . Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  3. ↑ Vassilev, Milen; Apostolou, Apostolos; Velkov, Boris; Dobrev, Dobrin; Zarev, Velislav (2012). Atlas of the Gobies (Gobiidae) in Bulgaria (PDF). Sofia: Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 75–79. ISBN   978-954-9746-29-7 . Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  4. 1 2 Kornis, M. S.; Mercado-Silva, N; Vander Zanden, M. J. (2012). "Twenty years of invasion: A review of round goby Neogobius melanostomus biology, spread and ecological implications". Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (2): 235–85. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03157.x. PMID   22268429.
  5. ↑ Jude D.J.; Reider R.H.; Smith G.R. (1992). "Establishment of Gobiidae in the Great Lakes basin". Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (2): 416–421. doi:10.1139/f92-047.
  6. ↑ Charlebois, Patrice M.; Marsden, J. Ellen; Goettel, Robin G.; Wolfe, R. Kirby; Jude, David J.; Rudnika, Svetlana (1997). The round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas) : a review of European and North American literature. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. hdl:2142/111690. ISBN   9780852382363. ISSN   0888-9546. OCLC   38041117.
  7. ↑ Smirnov A.I. (1986) Perch-likes ( gobiids ), scorpionfishes , flatfishes , clingfishes , anglerfishes [in:] Fauna of Ukraine , Vol. 8, No 5, Kyiv : Naukova Dumka, 320 pp. (in Russian)
  8. ↑ Porumb I.I. (1961) Contribuţii la cunoşterea biologiei guvisilor (Gobius batrachocephalus, Gobius cephalarges şi Gobius melanostomus) din dreptul litoralului Romînesc al Mării Neagre (date preliminare), Hidrobiologia, 3, 271–282.
  9. ↑ Khirina V.A. (1950) Materialy po pitaniju nekotoryh bentosnyh ryb v pribrezhnoj zone Chernogo moria u Karadaga. Trudy Karadagskoy biologicheskoy stantsii, No 10: 53–65.
  10. ↑ Kvach, Y.; Zamorov, V. (2001). "Feeding preferences of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus and mushroom goby Neogobius cephalarges in the Odessa Bay". Oceanological Studies. 30 (3–4): 91–101.
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  12. ↑ Lydersen, Karl (May 26, 2011). "The Round Goby, an Uninvited Resident of the Great Lakes, Is Doing Some Good". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2011. their ecological impact has not been devastating, but complicated — even beneficial in some cases.
  13. ↑ Williams, Rebecca (producer). "Ten Threats: Natives Bite Back". The Environment Report , October 10, 2005. Accessed 11 February 2010.
  14. ↑ Jacobs, G. R. (2017). "Invasive species alter ontogenetic shifts in the trophic ecology of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Niagara River and Lake Ontario". Biological Invasions. 10 (5): 1533–1546. doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1376-6. S2CID   40123286.
  15. ↑ Skóra K.E., Stolarski J. (1993) New fish species in the Gulf of Gdańsk Neogobius sp. [cf. Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas 1811)]. Bull. Sea Fisheries Inst., 1(128): 83.
  16. ↑ Eryilmaz L. (2002) A new fish record for the Aegean Sea: round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) (Gobiidae). Israel J. Zool., 48: 251–252.
  17. ↑ Sapota, M. R.; Skóra, K. E. (2005). "Spread of alien (non-indigenous) fish species Neogobius melanostomus in the Gulf of Gdansk (south Baltic)". Biological Invasions. 7 (2): 157. doi:10.1007/s10530-004-9035-0. S2CID   12882124.
  18. ↑ van Beek, G.C.W. (2006). "The round goby Neogobius melanostomus first recorded in the Netherlands" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 1: 42–43. doi: 10.3391/ai.2006.1.1.10 .
  19. ↑ Jurajda, P.; Cerny, J.; Polacik, M.; Valova, Z.; Janac, M.; Blazek, R.; Ondrackova, M. (2005). "The recent distribution and abundance of non-native Neogobius fishes in the Slovak section of the River Danube". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 21 (4): 319. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00688.x .
  20. ↑ van Kessel N.; Dorenbosch M.; Spikmans F. (2009). "First record of Pontian monkey goby, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814), in the Dutch Rhine" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 4 (2): 421–424. doi: 10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.24 .
  21. ↑ Winkler, H.M. (2006). "Die Fischfauna der südlichen Ostsee". Meeresangler-Magazin. 16: 17–18.
  22. ↑ Verreycken H.; Breine J.J.; Snoeks J.; Belpaire C. (2011). "First record of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Belgium" (PDF). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 41 (2): 137–140. doi: 10.3750/aip2011.41.2.11 .
  23. ↑ Manné S.; Poulet N.; Dembski S. (2013). "Colonisation of the Rhine basin by non-native gobiids: an update of the situation in France" (PDF). Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 411 (2).
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  25. ↑ Kvach Y. (2005). "A comparative analysis of helminth faunas and infection of ten species of gobiid fishes (Actinopterigii: Gobiidae) from the North-Western Black Sea" (PDF). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 35 (2): 103–110. doi: 10.3750/AIP2005.35.2.06 .
  26. ↑ Youssef M.M.; Mansour N.S.; Awadalla H.N.; Hammouda N.A.; Khalifa R.; Boulos L.M. (1987). "Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt". J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 17: 474–479.
  27. ↑ Zimmerman, M. R.; Smith, G. S. (1975). "A probable case of accidental inhumation of 1,600 years ago". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 51 (7): 828–37. PMC   1749564 . PMID   19312928.
  28. ↑ Kovalenko I.I. (1960) "Izucenie cikla razvitiâ nekotoryh gel’mintov domasnih utok v hozâjstvah na Azovskom poberez’e". Doklady AN SSSR, 133(5): 1259–1261. (In Russian)
  29. ↑ Kvach, Y.; Skóra, K. E. (2006). "Metazoa parasites of the invasive round goby Apollonia melanostoma (Neogobius melanostomus) (Pallas) (Gobiidae: Osteichthyes) in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, Poland: A comparison with the Black Sea". Parasitology Research. 100 (4): 767–74. doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0311-z. PMID   17048001. S2CID   2945139.
  30. ↑ Kvach Y. (2004). "The Far-Eastern nematode Anguillicola crassus – new parasite of the invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the Baltic Sea". Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (2): 38.
  31. ↑ Rolbiecki L. (2006). "Parasites of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1811), an invasive species in the Polish fauna of the Vistula Lagoon ecosystem" (PDF). Oceanologia. 48: 545–561.
  32. ↑ Camp J.W.; Blaney L.M.; Barnes D.K. (1999). "Helminths of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from Southern Lake Michigan, Indiana" (PDF). J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 66: 70–72.
  33. ↑ Muzzall P.M.; Peebles C.R.; Thomas M.V. (1995). "Parasites of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, and tubenose goby, Proterorhinus marmoratus (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan" (PDF). J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 62 (2): 226–228.
  34. ↑ Pronin N.M.; Fleischer G.W.; Baldanova D.R.; Pronina S.V. (1997). "Parasites of the recently established round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus) (Gobiidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA". Folia Parasitol. 44 (1): 1–6. PMID   9229568.
  35. ↑ Kvach, Y.; Stepien, C. A. (2008). "Metazoan Parasites of Introduced Round and Tubenose Gobies in the Great Lakes: Support for the "Enemy Release Hypothesis"". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 34: 23–35. doi:10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[23:MPOIRA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   54784967.
  36. ↑ Kvach, Y.; Stepien, C. A. (2008). "The invasive round goby Apollonia melanostoma (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) – a new intermediate host of the trematode Neochasmus umbellus (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) in Lake Erie, Ohio, USA". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 24: 103–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.01024.x .
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