Saltrio Formation

Last updated
Saltrio Formation
Stratigraphic range: Hettangian-Sinemurian
~199–196  Ma
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Cava Salnova.jpg
“Salnova” quarry, where most of the fossils come from
Type Geological formation
Unit ofCalcari Selciferi Lombardi Unit
Sub-units
  • "Viggiù facies"
  • "Saltrio facies"
  • "Poaggia facies"
Underlies Moltrasio Formation
Overlies Tremona Formation
Thickness20 m
Lithology
PrimaryFine to compact arenitic limestones
Location
Coordinates 45°54′N8°54′E / 45.9°N 8.9°E / 45.9; 8.9
Approximate paleocoordinates 33°06′N14°48′E / 33.1°N 14.8°E / 33.1; 14.8
Region Lombardy
Country Italy, Switzerland
Type section
Named for Saltrio
Named byTaramelli [1]
Italy relief location map.jpg
Blue pog.svg
Saltrio Formation (Italy)
Italy Lombardy location map.svg
Blue pog.svg
Saltrio Formation (Lombardy)

The Saltrio Formation (Also known as the Broccatello Formation and Alpe Perino Limestone) is a geological formation in Italy and Switzerland. [2] It dates back to the Latest Hettangian-Early Sinemurian, and would have represented a coastal to shallow environment, judging by the presence of marine fauna such as the nautiloid Cenoceras . [3] [4] The Fossils of the Formation were described on the late 1880s and revised on 1960s, finding first marine biota, such as Crinoids, Bivalves and other fauna related to Epicontinental basin deposits. [5] [6] It´s sandstones have been historically used in construction. [7]

Contents

Salnova Quarry

Machinery suitable for processing the stone extracted in the Salnova Quarry Cava Salnova - Macchinari.jpg
Machinery suitable for processing the stone extracted in the Salnova Quarry

The main outcrop of the formation, represents an active private extraction site. The first extraction activities of the famous Saltrio stone give back to the times of the ancient Romans, with modern reports of activity in this quarry since 1400. [8] In the Monte Oro area, on the southern slope of Monte Orsa, there were numerous trench quarries which were used to extract this precious rock, used both for structural constructions and for the production of artefacts and artistic works. In more recent times the mining activity has been transformed and we have moved from the extraction of stone for construction to the extraction for the production of stabilized and split crushed stone, useful for the production of motorway foundations and mixtures for the production of asphalt. To date it is the only active quarry where Saltrio stone is extracted. [8]

In today's quarry what is mainly known as the Saltrio Formation emerges, i.e., a group of stratified rocks dating back to the Lower Jurassic. The stratigraphy, however, is much more complex, even if so far no study has focused on this topic. Inside the quarry, Dolomia principale sediment emerges dating back to the Upper Triassic (Norian); yet the succession is dominated by the Saltrio Formation, here 15-20 meters thick. [9]

Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift context of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic. BACINO LOMBARDO SYN-RIFT LATE TRIAS-LIAS.png
Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift context of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic.

Above, the Moltrasio Formation emerges, a greyish-brown limestone composed of biocalcarenite and containing widespread nodules of spongolitic silica. This rock is rarely fossiliferous except in the contact areas between the Formations. At the roof of the Moltrasio Fm, a whitish yellow limestone emerges, again of marine-pelagic origin, where there is a lot of micro-diffused silica within the sediment. [9]

Since the early 1900s, fossil finds have been known in the Salnova Quarry and in the various quarry sites present in the surroundings of this site. The first written testimonies, and subsequent revisions, are reported starting from the sixties by Giulia Sacchi Vialli. The scholar describes the fossil faunas of Saltrio by listing and detailing various taxa belonging to ammonoids, nautiloids, gastropods, crinoids, brachiopods and bivalves. [6]

In that period, the great phase of extraction of ornamental stone using manual-mechanical methods had just ended in the quarry. Paleontologists could only recover fossils from the waste flakes near the quarry and therefore the possibility of seeing more specimens was limited to the length of manual operations. In those years, however, the quarry was acquired by Salnova SPA (1969): the purpose of the extracted material, and therefore the extraction method and processing, changed. From classic and manual extraction we move on to the use of heavy mechanical means and extraction with explosives: the moved rubble increases considerably, making it easier to observe other specimens, new lithologies and above all different faunas. [8]

The fauna present at the base of the Saltrio Formation is condensed and includes ammonoids of species attributed to the entire Upper Sinemurian. The taxa attributable to the Lower Sinemurian found in the Saltrio quarries probably come from the base of the formation or have been reworked. [6] The Formation includes taxa indicative of all the biozones between the Bucklandi Zone (Lower Sinemurian) and the Obtusum Zone, and possibly also of the Oxynotum Zone of the Upper Sinemurian, present at the base of the Formation. [6] The contact between the Main Dolomite and the Saltrio Formation also contains selachian teeth, glauconite and phosphated internal models of ammonites. [10]

Description

Salnova in Saltrio seen from the viewpoint above the quarry Cava Salnova from viewpoint 2022-09-29 02.jpg
Salnova in Saltrio seen from the viewpoint above the quarry

The Saltrio layers represent a unique sedimentary environment that is different from both the "Formazione di Saltrio" and the "Saltrio calcarenite" described by earlier researchers. These layers are characterized by being transgressive deposits, meaning they formed as the sea advanced over previously exposed land. The Saltrio deposits show signs of stratigraphic condensation, which refers to slow sediment accumulation over time, often resulting in hardgrounds, surfaces drilled by marine organisms, and the presence of minerals like Glauconite and Phosphorite. [11] Biologically, these layers are rich in fossils, especially sponge spicules, Encrinite (crinoid-rich limestones) and bivalve lumachellas (fossilized bivalve shells). Other marine creatures like cephalopods and brachiopods appear occasionally. Faunas from the condensed Saltrio beds indicate early subsidence in the Hettangian. Additionally, the involutine limestones with a rich ammonite fauna support subsidence during the same period. The sediment composition varies in different areas, often containing reworked material from older rocks. [11] The Saltrio environment was complex, with different layers showing distinct conditions. In some areas, the Saltrio layers blend with the "Broccatello d'Arzo", a related limestone formation, but they can still be separated based on differences in their structure and fossil content. The region also experienced sedimentary discontinuities, where layers were not deposited continuously, likely due to tectonic activity or submarine erosion. [11]

The stratigraphic sequence at the Galli quarry, located at an elevation of approximately 700 meters on the southeastern flank of the ridge above Saltrio, represents one of the most detailed exposures of the Saltrio Formation. [12] This section, reaching a total thickness of about 17 meters, begins atop underlying dolomite and consists of a series of carbonate-dominated layers that reflect varying depositional conditions in a marine setting. [12]

Closeup of the Saltrio Limestones Cava Salnova - la pietra.jpg
Closeup of the Saltrio Limestones

At the base, a thin dolomitic breccia layer (up to 1 meter thick) contains angular dolomite fragments embedded in a lighter calcareous-dolomitic matrix. This is overlain by a 0.3-meter-thick marly limestone with minor detrital components, displaying an olive-gray to greenish hue and iron oxide stains. Next is a 0.8-meter saccharoidal limestone with sparse marl, glauconite, and quartz grains, followed by a thin (0.1–0.2 meter) reddish-brown clay horizon. [12]

Above this, a 1-meter oolitic limestone features intact and broken ooids in a compact calcareous cement, grading from white to grayish-yellow. This transitions into a 3-meter unit of finely to coarsely detrital marly limestone rich in organic fragments, shifting from gray-pink at the base to yellowish upward, with iron oxide patches. A 0.8-meter calcareous breccia with diverse clasts and ooids follows, exhibiting irregular surfaces. [12]

The upper part includes a 5.5-meter marly limestone with minimal detritus, progressing from gray-ashy at the base to dark smoky due to bituminous content. The sequence concludes with a 5-meter dark limestone containing chert nodules, which become more abundant and marly toward the top, before passing into overlying cherty limestones approximately 200 meters thick. [12]

Paleoenvironment

The nearby area at Monte Nudo basin margin was notorious for the dominance of shallow subtidal to intertidal settings with Cheirolepidiaceae conifer forests. SaltriovantorRes 01.jpg
The nearby area at Monte Nudo basin margin was notorious for the dominance of shallow subtidal to intertidal settings with Cheirolepidiaceae conifer forests.

During the late Hettangian to early Sinemurian, the western Lombardy Basin formed part of the Southern Alps area, passive margin of Adria and formed part of an evolving rift system linked to the western Tethys, where horst-and-graben tectonics created alternating shallow platforms and subsiding troughs. [13] Structural highs such as Monte Campo dei Fiori, the Varese-Arbostora swell, and Monte Nudo defined the basin architecture, producing shallow carbonate platforms, emergent land, and subsiding depocenters. [13] [14] [15] The main inner land was the Malossa-Zandobbio palaeohigh system in the Po Plain, tied with the Saltrio area by a regional belt of positive blocks. [16] This Highs, if assumed as a single unit probably got 1,000-3,000 km² of intermittently exposed terrain. [17] Indicators of subaerial conditions are widespread: at Castello Cabiaglio-Orino, thick "terra rossa" paleosols developed directly above the Rhaetian Zu Limestone, showing rhizoliths, alveolar structures, and meteoric diagenesis, what confirms that large areas of the basin margin were exposed. [13] Palynological assemblages from these horizons indicate Hirmeriellaceae-dominated forests with associated Araucariaceae and Sciadopityaceae, and understory of Lycopodiopsida, Equisetidae and Ferns, as well potential Characeae, adapted to marsh or ponded settings in a Tropical subhumid climate. [13] Large plant fragments in the basal Moltrasio Formation like Bennettitales ( Ptilophyllum ) and Conifers ( Pagiophyllum , Brachyphyllum ) further attest to extensive vegetated landscapes bordering the basin. [13] [18] These emerged lands bordered a gulf-shaped embayment, open northward, where shallow-marine carbonate platforms alternated with rapidly subsiding basins. [19] Towards the Early Sinemurian the Arbostora swell submerged into a shallow open sea (ramp-slope), still bordered south and southwest by emerged land supported by terrigenous sands from eroded igneous/metamorphic rocks and terrestrial plants in the limestones. [13] [20]

Locally the uppermost Hettangian beds are adscribed to the Alpe Perino Limestone, that records the development of a small carbonate platform on the Monte Nudo high, with basal beds of Ostracod-rich mudstones and marls interbedded with plant remains (Castello Cabiaglio-Orino section), reflecting restricted lagoons or marsh-like ponds on the inner platform. [13] [21] Then the facies evolve in repeated shallowing-upward cycles with stromatolitic-rich tidal flats and fossil-rich (gastropods, bivalves, echinoids, Dasycladales, and Foraminifera) shoals, marking a dominance of shallow subtidal to intertidal settings in the Monte Nudo basin margin, with limited terrigenous input but clear evidence of proximity to land. [21] This unit is either part of the "Late Hettangian hypothesis", being a shallower section vs the Saltrio Beds representing later transgressive/drowning deposits or is part of the "Early Sinemurian hypothesis", and Alpe Perino may in part overlap with earliest Saltrio Beds on different tectonic blocks and the two represent slightly diachronous shallow-platform vs. outer-ramp equivalents. [13]

Encrusting & Calcareous sponge reefs (Dominated by Neuropora) along associated Bryozoa, Crinoids and Terebellidans represent the main facies of the Saltrio Formation Diverses eponges encroutantes (Ifremer 00665-77661 - 31198).jpg
Encrusting & Calcareous sponge reefs (Dominated by Neuropora) along associated Bryozoa, Crinoids and Terebellidans represent the main facies of the Saltrio Formation

The Saltrio Formation itself records a shallow open marine depositional environment on a subsiding carbonate platform along the passive margin, while shallow intertidal sectors are seen at Castello Cabiaglio-Orino, with reworked Triassic lithoclasts. [13] The 17-meter-thick sequence at the Galli quarry transitions from basal dolomitic breccia (transgressive reworking) through marly and oolitic limestones (higher-energy subtidal shoals) to bituminous, cherty limestones (deeper open-shelf with reduced oxygenation). Faunal assemblages, dominated by cephalopods (ammonites like Asteroceras , nautiloids Cenoceras ), bivalves (Cardinia), gastropods (Pleurotomaria), and brachiopods (Lobothyris punctata), indicate normal-marine, oxygenated waters with deepening trends. [12] Fragmentary ichthyosaur remains and bioeroded dinosaur bones (e.g., Saltriovenator zanellai) suggest transport from nearby terrestrial sources into a proximal slope or ramp, that is, an open subtidal zone some dozen of meters depth reached by the effects of storm waves and with constant bottom currents. [4] The Broccatello sector represents a deeper-water carbonate mound environment formed during episodes of platform drowning, made up of stromatactis limestones originated through early diagenetic processes involving organic matter decay, with abundant sponges, along brachiopods, crinoids, and mollusks, lacking photic-dependent organisms. The facies reflect a benthic, sponge reef-dominated carbonate factory in a deeper setting. [22]

Regional studies link this to platform drowning amid rifting, with carbon-isotope excursions implying volcanic influences and ocean perturbations. A modern analogue is the Bahama Banks, featuring oolitic shoals and lagoons in a subtropical passive-margin setting. [12]

Biota

Foranimifera

TaxaSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Ammobaculites [13] A. sp.Castello Cabiaglio-Orino; M. Sasso del FerroTestsSimple agglutinated Ammomarginulininae benthic foraminifera
Involutina [13] I. cf. liassicaCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoTestsEarly Jurassic Involutinidae, typical of outer-platform wackestones
Lenticulina [13] L. sp.Widespread in Alpe Perino & Moltrasio-Saltrio faciesTestsHyaline benthic foraminifera of Nodosariidae; typical in open-subtidal facies
Reophax [13] R. sp.Alpe PerinoTestsSimple agglutinated benthic foraminifera of Reophacidae
Siphovalvulina [13] S. sp.Alpe PerinoTestsShallow-subtidal benthic foraminifera of Siphovalvulinidae
Vidalina [13] V. martanaAlpe Perino; Moltrasio-Saltrio faciesTestsEarly Jurassic benthic foraminifera of Involutinidae-like affinity; common on Liassic platforms

Porifera

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Corynella [22] [23]
  • C. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
Spicules & ImprintsA Calcareous sponge of the family Endostomatidae.

Endostoma [23]

  • E. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
Spicules & Imprints

A Calcareous sponge of the family Endostomatidae.

Stellispongia [23]
  • S. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
Spicules & ImprintsA Calcareous sponge of the family Stellispongiidae.
Neuropora [24]
  • N. cf. undulata
  • N. spp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Spicules & ImprintsA Demosponge of the family Neuroporidae. A notorious reef developing genus

Brachiopoda

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Arzonellina [25]
  • A. exotica
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Terebratulidan of the family Arzonellinidae.
Aulacothyris [23]
  • A. waterhousi
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Terebratulidan of the family Zeilleriidae.
Aulacothyris Aulacothyris carinata brachial valve.jpg
Aulacothyris

Cirpa [6] [23] [26] [24]

  • C. fronto
  • C. briseis
  • C. variabilis
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Rhynchonellidan of the family Wellerellidae. Identified originally as "Rhynchonella variabilis".

Furcirhynchia [23]
  • F. cf. melvillei
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Rhynchonellidae.

Liospiriferina [23] [26] [24]

  • L. rostrata
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Rhynchonellidan of the family Spiriferinidae. Was identified originally as "Spiriferina haasi".

Liospiriferina specimens Liospiriferina rostrata.5 - Jurasico.JPG
Liospiriferina specimens

Lobothyris [6] [23] [26] [24]

  • L. punctata
  • L. andleri
  • L. subpunctata
  • L. ovatissinia
  • L. sp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Terebratulidan of the family Lobothyrididae. Was identified originally as "Terebratula punctata".

Lobothyris Lobothyris subpunctata brachial valve.jpg
Lobothyris
Prionorhynchia [23] [25] [27]
  • P. belemnitica
  • P. greppini
  • P. flabellum
  • P. ssp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Prionorhynchiidae.
Rimirhynchia [23]
  • R. aff. anglica
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Rhynchonellidae.

Rhynchonella [6] [23] [26] [24]

  • R. acanthica
  • R. belemnitica
  • R. latifrons
  • R. rimata
  • R. cf.polyptycha
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Rhynchonellidan of the family Wellerellidae.

Rhynchonella Rhynchonella sp.4 - Jurasico.JPG
Rhynchonella
Rhynchonellina [23]
  • R. alpina
  • R. ssp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Dimerellidae.
Tetrarhynchia [23]
  • T. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Tetrarhynchiidae.

Spiriferina [6] [23] [26] [24]

  • S. expansa
  • S. hartmanni
  • S. oxigona
  • S. walcotti
  • S. rupestris
  • S. rostrata
  • S. haasi
  • S. tumida
  • S. cf. spirigeroides
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Rhynchonellidan of the family Spiriferinidae.

Spiriferina Liospiriferina rostrata.jpg
Spiriferina
Sulcirostra [25]
  • S. alpina
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Dimerellidae.
Viallithyris [26]
  • V. gozzanensis
  • V. adnetensis
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsA Rhynchonellidan of the family Rhynchonellidae.
Zeilleria [6] [23]
  • Z. sarthacensis
  • Z. choffati
  • Z. cor
  • Z. ewaldi
  • Z. stapia
  • Z. cornuta
  • Z. subnumismalis
  • Z. (Zeilleria) indentata
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Terebratulidan of the family Zeilleriidae.
Zeilleria Zeilleria quadrifida.2 - Jurasico.JPG
Zeilleria

Bryozoa

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Ceriopora [6]

  • C.? cf. orbignyi
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Imprints

A Cyclostomatidan of the family Cerioporidae.

Bivalves

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Astarte [24] [28]

  • A. praeobliqua
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Astartidae. Some shells identified as Cardium probably belong to this genus.

Astarte Astarte gleuei 01.jpg
Astarte

Avicula [5] [24] [28]

  • A. sinemuriensis
  • A. (Oxytoma) dumortieri
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Pearl Oyster of the family Pteriidae.

Calvaentolium [24] [28]

  • C. hehlii
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae. It was identified originally as "Pecten (Pseudamusium) hehlii".

Cardinia [5] [24] [28]

  • C. hybrida
  • C. similis
  • C. rugosa
  • C. hybrida
  • C. concinna
  • C. depressa
  • C. spp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Cardiniidae.

Cardium [5] [24] [28]

  • C.? italicum
  • C. cf. multicostatum
  • C. spp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Cardiniidae.

Entolium [5]
  • E. hehli
  • E. calvum
  • E. disciforme
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Scallop of the family Pectinoidae.

Chlamys [5] [24] [28]

  • C. textoria
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae It was identified as "Pecten (Chlamys) textorius".

Chlamys Chlamys islandica 02.jpg
Chlamys

Fimbria [24] [28]

  • F. semireticulata
  • F. (Sphaeriola) sp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Lucinidae.

Fimbria Fimbria fimbriata 01.jpg
Fimbria
Gresslya [5]
  • G. lunulata
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Clam of the family Pleuromyidae.

Goniomya [24] [28]

  • G. verbana
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Lucinidae.

Gryphaea [24] [28]

  • G. arcuata
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

An Oyster of the family Gryphaeidae.

Fimbria Gryphaea arcuata 01.jpg
Fimbria

Lima [5] [24] [28]

  • L. (Radula) succincta
  • L. (Radula) valmariannae
  • L. (Radula) hettangiensis
  • L. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A File Clam of the family Limidae.

Lima Lima vulgaris 01.jpg
Lima

Lucina [24] [28]

  • L. ? liasina
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Lucinidae.

Lucina Lucina aurantia 02.jpg
Lucina
Mactromya [5]
  • M. arenacea
  • M. cingulata
  • M. problematica
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Adapedont of the family Edmondiidae.

Modiolus [5] [24] [28]

  • M. vomer
  • M. cf.scalpra
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Mussel of the family Mytilidae. Identified as the genus "Modiola", now junior synonym of Modiolus.

Modiolus Modiolus modiolus 0001.jpg
Modiolus

Myoconcha [5] [24] [28]

  • M. scabra
  • M. ssp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Pleuromyidae.

Ostrea [24] [28]

  • O. cf. chillyensis
  • O. electra
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

An Oyster of the family Ostreidae.

Ostrea Ostrea stentina 01.jpg
Ostrea
Parallelodon [5]
  • P. (Grammatodon) cypriniforme
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Clam of the family Parallelodontidae.

Pecten [24] [28]

  • P. (Pseudamusium) diblasii
  • P. (Pseudamusium) hehlii
  • P. (Chlamys) subalpinus
  • P. (Chlamys) textorius
  • P. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae.

Pecten Pecten maximus 04.jpg
Pecten

Pholadomya [24] [28]

  • P. sp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Pholadomyidae.

Pholadomya Pholadomya murchisoni 01.jpg
Pholadomya

Plagiostoma [5] [24] [28]

  • P. giganteum
  • P. stabilei
  • P. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A File Clam of the family Limidae. Identified originally as "Lima (Plagiostoma) gigantea".

Plagiostoma Plagiostoma gigantea.JPG
Plagiostoma

Pleuromya [5] [24] [28]

  • P. cf. angusta
  • P. saltriensis
  • P. galathea
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Pleuromyidae.

Sphaeriola [5] [24] [28]

  • S. cf. kurremolinae
  • S. sp.
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Lucinidae. Identified originally as "Fimbria (Sphaeriola) sp.".

Terquemia [24] [28]

  • T. heberti
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Clam of the family Prospondylidea.

Gastropods

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Anticonulus [29]
  • A. profunde-umbilicatus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Trochidae.
Bathrotomaria [6]
  • B. cf. trocheata
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae.
Coelostylina [29]
  • C. lepontina
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Coelostylinidae.
Discohelix [22]
  • D. sp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
ShellsA Snail of the family Discohelicidae.
Discohelix Discohelix tunisiensis apical.jpg
Discohelix
Discotoma [6]
  • D.? aff. ornata
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae.

Pleurotomaria [6] [23] [29] [30]

  • P. oblita
  • P. anglica
  • P. escheri
  • P. granulatocincta
  • P. hettangiensis
  • P. cf. gigas
  • P. sp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae.

Pleurotomaria Pleurotomaria Enzesfeld-Formation.jpg
Pleurotomaria
Ptychomphalus [6]
  • P. expansus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Eotomariidae.
Pyrgotrochus [6]
  • P. basilicus
  • P. cf.basilicus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae.

Trochus [29]

  • T. sp
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

A Snail of the family Trochidae.

Trochus Trochus radiatus 01.JPG
Trochus
Trochotoma [6]
  • T. subturrita
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsA Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae.

Cephalopoda

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Agassiceras [2] [31]

  • A. nodosaries
  • A. aff. scipionianum
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.

Arietites [2] [31]

  • A. bucklandi
  • A. raricostatus
  • A. rapidecrescens
  • A. ceratitoides
  • A. kridioides
  • A. dimorphus
  • A. arnoui
  • A. conybeari
  • A. sauzeanus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.

Arietites bucklandi Ammonite (Arietites bucklandi), Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (103314).jpg
Arietites bucklandi
Arnioceras [2]
  • A. cf. bodleyi
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.
Asteroceras [2]
  • A. obtusum
  • A. stellare
  • A. retusum
  • A. confusum
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Burgioli quarry
  • Galli quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.
Asteroceras Asteroceras BW.jpg
Asteroceras
Aulacoceras [6]
  • A. ("Ausseites") italicus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
PhagmoconesA Belemnite of the family Aulacoceratidae.

Cenoceras [32] [28] [24]

  • C. amorettii
  • C. stoppanii
  • C. intermedium
  • C. arare
  • C. spreaficoi
  • C. breislacki
  • C. striatum
  • C. sturi
  • C. balsamocrivellii
  • C. affinis
  • C. brancoi
  • C. ornatus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

A Nautilidan of the family Cenoceratidae. Cenoceras was identified as member of the genus Nautilus originally.

Cenoceras reconstruction Cenoceras NT.jpg
Cenoceras reconstruction

Coroniceras [2] [31]

  • C. cf.gmuendense
  • C. rotiformis
  • C. bucklandi
  • C. orbiculatus
  • C. bisulcatus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Shells

An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.

Coroniceras specimen Coroniceras rotiforme.JPG
Coroniceras specimen
Crucilobiceras [12]
  • C. cf. tardarmatum
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Eoderoceratidae.
Eparietites [23]
  • E. impendens
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Burgioli quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae
Euasteroceras [2]
  • E. cf.turneri
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae
Lytoceras [12]
  • L. sp.
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Lytoceratidae
Microderoceras [2]
  • M. birchii
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Eoderoceratidae.
Microderoceras specimen Microderoceras birchi 348.jpg
Microderoceras specimen
Nannobelus [6]
  • N. cf. acutus
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
PhagmoconesA Belemnite of the family Belemnitidae.

Oxynoticeras [31]

  • O. oxynotum
  • O. actinotum
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Burgioli quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Shells

An Ammonitidan of the family Oxynoticeratidae.

Oxynoticeras specimen Oxynoticeras greenoughi.jpg
Oxynoticeras specimen
Paltechioceras [23]
  • P. (Plesechioceras) demissum
  • P.(Plesechioceras) delicatum
  • Burgioli quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Echioceratidae.
Paracoroniceras [2]
  • P. cf. gmuendense
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.
Paradasyceras [2]
  • P. stella
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Juraphyllitidae.
Promicroceras [23]
  • P. planicosta
  • Burgioli quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Eoderoceratidae.
Schlotheimia [12]
  • S.(Charmasseiceras?) sp.
  • Galli Quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Schlotheimiidae
Vermiceras [2]
  • V. spiratissimum
  • V. cf.spiratissimum
  • Cava Salnova quarry
ShellsAn Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae.
Vermiceras specimen Vermiceras bristol museum.JPG
Vermiceras specimen

Annelida

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Terebella [22]
  • T. lapilloides
  • T. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Tubiform structuresA terebellid, member of the family Terebellidae
Terebella specimen Terebellidae (YPM IZ 080460) 002.jpeg
Terebella specimen

Echinoderms

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Isocrinus [33]

  • I. tuberculatus
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • M. Campo dei Fiori

Multiple ossicles

A Sea lily of the family Isocrininae.

Miocidaris [28]

  • M. amalthei
  • Cava Salnova quarry
Spines & Ambulacrum

An Echinoidean of the family Miocidaridae.

Millericrinus [28]

  • M. cf. adneticus
  • Cava Salnova quarry

Multiple ossicles

A Sea lily of the family Millericrinida.

Millericrinus specimen Millericrinus sp 567.jpg
Millericrinus specimen

Palaeocoma [34]

  • P. milleri
  • Mount Campo dei Fiori
MSNVI 044/017, dorsally-ventrally oriented ophiuroid

An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiodermatidae. Extant tropical species like Ophioderma are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in Palaeocoma. [34]

Palaeocoma milleri Palaeocoma milleri 34.jpg
Palaeocoma milleri

Pentacrinites [23] [28]

  • P. fasciculosus
  • P. subangularis
  • P. spp.
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry

Multiple ossicles

A Sea lily of the family Pentacrinitidae.

Pentacrinites Pentacrinites NT.jpg
Pentacrinites
Plegiocidaris [6]
  • P. falsani
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Galli Quarry
Spines & AmbulacrumAn Echinoidean of the family Cidaridae.
Plegiocidaris Plegiocidaris propinqua FOS 2138 - 2.jpg
Plegiocidaris

Fish

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Notidanoides [10]
  • N. arzoensis
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Isolated Teeth
A Crassodontidanidae Hexanchiform

Osteichthyes [4]

Indeterminate

  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Tooth and one jaw fragment

Non-determined afinitties

Sphenodus [10]
  • S. helveticus
  • S. cf. alpinus
  • S. stschurowskii
  • Broccatello of Arzo
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Isolated Teeth
An Orthacodontidae Synechodontiform

Icthyosaurs

In 2016 new vertebrate remains were discovered in the Salnova quarry, the remains are being studied to understand if it is a new dinosaur or some other creature. [35] [36] Latter has been confirmed to be Marine Diapsid material. [37]

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Ichthyosaurus [6] [37]

  • I. spp.
  • Galli Quarry
  • 3 Vertebrae Imprints

A Neoichthyosaurian of the family Ichthyosauridae.

Ichthyosaurus 202006 Ichthyosaurus communis.png
Ichthyosaurus

Temnodontosaurus [1] [37]

  • T. cf.platyodon
  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Isolated Tooth
  • Isolated Vertebrae

A Neoichthyosaurian of the family Temnodontosauridae. Quoted on the 1880s, specimen that apparently has never been described or figured and whose present repository is unknown

Temnodontosaurus platyodon Temnodontosaurus DB.jpg
Temnodontosaurus platyodon

Pterosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Pterosauria [1] [37]

Indeterminate

  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • Isolated Tooth

A Pterosaur, referred originally to "Pterodactylus longirostris"

Bergamodactylus, an older (Triassic) Pterosaur from Italy Bergamodactylus NT.jpg
Bergamodactylus, an older (Triassic) Pterosaur from Italy

Dinosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages

Saltriovenator [3] [4]

S. zanellai

  • Cava Salnova quarry
  • MSNM V3664, very fragmentary and disarticulated skeleton
  • MSNM V3659, one maxillary or dentary tooth (Referred material)

A potential Ceratosaur. Traces on the bones show that the dinosaur carcass remained exposed to the water-sediment interface for months or years, long enough to first be defleshed by mobile scavengers, then colonized by a microbial community that spanned the bone–water interface, which in turn attracted slow-moving grazers and epibionts. [4]

Saltriovenator holotype Saltriovenator elements.png
Saltriovenator holotype

Algae

Potential Dasycladaceae are seen on intertidal facies, while Characeae are seen at the base. [13]

TaxaSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Cayeuxia [13] C. spp.Alpe Perino; Castello Cabiaglio-OrinoImprintsCalcareous green alga of Udoteaceae; typical of shallow subtidal facies
Thaumatoporella [13] T. spp.Alpe Perino LimestoneImprintsEncrusting calcified alga, typical of Liassic shallow-marine platforms

Plants

TaxaSpeciesLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Callialasporites [13] C. spp.Castello Cabiaglio-OrinoPollen Araucariaceae Conifer
Extant Araucaria. Araucaria cunninghamii cones.jpg
Extant Araucaria.
Cerebropollenites [13] C. macroverrucosusCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoPollen Sciadopityaceae Conifer
Extant Sciadopitys. Sciadopitys verticillata (cone) (cropped).jpg
Extant Sciadopitys.
Classopollis [13] C. torosusCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoPollen Cheirolepidiaceae Conifer, dominant palynomorph
Concavisporites [13] C. crassexiniusCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoSporesTrilete spore of Lycophyte affinity
Gliscopollis [13] C. meyerianaCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoPollenTypical of Jurassic-Cretaceous Cheirolepidiaceae
Granulatisporites [13] G. punctatusCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoSporesTrilete spore of Lycopodiales
Lycopodiacidites [13] L. rugulatusCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoSporesTrilete spore of Lycopodiaceae
Extant Lycopodium. Lycopodium annotinum 161102.jpg
Extant Lycopodium .
Microreticulatisporites [13] M. fuscusCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoSporesTrilete spore of probable Lycophyte origin
Porcellispora [13] P. longdonensisCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoSporesIncertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Uvaesporites [13] U. argenteaeformisCastello Cabiaglio-OrinoSporesTrilete spore of Selaginellaceae.
Extant Selaginella. Selaginella erythropus kz02.jpg
Extant Selaginella.

See also

References

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Further reading