Stewart Rhodes

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Stewart Rhodes
Stewart Rhodes 2011.jpg
Rhodes at Nullify Now! event, Phoenix, Arizona, 2011
Born
Elmer Stewart Rhodes III

1966 (age 57–58)
Fresno, California, U.S.
Education University of Nevada, Las Vegas (BA)
Yale University (JD)
Organization Oath Keepers
Known for January 6 United States Capitol attack
Criminal statusIncarcerated at Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland [1]
Conviction(s) Seditious conspiracy (18 U.S.C. § 2384)
Obstructing an official proceeding (18 U.S.C. § 1512)
Tampering with documents and proceedings (18 U.S.C. § 1512)
Criminal penalty18 years imprisonment plus 3 years of supervised release

Elmer Stewart Rhodes III (born 1966) is an American former attorney and convicted seditionist. He founded the Oath Keepers, an American far-right anti-government militia. [2] [3] In November 2022, he was convicted of seditious conspiracy and evidence tampering related to his participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack culminating at the main campus of the United States Capitol complex. On May 23, 2023, he was sentenced to 18 years in prison.

Contents

Early life

Elmer Stewart Rhodes III was born in 1966 [4] in Fresno, California. [5] His father was a U.S. Marine and his mother worked on a farm. [5] Rhodes wrote about his father abandoning his mother and him when he was three years old, and that he grew up with his mother and her Mexican-American family. [6] In a 2008 blog post, Rhodes described himself as "mixed-race" and said he had "American-Indian" and Hispanic maternal ancestors. [4]

Education and career

Rhodes attended high school in Las Vegas, then joined the U.S. Army and was honorably discharged after seven months, the result of a spinal injury sustained during airborne school. [7] [4] [5] [8]

After attending community college, [6] Rhodes switched to studying political science at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, while parking cars to make money. [9] After graduating in 1998, [5] he worked as a staffer for Republican Congressman Ron Paul. [8] Rhodes volunteered for Paul's 2008 presidential campaign and later complained that political opponents of Paul linked Paul to hate groups and racists. [4]

In 2001, aged 35, [6] Rhodes enrolled in Yale Law School. [10] He became dissatisfied with what he perceived as eroding rights in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. [5] Rhodes taught a self-defense class, [5] and his research paper about enemy combatants' classification during the presidency of George W. Bush won an award in his final year at Yale. [5] He graduated in 2004. [4]

After graduating from Yale, Rhodes clerked for Michael D. Ryan, an associate justice at the Arizona Supreme Court. [5] As a lawyer, he worked in various western U.S. states. [11]

On December 8, 2015, Rhodes was disbarred by the Montana Supreme Court for conduct violating the Montana Rules of Professional Conduct, after refusing to respond to two bar grievances filed against him in the federal district court of Arizona. [12] [13]

Oath Keepers

Rhodes (right) with Brian D. Hill (left) and Alex Jones (center), 2012 Former Alt News Founder Brian Hill with Alex Jones of Infowars and Stewart Rhodes of Oath Keepers organization.jpg
Rhodes (right) with Brian D. Hill (left) and Alex Jones (center), 2012

Rhodes founded the Oath Keepers in March 2009. [14] [15] [16] The organization was launched in Lexington, Massachusetts, at the location of the first American Revolutionary War battle. [11] The launch occurred two months into the presidency of Barack Obama. [9]

Under his leadership in 2013, the Oath Keepers instructed its members to form "Citizen Preservation" teams, which included militias, to operate in communities across the US meant to defend citizens against the government intentionally letting the country descend into chaos then declaring martial law and scrapping the constitution, stating that "They are preparing to control and contain us, and to shoot us, but not preparing to feed us." [17] [18] [4]

Rhodes has collaborated with anti-government groups the Tenth Amendment Center and the Northwest Patriots. [4] The Southern Poverty Law Center identifies him as an "extremist". [19]

Rhodes is reported to have taken inspiration from the notion that Adolf Hitler could have been stopped if German soldiers and police had refused to follow orders. [20]

Rhodes has promoted the discredited theory of nullification, asserting that U.S. states may disregard federal laws. [4]

2020 United States presidential election

For two months after the 2020 United States presidential election, Rhodes encouraged his supporters to reject Joe Biden as the incoming president. [21] Rhodes spoke of a need to take up weapons to prevent Biden's inauguration and launched a campaign to persuade then president Donald Trump to invoke the Insurrection Act of 1807, and deploy the military and the Oath Keepers as a militia. [21]

Attack on United States Capitol

January 6 United
States Capitol attack
2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09156 (50826223403) (cropped to gallows).jpg
Timeline • Planning
Background
2020 presidential election
and other causes
Related groups and persons
Participants
Notable people
Organizations
Law enforcement response
Aftermath
Biden inauguration
Investigations and charges
Corporate actions
Reactions
Impeachment and 2024 presidential election

On November 7, 2020, after the election had been called as a win for Biden, Rhodes joined a Roger Stone text chat group asking "What's the plan?" [22]

On December 12, 2020, Rhodes spoke at a Pro-Trump rally in Washington, D.C., along with speakers including Michael Flynn, Sebastian Gorka, Alex Jones, podcaster David Harris Jr., Nick Fuentes, and Mike Lindell. [23] [24] [25] [26] Rhodes called on Trump to invoke the Insurrection Act of 1807, and warned that not doing so would lead to a "much more bloody war." [26]

In the days prior to January 6, 2021, Rhodes and others traveled to Washington, D.C., where they armed themselves with firearms and tactical gear. [14] En route to D.C., Rhodes personally spent $20,000 to purchase "a small arsenal". [27] On January 6, 2021, Rhodes entered "restricted Capitol grounds" where he directed Oath Keepers members via telephone and text, telling them which positions to take up around the building. [28] Four days after the attack, Rhodes attended a meeting where he was recorded saying "My only regret is that they should have brought rifles... We should have brought rifles. We could have fixed it right then and there. I'd hang fucking Pelosi from the lamppost." [29]

Seditious-conspiracy conviction

On January 13, 2022, Rhodes and nine other members of the Oath Keepers were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy. [30] On November 29, 2022, after a nine-week trial, along with Kelly Meggs, Rhodes was convicted of seditious conspiracy and evidence tampering in regard to the January 6, 2021 United States Capitol attack. [31] [21] Their conviction was the first for seditious conspiracy since 1995. [32] Prosecutors sought a 25-year sentence which included a terrorism sentencing enhancement. [33] On May 25, 2023, Rhodes received an 18-year sentence and Meggs received a 12-year sentence. [34] [35] [36] Although Rhodes's sentence was the longest handed down, as of that time, to any of the charged conspirators, [37] the Department of Justice on July 12, 2023, filed notice of its intention to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for longer terms for Rhodes and his co-defendants. [38] Rhodes, Meggs and the other convicted Oath Keepers have also filed their own appeals. If unsuccessful, they will be on three years' supervised release following their prison terms. [39] Rhodes is currently serving his sentence at Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland. [40]

Personal life

Rhodes married Tasha Adams in 1994, after meeting her a few years earlier in Las Vegas. [41] [5] When they met, Adams was 18 years old and working at an Arthur Murray Dance studio, and Rhodes was a 25-year-old college student. [9] Adams worked as an exotic dancer to financially support Rhodes' education during their marriage. [9] Prior to their marriage, Rhodes accidentally shot himself in the face with a .22 handgun after dropping it, leaving him using a prosthetic eyeball. [5] [9]

Adams filed for divorce in 2018, accusing Rhodes of emotional and physical abuse. The divorce was granted days before Rhodes was sentenced for his part in the January 6 attack. [42] Adams and Rhodes have six children, including Dakota Adams, their eldest son, who uses his mother's maiden name; [43] [11] Sequoia Adams; and Sedona Adams. [44] The family lived in New Haven and several states in the western United States. [11]

Dakota Adams has said that his father was abusive to him, his mother, and his siblings; he said that Rhodes has sabotaged his children's homeschooling and that the family "lived in extreme isolation in one particular cultural bubble in increasingly paranoid and militant right-wing political spheres everywhere we moved in the country, until eventually we ended up in Montana." [43] Rhodes required them to line up with their backs to him at ATMs and gas pumps to be on the lookout for assassins, and to unload groceries from the family vehicle one-armed so as to have a hand free in case of attack. [45] The children suffered severe medical neglect and were illiterate, and Dakota only learned his multiplication tables at age 19 so that he could pass his high school equivalency test. In the spring of 2024, Dakota Adams announced that he is running for the Montana House of Representatives. [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech or organization, that tends toward rebellion against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent toward, or insurrection against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oath Keepers</span> American far-right organization since 2009

Oath Keepers is an American far-right anti-government militia whose leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the government of the United States, including the transfer of presidential power as prescribed by the United States constitution. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder Elmer Stewart Rhodes, a lawyer and former paratrooper. In 2023, Rhodes was sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy for his role in the January 6 United States Capitol attack, and another Oath Keepers leader, Kelly Meggs, was sentenced to 12 years for the same crime. Three other members have pleaded guilty to this crime, and four other members have been convicted of it.

Seditious conspiracy is a crime in various jurisdictions of conspiring against the authority or legitimacy of the state. As a form of sedition, it has been described as a serious but lesser counterpart to treason, targeting activities that undermine the state without directly attacking it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amit Mehta</span> American federal judge (born 1971)

Amit Priyavadan Mehta is an American lawyer who has served as United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia since 2014. In 2021, Mehta became a judge on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proud Boys</span> North American neo-fascist organization

The Proud Boys is an exclusively male North American far-right, neo-fascist militant organization that promotes and engages in political violence. The group's leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the United States government, including the constitutionally prescribed transfer of presidential power. It has been called a street gang and was designated as a terrorist group in Canada and New Zealand. The Proud Boys are known for their opposition to left-wing and progressive groups and for their support of former U.S. President Donald Trump. While Proud Boys leadership has denied being a white supremacist organization, the group and some of its members have been connected to white supremacist events, ideologies, and other white power groups throughout its existence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Three Percenters</span> American and Canadian far-right militia group

The Three Percenters are an American and Canadian far-right anti-government militia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enrique Tarrio</span> American far-right activist (born 1984)

Henry "Enrique" Tarrio is an American convicted seditionist and far-right activist. From 2018 to 2021, he was the chairman of the Proud Boys, a far-right neo-fascist organization that promotes and engages in political violence in the United States. Along with three other Proud Boys leaders, Tarrio was convicted in May 2023 of seditious conspiracy for his role in the 2021 United States Capitol attack. In September 2023, Tarrio was sentenced to 22 years in prison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joe Biggs</span> American felon and former Proud Boys organizer (born 1980s)

Joseph Randall Biggs is an American veteran, media personality, organizer of the Proud Boys, and convicted felon for his participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">January 6 United States Capitol attack</span> 2021 attempt to prevent presidential electoral vote count

On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., was attacked by a mob of supporters of then-U.S. president Donald Trump, two months after his defeat in the 2020 presidential election. They sought to keep Trump in power by occupying the Capitol and preventing a joint session of Congress counting the Electoral College votes to formalize the victory of President-elect Joe Biden. The attack was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the certification of the election results. According to the bipartisan House select committee that investigated the incident, the attack was the culmination of a seven-part plan by Trump to overturn the election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominic Pezzola</span> American

Dominic Pezzola is an American convicted felon and member of the Proud Boys who participated in the January 6 United States Capitol attack, a violent attack at the U.S. Capitol. He is best known for stealing a police riot shield and using it to break a Capitol window on January 6, 2021, making him the first rioter to breach the building. Indicted in 2021, on federal charges, he was tried in 2023 alongside Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio and his key lieutenants, Ethan Nordean, Joseph Biggs, and Zachary Rehl. In May 2023, following a five-month jury trial, Pezzola was convicted of obstructing a congressional proceeding, assaulting a police officer, and other crimes. He was acquitted of seditious conspiracy, the most serious charge. The jury deadlocked on other charges against Pezzola, including conspiring to obstruct the counting of the electoral votes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack</span> List of people charged with crimes

On January 6, 2021, supporters of then President Donald Trump attacked the U.S. Capitol Building, disrupting the joint session of Congress assembled to count electoral votes to formalize Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 United States Presidential Election. By the end of the month, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had opened more than 400 case files and issued more than 500 subpoenas and search warrants related to the riot. The FBI also created a website to solicit tips from the public specifically related to the riot and were especially assisted by the crowdsourced sleuthing group Sedition Hunters. By the end of 2021, 725 people had been charged with federal crimes. That number rose to 1,000 by the second anniversary of the attack, and to 1,200 by the third anniversary, at which point over 890 people had been found guilty of federal crimes. These federal cases are handled by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (D.C.). State cases, of which there are fewer, are handled in the D.C. Superior Court.

Corruptly obstructing, influencing, or impeding an official proceeding is a felony under U.S. federal law. It was enacted as part of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 in reaction to the Enron scandal, and closed a legal loophole on who could be charged with evidence tampering by defining the new crime very broadly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelly Meggs</span> American insurrectionist (born 1969)

Kelly Meggs is an American convicted felon who previously led the Oath Keepers' Florida chapter. He was found guilty of seditious conspiracy following his forced entry into the United States Capitol during the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Meggs was sentenced to 12 years in prison.

Jessica Marie Watkins is an American militia founder and former Oath Keeper leader, Army veteran and bar owner who took part in the January 6 United States Capitol attack. She was convicted of multiple felonies relating to her participation and in May 2023 was sentenced to 8.5 years in federal prison.

Roberto Antonio Minuta is a tattoo artist and a member of the Oath Keepers, who in 2023 was found guilty of seditious conspiracy after forcing his way into the United States Capitol building during the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021.

James Ray Epps is a former United States Marine and Oath Keepers chapter president who was one of the rioters at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack</span>

After Donald Trump lost the 2020 United States presidential election, multiple individuals plotted to use force to stop the peaceful transition of power; this was one aspect of what eventually led to the January 6 attack on the United States Capitol. Fourteen members of the Oath Keepers and Proud Boys militias were convicted of seditious conspiracy for planning and leading the attack, while an unidentified pipe-bomber remains at-large.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harry Dunn (police officer)</span> American police officer (born 1983)

Harry Anthony Dunn is an American author, political candidate, and former police officer. He served in the United States Capitol Police from 2008 to 2023. Dunn was one of many police officers present during the attack on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, and testified with his colleagues in front of the House Select Committee investigating the attack. His efforts during the attack earned him both the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Citizens Medal.

Dakota Adams is an American from Montana who is running as a Democrat for the Montana House of Representatives in District 1 in northern Lincoln County in the 2024 United States elections. Adams is the oldest son of Oath Keeper Stewart Rhodes, who is currently serving an 18-year prison term for seditious conspiracy. Adams was homeschooled and raised with extreme Right-wing, prepper conspiracy theories. He left the American militia movement over his teenage years and wrote about his reasoning for Raw Story in 2022.

References

  1. ↑ "Inmate Locator".
  2. ↑ Bella, Timothy (November 24, 2021). "A Broadway actor was with Oath Keepers on Jan. 6, feds say. His Michael Jackson jacket gave him away". The Washington Post . Retrieved November 24, 2021..
  3. ↑ Tully, Tracey (October 27, 2021). "An Oath Keeper Was at the Capitol Riot. On Tuesday, He's on the Ballot". The New York Times . Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Elmer Stewart Rhodes". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fawcett, Eliza (November 21, 2022). "From Yale Law to Oath Keepers: Stewart Rhodes's Unlikely Journey". The New York Times . Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 Giglio, Mike (December 7, 2022). "What the Conviction of Stewart Rhodes Means for Right-Wing Militancy". The New Yorker . Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  7. ↑ Giglio, Mike (September 30, 2020). "A Pro-Trump Militant Group Has Recruited Thousands of Police, Soldiers, and Veterans". The Atlantic . Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  8. 1 2 Maimon, Alan (October 18, 2009). "Ready To Revolt: Oath Keepers pledges to prevent dictatorship in United States". Las Vegas Review-Journal . Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilber, Del Quentin (November 13, 2021). "An Oath Keeper's wife feels the sting of Jan. 6". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  10. ↑ Lederman, Josh (February 9, 2021). "The founder of a far-right militia once warned of federal tyranny. Then came Trump". NBC News . Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Oath Keepers: 'How I escaped my father's militia'". BBC News . November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  12. ↑ "In the Matter of Elmer S. Rhodes". Montana Supreme Court . December 8, 2015. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2023– via scribd.com.
  13. ↑ "Oath Keepers leader disbarred by Montana Supreme Court in 2015". KTVH. January 14, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  14. 1 2 Knutson, Jacob (November 29, 2022). "Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes found guilty of seditious conspiracy over Jan. 6 riot". Axios . Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  15. ↑ Acosta, Jim (November 18, 2009). "Who are the Oathkeepers". CNN . Archived from the original on November 19, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Incorporation Information for the Oath Keepers, Inc". Nevada Secretary of State . Vol. E0559982009-3. State of Nevada. October 22, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009.[ permanent dead link ] https://www.nvsos.gov/sos%5B%5D
  17. ↑ Dickson, Caitlin (October 15, 2013). "Oath Keepers: Bring On the Collapse!". The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 31, 2021.
  18. ↑ "Oath Keepers is Going "Operational" by Forming Special "Civilization Preservation" Teams". Oath Keepers. October 5, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Oath Keepers: What anti-hate groups are saying about them". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  20. ↑ Fowler, Sarah (August 12, 2015). "Ferguson unrest: Who are the mysterious 'Oath Keepers'?". BBC News . Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 Cheney, Kyle (November 29, 2022). "Jury convicts Oath Keepers leader of seditious conspiracy". Politico . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  22. ↑ Hsu, Spencer S.; Weiner, Rachel (October 8, 2022). "From Serbia to Roger Stone, Oath Keepers trial traces threads of alleged Jan. 6 plot". The Washington Post . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  23. ↑ Slotkin, Jason; Nuyen, Suzanne; Doubek, James (December 12, 2020). "4 Stabbed, 33 Arrested After Trump Supporters, Counterprotesters Clash In D.C." NPR . Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  24. ↑ Davies, Emily; Weiner, Rachel; Williams, Clarence; Lang, Marissa J.; Contrera, Jessica (December 12, 2020). "Multiple people stabbed after thousands gather for pro-Trump demonstrations in Washington". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  25. ↑ Porter, Tom (December 13, 2020). "Trump supporters chant 'destroy the GOP' at a rally in Washington DC, after Republican officials in Georgia refused to back the president's bid to overturn the election". Business Insider . Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  26. 1 2 Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab (February 10, 2021). "#StopTheSteal: Timeline of Social Media and Extremist Activities Leading to 1/6 Insurrection". Just Security . Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  27. ↑ Feuer, Alan; Montague, Zach (October 17, 2022). "Oath Keepers Leader Bought Arsenal of Weapons Ahead of Jan. 6". The New York Times . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  28. ↑ Gallagher, Chris; Lynch, Sarah N. (November 22, 2022). "Factbox: Who are the Oath Keepers on trial for the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol attack?". Reuters . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  29. ↑ Woolley, John (November 2, 2022). "In FBI recording from Jan. 10, 2021, Oath Keepers' Stewart Rhodes talked about hanging Pelosi "from the lamppost"". CBS News . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  30. ↑ Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam (January 13, 2021). "Oath Keepers Leader Charged With Conspiracy in Jan. 6 Investigation" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  31. ↑ Hsu, Spencer S.; Jackman, Tom; Weiner, Rachel (November 29, 2022). "Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes guilty of seditious conspiracy". The Washington Post . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Oath Keepers talked of guerrilla war, second trial hears". BBC News . December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  33. ↑ Reilly, Ryan J. (May 8, 2023). "U.S. seek 25 years for Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes in seditious conspiracy case". NBC News . Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  34. ↑ Rabinowitz, Hannah; Polantz, Katelyn (May 25, 2023). "Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes sentenced to 18 years in prison for plot to keep Trump in power". CNN Politics. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  35. ↑ Buchman, Brandi (February 6, 2023). "Prison sentences aplenty: Oath Keepers see dates set for sentencing". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  36. ↑ Kunzelman, Michael; Richer, Alanna Durkin; Whitehurst, Lindsay (May 25, 2023). "Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes sentenced to 18 years for seditious conspiracy in Jan. 6 attack". WSOC TV. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  37. ↑ Lynch, Sarah N. (May 25, 2023). "Oath Keepers founder gets 18 years in prison, longest Jan. 6 sentence yet". Reuters . Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  38. ↑ Polantz, Katelyn; Rabinowitz, Hannah (July 13, 2023). "Justice Department appealing prison sentences given to convicted Oath Keepers members". CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  39. ↑ "Court Sentences Two Oath Keepers Leaders to 18 Years in Prison on Seditious Conspiracy and Other Charges Related to U.S. Capitol Breach". United States Attorney for the District of Columbia (Press release). May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  40. ↑ "Inmate Locator". www.bop.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  41. ↑ Drew, Micah (October 4, 2022). "Broken oaths: Stewart Rhodes' estranged Montana family reflects on militia life". Billings Gazette. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  42. ↑ Loewinger, Micah; Sale, Anna (May 26, 2023). "Stewart Rhodes' Ex-Wife on The Oath Keepers And His 18-Year Sentence". On The Media. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  43. 1 2 3 Amy Beth Hanson, Oath Keepers’ son emerges from traumatic childhood to tell his own story in a long shot election bid, Associated Press (March 24, 2024).
  44. ↑ Wilson, Jason (May 12, 2022). "Exclusive: Oath Keepers Leader Stewart Rhodes' Children Speak". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  45. ↑ Young, Robin (April 10, 2024). "Oath Keeper Stewart Rhodes' son is running as a Democrat for Montana House seat". Here & Now . WBUR . Retrieved April 12, 2024.
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