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A flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacteria and eukaryotic cells termed as flagellates. A flagellate can have one or several flagella. The primary function of a flagellum is that of locomotion, but it also often functions as a sensory organelle, being sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell. The similar structure in the archaea functions in the same way but is structurally different and has been termed the archaellum.
The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of flagella each represent a sophisticated cellular structure that requires the interaction of many different systems.
Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid excavates distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek trypano (borer) and soma (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate, invertebrate or plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans.
Kinetoplastida is a group of flagellated protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa, and characterised by the presence of an organelle with a large massed DNA called kinetoplast. The organisms are commonly referred to as "kinetoplastids" or "kinetoplasts" The group includes a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. Their distinguishing feature, the presence of a kinetoplast, is an unusual DNA-containing granule located within the single mitochondrion associated with the base of the cell's flagella. The kinetoplast contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.
Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes. It includes two groups of parasitic flatworms, known as flukes.
Trematodes are parasitic flatworms of the class Trematoda, specifically parasitic flukes with two suckers: one ventral and the other oral. Trematodes are covered by a tegument, that protects the organism from the environment by providing secretory and absorptive functions.
Masticophis flagellum is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake, commonly referred to as the coachwhip or the whip snake, which is endemic to the United States and Mexico. Six subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies.
Masticophis is a genus of colubrid snakes, commonly referred to as whip snakes or coachwhips, which are endemic to the Americas. They are characterized by having a long, thin body and are not dangerous to humans.
Leucochloridium paradoxum, the green-banded broodsac, is a parasitic flatworm that uses gastropods as an intermediate host. It is typically found in land snails of the genus Succinea.
Karyolysus is a genus of coccidia. With the exception of K. sonomae whose vertebrate host is the yellow-legged frog, species in this genus only infect lizards of the genus Lacerta.
Hemolivia is a genus of the phylum Apicomplexia.
Calyptospora is a genus of parasitic protozoa in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Defretinella is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa.
Nephroisospora is a genus of parasites that infects bats
Hyaloklossia is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Only one species in this genus is currently recognised - Hyaloklossia lieberkuehni.
Pseudoklossia is a genus in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect marine molluscs, although one species infects in an ascidian worm. The life cycle is heteroxenous.
Meroselenidium is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect marine invertebrates.
The Diplocystidae are a family of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Per Flagellum Sanguemque, Tenebras Veneramus is the sixth full-length studio album by Gnaw Their Tongues, released on November 8, 2011 by Crucial Blast. The album saw a return to the more direct and aggressive sound of Gnaw Their Tongues' earlier work, which contrasts the more polished and lighter toned L'arrivée de la terne mort triomphante released the previous year.
Menzbieria is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa.
References
- ↑ McAllister, Chris T.; Seville, R. Scott; Connior, Matthew B. (1 September 2015). "A new species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from eastern coachwhip, Coluber flagellum flagellum (Reptilia: Ophidia) from Oklahoma". Acta Parasitol. 60 (3): 466–470. doi:10.1515/ap-2015-0065. PMC 4539277 . PMID 26204185.
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