Strombus

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Strombus
Temporal range: Cretaceous - recent [1]
Strombus pugilis 01.JPG
Five views of a shell of the West Indian fighting conch, Strombus pugilis , type species of the genus Strombus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Stromboidea
Family: Strombidae
Genus: Strombus
Linnaeus, 1758 [2]
Type species
Strombus pugilis
Synonyms
  • Pyramis Röding, 1798
  • StrombellaSchlüter, 1838

Strombus is a genus of medium to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Strombidae, which comprises the true conchs and their immediate relatives. The genus Strombus was named by Swedish Naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Around 50 living species were recognized, which vary in size from fairly small to very large. Six species live in the greater Caribbean region, including the queen conch, Strombus gigas (now usually known as Eustrombus gigas or Lobatus gigas), and the West Indian fighting conch, Strombus pugilis . However, since 2006, many species have been assigned to discrete genera. [3] These new genera are, however, not yet found in most textbooks and collector's guides.

Worldwide, several of the larger species are economically important as food sources; these include the endangered queen conch, which very rarely also produces a pink, gem-quality pearl.

In the geological past, a much larger number of species of Strombus existed. [4] Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world in sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary (age range: 140.2 million years ago to recent). [5]

Of the living species, most are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Many species of true conchs live on sandy bottoms among beds of sea grass in tropical waters. They eat algae and have a claw-shaped operculum.

Description

Anatomy

Live animal of the Florida fighting conch Strombus alatus: Note the extensible snout in the foreground, and the two stalked eyes behind it. Strombus alatus.jpg
Live animal of the Florida fighting conch Strombus alatus : Note the extensible snout in the foreground, and the two stalked eyes behind it.

Like almost all shelled gastropods, conches have spirally constructed shells. Again, as is normally the case in many gastropods, this spiral shell growth is usually right-handed, but on very rare occasions it can be left-handed.

True conches have long eye stalks, with colorful ring-marked eyes at the tips. The shell has a long and narrow aperture, and a short siphonal canal, with another indentation near the anterior end called a stromboid notch. This notch is where one of the two eye stalks protrudes from the shell.

The true conch has a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, operculum, which can be dug into the substrate as part of an unusual "leaping" locomotion.

True conches grow a flared lip on their shells only upon reaching sexual maturity. This is called an alated outer lip or alation.

Conches lay eggs in long strands; the eggs are contained in twisted, gelatinous tubes. [6] Strombus moves with a leaping motion. [7]

Shell description

Strombus shells have a flaring outer lip with a notch near the anterior end called the stromboid notch through which the animal can protrude one of its stalked eyes. [8]

Phylogeny

Strombidae
A simplified version of the phylogeny and relationships of the Strombidae according to Simone (2005) [9]
Phylogeny and relationships of Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Strombus species, according to Latiolais et al. (2006) [3]

The phylogenetic relationships among the Strombidae have been mainly accessed in two different occasions, using two distinct methods. In a 2005 monograph, Simone proposed a cladogram (a tree of descent) based on an extensive morpho anatomical analysis of representatives of the Aporrhaidae, Strombidae, Xenophoridae, and Struthiolariidae. [9] However, according to Simone, only Strombus gracilior , Strombus alatus , and Strombus pugilis , the type species, remained within Strombus. In Simone's cladogram, these three species constituted a distinct group based on at least five synapomorphies (traits that are shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor). The remaining taxa were previously considered as subgenera, and were elevated to genus level by Simone in the end of his analysis. [9]

In a different approach, Latiolais and colleagues (2006) proposed another cladogram that attempts to show the phylogenetic relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae. The authors analysed 31 species in the genus Strombus and three species in the allied genus Lambis. The cladogram was based on DNA sequences of both nuclear histone H3 and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) protein-coding gene regions. In this proposed phylogeny, Strombus pugilis, Strombus alatus, Strombus granulatus and Strombus gracilior are closely related and appear to share a common ancestor. [3]

Species

This genus of sea snails used to comprise about 50 species, [10] 38 of them occurring in the Indo-Pacific region. [11] Species within the genus Strombus include:

Extinct species
Fossil shell of Strombus radix Strombidae - Strombus radix.JPG
Fossil shell of Strombus radix
Fossil shell of Strombus coronatus from Pliocene of Italy Strombidae - Strombus coronatus.JPG
Fossil shell of Strombus coronatus from Pliocene of Italy

Extinct species within this genus include: [5]

Species brought into synonymy

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strombidae</span> Family of molluscs

Strombidae, commonly known as the true conchs, is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large sea snails in the superfamily Stromboidea, and the Epifamily Neostromboidae. The term true conchs, being a common name, does not have an exact meaning. It may generally refer to any of the Strombidae but sometimes is used more specifically to include only Strombus and Lambis. The family currently includes 26 extant, and 10 extinct genera.

<i>Lambis</i> Genus of gastropods

Lambis is a genus of large sea snails sometimes known as spider conchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conch family.

<i>Turbo</i> (gastropod) Genus of molluscs

Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

<i>Polinices</i> Genus of gastropods

Polinices is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Polinicinae of the family Naticidae, commonly known as moon snails.

<i>Laevistrombus canarium</i> Species of sea snail

Laevistrombus canarium is a species of edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Strombidae. Known from illustrations in books dating from the late 17th century, L. canarium is an Indo-Pacific species occurring from India and Sri Lanka to Melanesia, Australia and southern Japan. The shell of adult individuals is coloured from light yellowish-brown to golden to grey. It has a characteristic inflated body whorl, a flared, thick outer lip, and a shallow stromboid notch. The shell is valued as an ornament, and because it is heavy and compact, it is also often used as a sinker for fishing nets.

<i>Patella</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Patella is a genus of sea snails with gills, typical true limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Patellidae, the true limpets.

<i>Lobatus raninus</i> Species of gastropod

Lobatus raninus, common name the hawk-wing conch, is a species of medium to large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

<i>Lobatus</i> Genus of gastropods

Lobatus is a genus of very large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs. Some of the species within this genus were previously placed in the genus Eustrombus.

<i>Pugilina</i> Genus of gastropods

Pugilina is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Melongenidae, the crown conches and their allies.

<i>Hexaplex</i> Genus of gastropods

Hexaplex is a genus of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily muracinae of the family Muricidae, the murex shells or rock snails.

<i>Titanostrombus goliath</i> Species of gastropod

Titanostrombus goliath, previously known as Lobatus goliath and Strombus goliath, common name the goliath conch, is a species of very large edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs. T. goliath is one of the largest mollusks of the Western Atlantic Ocean, and also one of the largest species among the Strombidae. It was once considered endemic to Brazil, but specimens have also been recently found in the waters of Barbados. Brazilian common names for this species include búzio de chapéu or búzio, and búzio de aba or buzo in. Some phylogenetic hypotheses consider T. goliath as closely related to the queen conch, Aliger gigas.

<i>Pterygia</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Pterygia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Cylindromitrinae of the family Mitridae.

<i>Cymbium</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Cymbium is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Volutidae.

<i>Margistrombus marginatus</i> Species of gastropod

Margistrombus marginatus, common name: the Marginate Conch, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

<i>Macrostrombus costatus</i> Species of sea snail

Macrostrombus costatus, formerly known as Strombus costatus and Lobatus costatus, or commonly known as the milk conch, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs. They are an edible species and important food source for the inhabitants of where they are found. Conchs are most notable for their medium to large-sized ornamental shells. Milk conchs are dispersed among the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, along the coasts and islands of North, Central, and South America.

<i>Aliger gallus</i> Species of gastropod

Aliger gallus, previously known as Strombus gallus, common name the rooster conch or rooster-tail conch, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

<i>Aliger</i> Genus of gastropods

Aliger is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

<i>Tricornis</i> Genus of gastropods

Tricornis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

<i>Canarium</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Canarium is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

<i>Dolomena</i> Genus of gastropods

Dolomena is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

References

  1. ↑ Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 99.
  2. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae , ed. 10, 742; 1767, ed. 12, 1207.
  3. 1 2 3 Latiolais, J. M.; Taylor M. S.; Roy, K.; Hellberg, M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.027.PDF.
  4. ↑ See Bellsouthpwp.net, Family Strombidae
  5. 1 2 Fossilworks
  6. ↑ R. Tucker Abbott, American Seashells, New York (2d. ed., 1974) p. 143
  7. ↑ Sealifebase
  8. ↑ Kenneth R. Wye, The Encyclopedia of Shells, Londo, 2004, p. 70.
  9. 1 2 3 Simone, L. R. L. (2005). "Comparative morphological study of representatives of the three families of Stromboidea and the Xenophoroidea (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda), with an assessment of their phylogeny" (PDF). Arquivos de Zoologia. 37 (2). São Paulo, Brazil: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo: 141–267. ISSN   0066-7870. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-05.
  10. ↑ Cob, Z. C. et al. (2009). "Species Description and Distribution of Strombus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in Johor Straits and its Surrounding Areas". Sains Malaysiana38 (1): 39–46.
  11. ↑ Abbott, R.T. (1960). "The genus Strombus in the Indo-pacific". Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1(2): 33-144
  12. ↑ Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  13. ↑ Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  14. ↑ "Strombus fragilis (Röding, 1798)". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  15. ↑ Strombus aurisdianae Linnaeus, 1759 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  16. ↑ Strombus bulla Röding, 1798 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  17. ↑ Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  18. ↑ Strombus decorus (Röding, 1798) . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  19. ↑ Strombus debelensis . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  20. ↑ Strombus dentatus Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  21. ↑ Strombus epidromis Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  22. ↑ Strombus erythrinus Dillwyn, 1817 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  23. ↑ Strombus fasciatus Born, 1778 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  24. ↑ Strombus fusiformis Sowerby, 1842 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  25. ↑ Strombus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  26. ↑ Strombus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  27. ↑ Strombus guidoi Man in t'Veld & De Turck, 1998 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  28. ↑ Strombus haemastoma Sowerby, 1842 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  29. ↑ Strombus hickeyi Willan, 2000 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  30. ↑ Strombus labiatus Röding, 1798 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  31. ↑ Strombus labiosus Gray in Wood, 1828 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  32. ↑ Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  33. ↑ Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  34. ↑ Strombus listeri Gray, 1852 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  35. ↑ Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  36. ↑ Strombus magolecciai Macsotay & Villarroel, 2001 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  37. ↑ Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  38. ↑ Strombus oldi Emerson, 1965 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  39. ↑ Strombus persicus (Swainson, 1821) . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  40. ↑ Strombus plicatus Röding, 1798 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  41. ↑ Strombus sinuatus Humphrey, 1786 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  42. ↑ Strombus terebellatus Sowerby, 1842 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  43. ↑ Strombus tricornis (Humphrey, 1786) . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  44. ↑ Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  45. ↑ Strombus ustulatus (Schumacher, 1817) . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  46. ↑ Strombus variabilis Swainson, 1820 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
  47. ↑ Strombus wilsoni Abbott, 1967 . Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species  on 27 June 2010.
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