Timeline of the Northern Yuan

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Northern Yuan

This is a timeline of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

14th century

YearDateEvent
1368The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum [1]
1380 Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum [1]
1381December Ming conquest of Yunnan : Ming forces take Qujing [2]
1382April Ming conquest of Yunnan : Ming forces conquer Yunnan [3]
1387October Ming campaign against the Uriankhai : Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces [4]
1388May Battle of Buir Lake : Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür [5]
November Jorightu Khan Yesüder defeats Uskhal Khan and became the Khagan of Forty-four tumun Mongols [6]
1399The Four Oirats break away from Mongol Khagan [7]

15th century

YearDateEvent
1408 Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Mongols [7]
140923 September Battle of Kherlen : Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan [8]
141015 June First Mongol Campaign : The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River [8]
July First Mongol Campaign : Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing [8]
1414April Second Mongol Campaign : Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments [9]
1422April Third Mongol Campaign : Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing [9]
1423August Fourth Mongol Campaign : The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats [10]
1424April Fifth Mongol Campaign : The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them [10]
1428October Uriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them [11]
1433The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols [7]
1449July Tumu Crisis : Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty [12]
4 August Tumu Crisis : The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi [13]
30 August Tumu Crisis : The Ming rearguard is defeated [14]
1 September Tumu Crisis : The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi [15]
27 October Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days [16]
1451 Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers [7]
1454 Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols [17]
1479 Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan [17]
1483 Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi [17]

16th century

YearDateEvent
1504 Datong is raided by Mongols [18]
1510 Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop [19]
151716 October Dayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty [20]
20 OctoberThe Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party [21]
1531 Datong comes under raid by Mongols [22]
1536 Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled [23]
1537 Mongols raid Datong [23]
1541October Altan Khan raids Shaanxi [24]
1542July Altan Khan raids Shaanxi [24]
4 AugustMing forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu [24]
8 August Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan [24]
1548June Mongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu [25]
October Mongols raid Huailai [25]
1549March Altan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties [25]
15501 October Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing [25]
6 OctoberMing forces are defeated by Mongols [26]
1552AprilMing forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong [27]
1557 Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan [28]
winter Sengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong [29]
1566 Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid [30]
1576 Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan [31]
1577 Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title [31]
1590The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations) [32]
1598 Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief [33]

17th century

YearDateEvent
1619 Chahar-Jurchen War : Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated [34]
1625 Chahar-Jurchen War : Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force [35]
1634 Chahar-Jurchen War : Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji [36]
1636 Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty [37]
1691The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate [38]
1696 Dzungar–Qing Wars : The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate [38]

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References

  1. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 209.
  2. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 144.
  3. ↑ Mote 2003, p. 557.
  4. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 158.
  5. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 159.
  6. ↑ Okada, Hidehiro (1994). "Dayan Khan as a Yüan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient . 81: 51–58. doi:10.3406/befeo.1994.2245. JSTOR   43731760.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Adle 2003, p. 210.
  8. 1 2 3 Twitchett 1998, p. 226.
  9. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 227.
  10. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 228.
  11. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 299.
  12. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 322.
  13. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 323.
  14. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 324.
  15. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 325.
  16. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 328.
  17. 1 2 3 Adle 2003, p. 211.
  18. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 371.
  19. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 467.
  20. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 420.
  21. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 421.
  22. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 468.
  23. 1 2 Twitchett 1998, p. 472.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1998, p. 473.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1998, p. 475.
  26. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 476.
  27. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 477.
  28. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 17.
  29. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 478.
  30. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 213.
  31. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 214.
  32. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 16.
  33. ↑ Twitchett 1998, p. 557.
  34. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  35. ↑ Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  36. ↑ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  37. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 146.
  38. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 219.

Bibliography

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