United States Senate elections, 1884 and 1885

United States Senate elections, 1884 and 1885
27 of the 76 seats in the U.S. Senate ; (as well as special elections); 39 seats needed for a majority
Majority Party before election; Republican [1] ;	Elected Majority Party; Republican [1] ;

Last updated April 01, 2019

The United States Senate elections of 1884 and 1885 were elections that coincided with the presidential election of 1884. Both Republicans and Democrats lost seats in the United States Senate due to the failure of three state legislatures to finish elections in time. Republicans, nevertheless, retained majority control and the Readjusters joined their caucus. By the beginning of the first session, in December 1885, Republicans had won all three vacant seats, increasing their majority.

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major political parties in the United States; the other is its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party.

Results summary
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
After the elections
Beginning of the first session, December 7, 1885
Race summaries
Special elections during the 48th Congress
Races leading to the 49th Congress
Elections during the 49th Congress
Complete list of races
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
See also
Notes
References

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U.S. states. The formal name varies from state to state. In 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the Legislative Assembly.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 49th Congress (1885–1887)

Majority Party: Republican (42)
Minority Party: Democratic (34)
Other Parties: (0)
Total Seats: 76

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

R₂₉ Ran	R₃₀ Ran	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₂ Ran	R₃₃ Ran	R₃₄ Ran	R₃₅ Unknown	R₃₆ Unknown	R₃₇ Retired	R₃₈ Retired
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Ran	D₂₇ Ran	D₂₆ Ran	D₂₅ Ran	D₂₄ Ran	D₂₃ Ran	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Ran	D₃₀ Ran	D₃₁ Ran	D₃₂ Ran	D₃₃ Unknown	D₃₄ Retired	D₃₅ Retired	D₃₆ Retired	RA₁	RA₂
Majority, with Readjusters in caucus →									R₃₈ Retired
R₂₈ Ran	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

After the elections

R₂₉ Re-elected	R₃₀ Re-elected	R₃₁ Re-elected	R₃₂ Re-elected	R₃₃ Re-elected	R₃₄ Hold	R₃₅ Hold	R₃₆ Hold	R₃₇ Gain	RA₂
D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈ Re-elected	D₂₇ Re-elected	D₂₆ Re-elected	D₂₅ Re-elected	D₂₄ Re-elected	D₂₃ Re-elected	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉ Re-elected	D₃₀ Hold	D₃₁ Hold	D₃₂ Hold	D₃₃ Hold	D₃₄ Hold	V₁ D Loss	V₂ R Loss	V₃ R Loss	RA₁
Majority due to three vacancies ↓									RA₂
R₂₈ Re-elected	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Beginning of the first session, December 7, 1885

D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇	D₁₈
D₂₈	D₂₇	D₂₆	D₂₅	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉
D₂₉	D₃₀	D₃₁	D₃₂	D₃₃	D₃₄	RA₁	RA₂	R₄₀ Gain	R₃₉ Gain
Majority →									R₃₉ Gain
R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆	R₃₇	R₃₈ Gain
R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉
R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈
R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

D_#	Democratic
RA_#	Readjuster
R_#	Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 48th Congress

In this election, the winner was seated during in 1885 before March 4.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island (Class 2)	William P. Sheffield	Republican	1884 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected January 20, 1885. Republican hold.	√ Jonathan Chace (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Races leading to the 49th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1891; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	James L. Pugh	Democratic	1880 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in August 1884.	√ James L. Pugh (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Arkansas	James D. Walker	Democratic	1878	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1885. Democratic hold.	√ James K. Jones (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
California	James T. Farley	Democratic	1878	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1885. Republican gain.	√ Leland Stanford (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Colorado	Nathaniel P. Hill	Republican	1879	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected in 1885. Republican hold.	√ Nathaniel P. Hill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Connecticut	Orville H. Platt	Republican	1879	Incumbent re-elected in 1885.	√ Orville H. Platt (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Florida	Wilkinson Call	Democratic	1879	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1885.^[2]	√ Wilkinson Call (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Georgia	Joseph E. Brown	Democratic	1880 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1885.	√ Joseph E. Brown (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Illinois	John A. Logan	Republican	1879	Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. Incumbent was later elected to continue the vacant term, see below.	None.
Indiana	Daniel W. Voorhees	Democratic	1877 (Appointed) 1879 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1885.	√ Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Iowa	William B. Allison	Republican	1872 1878	Incumbent re-elected January 23, 1884.^[3]	√ William B. Allison (Republican) 90 votes Benton J. Hall 48 votes D. M. Clark 10 votes L. G. Kinne 1 vote^[3]
Kansas	John Ingalls	Republican	1873 1879	Incumbent re-elected in 1885.	√ John Ingalls (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Kentucky	John Stuart Williams	Democratic	1879	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1884. Democratic hold.	√ Joseph Blackburn (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Louisiana	Benjamin F. Jonas	Democratic	1879	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1884 or 1885. Democratic hold.	√ James B. Eustis (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Maryland	James Black Groome	Democratic	1878 or 1879	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1884. Democratic hold.	√ Ephraim Wilson (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Missouri	George G. Vest	Democratic	1879	Incumbent re-elected in 1885.	√ George G. Vest (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Nevada	John P. Jones	Republican	1873 1879	Incumbent re-elected in 1885.	√ John P. Jones (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
New Hampshire	Henry W. Blair	Republican	1879	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. Incumbent was later appointed, and then elected, to continue the vacant term, see below.	[Data unknown/missing.]
New York	Elbridge G. Lapham	Republican	1881 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 20, 1885. Republican hold.	√ William M. Evarts (Republican) 92 votes Edward Cooper (Democratic) 65 votes
North Carolina	Zebulon Vance	Democratic	1879	Incumbent re-elected in 1884.	√ Zebulon Vance (Democratic)
Ohio	George H. Pendleton	Democratic	1878 or 1879	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected January 15, 1884.^[4] Democratic hold.	√ Henry B. Payne (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Oregon	James H. Slater	Democratic	1878 or 1879	Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss.	[Data unknown/missing.]
Pennsylvania	J. Donald Cameron	Republican	1877 (Special) 1879	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1885.	√ J. Donald Cameron (Republican) 64.94% William A. Wallace (Democratic) 27.49% Others, see below
South Carolina	Wade Hampton III	Democratic	1878	Incumbent re-elected in 1884.	√ Wade Hampton III (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Vermont	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1866 1872 1878	Incumbent re-elected in 1884.	√ Justin S. Morrill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Wisconsin	Angus Cameron	Republican	1881	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 27, 1885. Republican hold.	√ John C. Spooner (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Elections during the 49th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1885 after March 4, sorted by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Delaware (Class 1)	Thomas F. Bayard	Democratic	1869 1875 1881	Incumbent resigned March 6, 1885 to become U.S. Secretary of State. Winner elected March 18, 1885.	√ George Gray (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Arkansas (Class 2)	Augustus Garland	Democratic	1876 1883	Incumbent resigned March 6, 1885 to become U.S. Attorney General. Winner elected March 20, 1885. Democratic hold.	√ James H. Berry (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing.]
Illinois (Class 3)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected May 19, 1885. Republican gain.	√ John A. Logan (Republican) 50.49% Lambert Tree (Democratic) 47.06% John C. Black (Democratic) 0.98% John R. Hoxie (Democratic) 0.49% William Ralls Morrison (Democratic) 0.49% Charles J. Schofield (Democratic) 0.49%
New Hampshire (Class 3)	Henry W. Blair	Republican	1879 1885 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected June 17, 1885.	√ Henry W. Blair (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]
Oregon (Class 3)	Vacant			Legislature had failed to elect. Winner elected November 18, 1885. Republican gain.	√ John H. Mitchell (Republican) [Data unknown/missing.]

Complete list of races

New York

The New York election was held January 20, 1885, by the New York State Legislature.

The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together. It says only that "legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly." The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York. The permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany.

Republican Elbridge G. Lapham had been elected to this seat in a special election in 1881 to succeed Roscoe Conkling who had resigned. Lapham's term would expire on March 3, 1885.

Elbridge Gerry Lapham was a U.S. Senator from New York from 1881–1885.

Roscoe Conkling was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, the first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms, and the last person to turn down a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed to the post. While in the House, Conkling served as bodyguard for Representative Thaddeus Stevens, a sharp-tongued anti-slavery representative, and fully supported the Republican War effort. Conkling, who was temperate and detested tobacco, was known for his physical condition, maintained through regular exercise and boxing, an unusual devotion for his time. Conkling was elected to the Senate in 1867 as a leading Radical, who supported the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction.

At the State election in November 1883, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1884-1885) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1884, 73 Republicans and 55 Democrats were elected for the session of 1885 to the Assembly. The 108th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to May 22, 1885, at Albany, New York.

The 108th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to May 22, 1885, during the first year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 19, President pro tempore of the State Senate Dennis McCarthy presided. 19 State senators and 73 assemblymen attended. The Evarts faction required the nomination to be made by viva voce vote, which was opposed by the Morton faction, but was carried by a vote of 64 to 28. The caucus nominated Ex-U.S. Secretary of State William M. Evarts on the first ballot.

Dennis McCarthy (congressman) American politician

Dennis McCarthy was an American manufacturer and politician from New York.

In parliamentary procedure, a voice vote or acclamation is a voting method in deliberative assemblies in which a group vote is taken on a topic or motion by responding orally.

William Maxwell Evarts was an American lawyer and statesman from New York who served as U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator from New York. He was renowned for his skills as a litigator and was involved in three of the most important causes of American political jurisprudence in his day: the impeachment of a president, the Geneva arbitration and the contests before the electoral commission to settle the presidential election of 1876.

**1885 Republican caucus nominee**
Candidate	First ballot
William M. Evarts	61
Levi P. Morton	28
Chauncey M. Depew	3

The Democratic caucus nominated Ex-Mayor of New York Edward Cooper.

William M. Evarts was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

**1885 United States Senator election result**
House	Republican		Democratic
State Senate (32 members)	William M. Evarts	19	Edward Cooper	13
State Assembly (128 members)	William M. Evarts	73	Edward Cooper	52

Note: The votes were cast on January 20, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 21 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Ohio

In 1884, the Democrats held a majority in the Ohio legislature. In a caucus meeting to determine the party's choice for United States Senator, many Democratic legislators looked to replace the incumbent Senator, Democrat George H. Pendleton, because they disagreed with his advocacy of civil service reform and low tariffs.^[5] Some of Pendleton's opponents, led by Oliver Payne, promoted Henry B. Payne for the Senate seat, recalling his opposition to both of those positions during his time in the House.^[6] After a secret ballot by the Democratic caucus, Henry B. Payne received 46 out of 80 votes.^[7] Because Oliver was a trustee and treasurer of the Standard Oil company, many of the Pendleton supporters immediately alleged that $100,000 from the oil trust had been used to bribe Democratic legislators, and claimed that an open ballot would not have favored Payne.^[8]^[9]

When the full legislature met, Henry B. Payne was elected with 78 votes out of 120.^[7] The Democratic legislature initially refused to investigate their members' alleged corruption, but when Republicans regained the majority in the next session, the legislature looked into the allegations and forwarded the results to the federal Senate.^[10] The evidence gathered was voluminous, but the Senate declined to expel Payne, who proclaimed his innocence.^[9] While there was never enough evidence for definitive proof of bribery, biographer Dewayne Burke wrote that the "circumstantial evidence seems to convict Payne" of the charge.^[11]

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 20, 1885. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened January 20, 1885. Incumbent Republican J. Donald Cameron, who was elected in an 1877 special election and re-elected in 1879, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term.^[12] The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results^[12]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	J. Donald Cameron (Inc.)	163	64.94
	Democratic	William A. Wallace	69	27.49
	Republican	A. W. Acheson	1	0.40
	Republican	Charles N. Brumm	1	0.40
	Republican	George Shiras, Jr.	1	0.40
	N/A	Not voting	14	5.58
Totals			251	100.00%

Notes

1 2 The Readjusters caucused with the Republicans.
↑ "SELECTING NEW SENATORS". The New York Times. January 20, 1885. p. 1.
1 2 Clark, p. 209.
↑ Burke, p. 28.
↑ Burke 1938, p. 22.
↑ Burke 1938, p. 23.
1 2 Walker 1886, p. 3.
↑ Burke 1938, pp. 23–27.
1 2 Weisenburger 1934, p. 326.
↑ Walker 1886, p. 4.
↑ Burke 1938, p. 30.
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1885" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

Related Research Articles

Henry B. Payne was an American politician from Ohio. Moving to Ohio from his native New York in 1833, he quickly established himself in law and business while becoming a local leader in Democratic politics. After serving in the Ohio Senate, Payne was elected to a single term in the United States House of Representatives in 1874. In the House, he worked unsuccessfully for a compromise in the debate over whether all of the nation's currency should be backed by gold. He was defeated for reelection, but served on the Electoral Commission that convened in early 1877 to resolve the dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election. He ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1880, but lost to Winfield Scott Hancock, who would go on to lose the general election to James A. Garfield. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1884. His election by the Ohio legislature was tainted with charges of bribery, but after investigation by the Senate, Payne was permitted to keep his seat. In the Senate, he voted for moderate tariff reforms and against the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, but was otherwise a reliable Democratic vote. He did not run for reelection, and died in 1896.

Although the 17th Amendment was not passed until 1913, some states elected their Senators directly before its passage. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.

The 1863 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 3, 1863, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

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The 1875 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 19 and 20, 1875, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

The 1885 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 20, 1885, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

The 1887 United States Senate election in New York was held from January 18 to 20, 1887, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

The 1891 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 20 and 21, 1891, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

The 1899 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 17, 1899, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

The United States Senate elections of 1896 and 1897 were elections in which the Democratic Party lost seven seats in the United States Senate, mostly to smaller third parties.

The United States Senate elections of 1872 and 1873 were elections which had the Republican Party, while still retaining a commanding majority, lose two seats in the United States Senate. By the beginning of the Congress, however, they'd lost three more: two as defections to the Liberal Republican Party, and one a resignation of Henry Wilson to become U.S. Vice President. These elections also coincided with President Ulysses S. Grant's easy re-election.

The United States Senate elections of 1868 and 1869 were elections which had the Republican Party maintain their majority in the United States Senate. However, six former Confederate states were also readmitted separately from the general election, each electing two Republicans. This increased the Republicans' already overwhelming majority to the largest number of seats ever controlled by the party.

The United States Senate elections of 1874 and 1875 had the Democratic Party gain nine seats in the United States Senate from the Republican Party. Republicans remained in the majority, however.

The United States Senate elections of 1898 and 1899 were landslide elections which had the Republican Party gain six seats in the United States Senate.

The United States Senate elections of 1902 and 1903 were elections which had the Democratic Party gain three seats in the United States Senate, but the Republicans kept their strong majority.

The United States Senate elections of 1878 and 1879 were elections which had the Democratic Party retake control of the United States Senate for the first time since before the Civil War.

The United States Senate elections of 1880 and 1881 were elections that coincided with the presidential election of 1880, and had the Democratic Party lose five seats in the United States Senate. The newly elected Readjuster senator caucused with the Republicans, and the Republican Vice President's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the slightest majority. All of that changed September 19, 1881 when the Vice President ascended to the Presidency and the Senate became evenly-divided.

The United States Senate elections of 1886 and 1887 were elections that had the Republican Party lose two seats in the United States Senate. At the beginning of the 50th Congress, therefore, Republicans had the slimmest possible majority due to a vacant Democratic seat: 38 out of 75 seats. Once that vacancy was filled, Republicans maintained control as the single Readjuster Senator caucused with them.

The United States Senate elections of 1890 and 1891 were elections in which the Republican Party lost four seats in the United States Senate, though still retaining a slim majority. That majority was increased, however, upon the admission of two more states with Republican senators.

The United States Senate elections of 1862 and 1863 were elections during the American Civil War in which Republicans increased their control of the U.S. Senate. The Republican Party gained three seats, bringing their majority to 66% of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists. As many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, and members left the Senate to join the Confederacy, or were expelled for supporting the rebellion, seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

References

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Burke, Dewayne (1938). Henry B. Payne: His Congressional Career (M.A. thesis). Ohio State University. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy, ed. "The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992". United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
Walker, Albert H. (1886). The Payne Bribery Case and the United States Senate. Hartford, Connecticut: Clark & Smith. OCLC 17693469.
Weisenburger, Francis Phelps (1934). "Henry B. Payne". Dictionary of American Biography . XIV. New York, New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 325–326.
"MR. EVARTS TO BE SENATOR" (PDF). The New York Times. January 20, 1885.
"EVARTS ELECTED SENATOR" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1885.

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[caucus-1] 1 2 The Readjusters caucused with the Republicans.

[2] "SELECTING NEW SENATORS". The New York Times. January 20, 1885. p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEClark209-3] 1 2 Clark, p. 209.

[FOOTNOTEBurke28-4] Burke, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEBurke193822-5] Burke 1938, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEBurke193823-6] Burke 1938, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTEWalker18863-7] 1 2 Walker 1886, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEBurke193823–27-8] Burke 1938, pp. 23–27.

[FOOTNOTEWeisenburger1934326-9] 1 2 Weisenburger 1934, p. 326.

[FOOTNOTEWalker18864-10] Walker 1886, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEBurke193830-11] Burke 1938, p. 30.

[results-12] 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1885" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.

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