Yingshanosaurus

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Yingshanosaurus
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic, ~Bathonian [1] [2]
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Yingshanosaurus Skeletal.svg
Skeletal reconstruction with known material in white
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade:† Ornithischia
Clade:† Thyreophora
Clade:† Stegosauria
Family:† Stegosauridae
Subfamily:† Stegosaurinae
Genus:† Yingshanosaurus
Zhu, 1994
Species:
†Y. jichuanensis
Binomial name
†Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis
Zhu, 1994

Yingshanosaurus (meaning "Yingshan lizard") is an extinct genus of stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of what is now Southwestern China. The genus contains a single species, Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis. It is known from one partial skeleton discovered in 1983 including back, sacrum, and tail vertebrae, forelimb and hindlimb bones, shoulder and hip bones, and several osteoderms including plates and a spine. At 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) long, it was a medium-sized stegosaur. After its discovery and scientific description, the validity of Yingshanosaurus was questioned by some paleontologists who were unaware of the research published on the species in China.

Contents

Yingshanosaurus is known from the Shaximiao Formation, which dates to the Bathonian age. This formation has also yielded abundant fossils of diverse dinosaurs including many sauropods, theropods, early ornithischians, and stegosaurs, in addition to turtles, crocodyliforms, mammal relatives, and fish. These fossils were deposited in a semi-arid to semi-humid environment with meandering rivers. While all of the stegosaurs contemporary with Yingshanosaurus were among the more "primitive" species in this clade, its anatomy suggests it had derived traits consistent with members of the more exclusive subfamily Stegosaurinae.

Discovery and naming

China edcp location map.svg
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Location of Yingshan County in China, where Yingshanosaurus was found

In 1983, a villager in the town of Jichuan discovered a partial associated dinosaur skeleton while digging the foundation for his house in Yingshan County of Sichuan Province, China. After he contacted the Nanchong Cultural Bureau, a team led by Zhu Songlin from the Chongqing Natural History Museum and Zou Jian, with assistance from the Nanchong Cultural Bureau and Yingshan Cultural Center, conducted preliminary excavations at the site. The type locality represents outcrops of the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation. In January of the following year, Zhu revisited the site to unearth the remaining fossil material. The collected specimen consists of much of a partially articulated skeleton, comprising nine dorsal vertebrae, a nearly complete ilio-sacral block and pelvic girdle, seven caudal vertebrae and haemal arches, some dorsal ribs, the left scapulocoracoid and a partial left forelimb, most of the left hindlimb, and five osteoderms. It is accessioned at the Chongqing Natural History Museum. [3] [4]

Later in 1984, some of the fossil material was briefly reported and figured by Zhou Shiwu in a volume describing the diversity of stegosaur fossils in the Sichuan Basin. [5] Zhou later discussed the specimen at a 1985 dinosaur symposium in Toulouse, France. This lecture was published in 1986. [6] A mounted skeleton of the holotype specimen was displayed in a Japanese exhibition of Chinese dinosaurs through 1992 and 1993, where it was also referenced under the mistranslated title "Yunshanosaurus". [7] However, the name remained a nomen nudum ("naked name") because a formal description of the bones had not yet been published. [8]

In 1994, Zhu Songlin described Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis as a distinct genus and species of stegosaurian dinosaurs, establishing the partial skeleton as the holotype specimen, CV00722. The generic name, Yingshanosaurus, combines a reference to the discovery of the specimen in Yingshan County with the Greek σαῦρος (sauros), meaning "reptile". The specific name, jichuanensis, references the type locality in Jichuan Township. [3]

Due to the limited availability of Zhu's 1994 publication, the validity of Yingshanosaurus went unnoticed by many researchers outside of China; in their 2006 review of Chinese stegosaurs, Maidment & Wei stated they were unable to find a description, a diagnosis, or any published figures of the Yingshanosaurus fossils, and, as such, the name should be recognized as a nomen nudum. [7] In 2007, Wings, Pfretzschner & Maisch reiterated this claim, expressing that a formal description was lacking. [9] Some popular science books on dinosaurs and paleontology have even included Yingshanosaurus with disclaimers regarding the informality of its name. [10] [11] While the validity of Yingshanosaurus has subsequently been reaffirmed, [12] [13] it is rarely mentioned in the scientific literature outside of China. [14] [15] [4]

Description

Size of Yingshanosaurus compared to a human Yingshanosaurus Size Comparison.svg
Size of Yingshanosaurus compared to a human

As a stegosaur, Yingshanosaurus would have been a quadrupedal herbivore with a row of large paired plates and spines along the top of the animal from the neck to the tail tip. The purpose of these osteoderms is debated. The plates have been suggested to play a role in display, species recognition, or thermoregulation. Due to their thinness, fragility, and upright arrangement, the plates did not function as armor. The spikes, however, likely served as defensive structures. [16] Other traits typical of species in this clade include a proportionally small head, short forelimbs, longer column-like hindlimbs, and short metacarpals and metatarsals. [17]

The known fossil material of Yingshanosaurus indicates it was a medium-sized stegosaur with a body length of around 4–5 metres (13–16 ft). [8] [13] This is similar to the more well-known stegosaur genus Kentrosaurus from the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, which is estimated at 4 metres (13 ft) long. [18] Based on the fusion of several bones, including the scapula to the coracoid and the tibia to the fibula, the Yingshanosaurus holotype can be identified as a mature adult individual. [3]

Skeleton

In total, nine dorsal vertebrae are known for Yingshanosaurus. The first is a nearly complete anterior (front) vertebra missing the tip of the neural spine. The length and width of the centrum are approximately equal, and the articular surfaces are slightly concave but nearly amphiplatian (flat). The neural canal is large. Two associated middle dorsal vertebrae are preserved, although both are missing the neural spines, transverse processes, and parts of the centra. The neural arches are tall, with vertically elongated neural canals—a characteristic feature of stegosaurs. The last six consecutive posterior dorsals are known, articulated with the sacrum. The first three of these are missing at least part of the centum due to taphonomic weathering, the fourth and fifth are complete, and the sixth is missing the neural spine. The neural arches are even taller than those of the mid-dorsals. The neural canals are generally triangular. The neural spines are thin and inclined posteriorly, with the tops expanded outward. The postzygapophyses of the last dorsal are notably more expanded and robust. The proximal ends of two dorsal ribs were found in association with the last dorsal vertebrae. Based on their morphology, Yingshanosaurus likely had a broad back similar to some other stegosaurs like Wuerhosaurus . [3]

The sacrum is composed of five firmly fused vertebrae, the first of which is a dorsosacral (reinforced dorsal vertebra). The height of the centra and neural spines increases from front to back. The neural spine tips bear prominent ossified tendons. The sacral ribs extend laterally, firmly fusing to the ilia. In ventral (bottom) view, the gaps between these form three large elliptical fenestrae. In dorsal (top) view, these fenestrae are extremely reduced, with a maximum diameter of 1 centimetre (0.39 in). [3]

Seven fairly complete caudal vertebrae are known for Yingshanosaurus. The first two caudals in the series are preserved, both demonstrating similar anatomy. The anterior surfaces of their centra are mostly flat, and the posterior surfaces are concave. The transverse processes and caudal ribs are fused into platelike triangular structures projecting laterally. The neural spines are tall, although the tip is not preserved in the second caudal. In the first, the tip is expanded but not bifurcated, in contrast to some other stegosaurs like Stegosaurus . [19] Three anterior caudal vertebrae are known, with biconcave centra. The transverse processes are rodlike and directed ventrally. The neural spines are tall, with expanded apices wider than the bases. Two middle caudal vertebrae are also preserved, demonstrating laterally compressed biconcave centra that are longer than they are wide. The neural spines are platelike and inclined posteriorly, without expanded tips. Seven haemal arches were found which demonstrate typical stegosaur anatomy, contrasting with the inverted T-shape seen in the haemal arches of Kentrosaurus. [3] [20]

The left scapulocoracoid of Yingshanosaurus is well-preserved. The scapula shaft is constricted at the base, with the posterior end expanded and flattened into a platelike surface. The oval-shaped coracoid features a foramen that does not penetrate through the bone. The known bones of the left forelimb include a humerus, radius, and isolated metacarpal. The humerus is 40 centimetres (16 in) long, with a short shaft. The radius, a simple straight bone expanded on both ends, is 30.5 centimetres (12.0 in) long. The metacarpal is identified as the second based on the shape and size. [3]

Both ilia are preserved, with a maximum length of 80 centimetres (31 in). The elongate preacetabular process, a characteristic of stegosaurs, extends dorsolaterally. It is not preserved on the right side. The iliac processes taper to a triangle. The acetabulum is deep, with a well-developed pubic process. The left and right prepubic processes of the pubis are preserved, but the posterior processes are missing. The processes are platelike, with expanded ends, and the obturator foramen is open. The left ischium is slightly curved, with a well-developed iliac peduncle and a thin pubic peduncle. [3]

The known bones of the hindlimb include the left femur, tibia, and fibula, and bones from both feet. The femur is 67.5 centimetres (26.6 in) long, with a straight shaft and well-developed greater trochanter. The tibia and fibula are firmly fused to each other, with a maximum length of about 46 centimetres (18 in). The astragalus is fused to the tibia. The fibula is slender, and slightly longer than the tibia. The foot bones include the right metatarsal I and III, left metatarsal III, and one pedal phalanx articulated with the left metatarsal. The third metatarsals are wider than the first, and the phalanx is small with a short shaft. [3]

Osteoderms

Illustration of osteoderms known from Yingshanosaurus: a parascapular spine (A) and three dorsal plates (B-D) Yingshanosaurus Osteoderms.svg
Illustration of osteoderms known from Yingshanosaurus: a parascapular spine (A) and three dorsal plates (B–D)

The Yingshanosaurus holotype includes five nearly complete osteoderms—large bony structures embedded in the skin—from various regions of the body. The largest of these, at about 80 centimetres (31 in) long, is a left parascapular spine from the shoulder region. The base is formed by an expanded angular plate with a flattened platform-like surface to attach to the torso. A large, slightly curved spike protrudes backward from the base. The contemporary Gigantspinosaurus has a similar large shoulder spine. [15] The remaining osteoderms are broad plates from the back and tail, comprising a pentagonal anterior dorsal plate, a teardrop-shaped middle dorsal plate, and two triangular anterior caudal plates. All of the plates are thin in cross section, increasing in thickness toward the widened bases. The underside of the plates feature wrinkled textures where they would be embedded in the skin. The two caudal plates were found in close association and are nearly identical in size and shape. This suggests the plates of Yingshanosaurus were arranged in symmetrical pairs along the dorsal midline, contrasting with some stegosaurs like Stegosaurus, where the plates were in a staggered, alternating row. The plates of Yingshanosaurus are proportionally small, similar in relative scale to those of Kentrosaurus and Dacentrurus , but not the much larger ones of Stegosaurus. [3] [19]

Classification

In his 1994 description of Yingshanosaurus, Zhu reasoned that the genus could identified as a later-diverging stegosaurine within the Stegosauridae family of stegosaurs, in comparison to the other stegosaurs found in the Shaximao Formation, which are recognized as more basal taxa. These other stegosaurs, which include Huayangosaurus and its relatives, have similar forelimb and hindlimb lengths, spikelike plates, and more prominent sacral fenestrae. Zhu argued that the comparatively short forelimbs, broad plates, reinforced pelvic girdle with a nearly fused sacral region, tall dorsal vertebral neural spines, and expanded caudal neural spine tips were evidence of this classification. He also observed that the ratio of the femur to tibia length is more similar to the stegosaurid Kentrosaurus, than to Stegosaurus and Dacentrurus. [3]

The presence of a derived stegosaurine like Yingshanosaurus in a formation otherwise dominated by more "primitive" taxa led Hao et al. (2018) to construct a tentative cladogram to illustrate the evolutionary relationships of Chinese stegosaurs. They placed Yingshanosaurus as the most derived stegosaur in the Sichuan Basin. While they did not reconstruct the precise relationships of stegosaurids, they speculated that the taxa diverged in the order displayed in the diagram below, although they noted that the placements of Chialingosaurus and Jiangjunosaurus are tentative. [4]

Stegosauria

Paleoecology

Age and palaeoenvironment

Yingshanosaurus is known from the Upper Member of the Shaximiao Formation. Analyses of the sedimentology and elemental geochemistry of this formation indicate that it represents a semi-arid to semi-humid depositional environment with meandering rivers and a complex seasonal lake system. During the wet, flooding season, the lake level was high, surrounded by a small alluvial plain. During the drier season, small ephemeral lakes were scattered throughout a much larger alluvial plain. [21]

These rock layers of the Upper Shaximiao Formation have not been precisely dated, but estimates in 2011 proposed a Bajocian–Bathonian age range in the Middle Jurassic epoch. [1] However, subsequent research determined that the older Lower Member could be reliably dated to the Bathonian, setting this as the oldest possible age for the Upper Member. [2]

Contemporary fauna

Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis.png
Omeisaurus tianfuensis34.jpg
Sichuanosuchus BW.jpg
Yandusaurus reconstruction.png
Speculative life restorations of various reptile genera known from the Upper Member of the Shaximiao Formation. In clockwise order from top left: Chungkingosaurus , Omeisaurus , Yandusaurus , and Sichuanosuchus

Many other fossil taxa have been found in localities of the Upper Shaximiao Formation, but they may not have been strictly coeval with Yingshanosaurus. Many stegosaurs have been found in this part of the formation, including Chialingosaurus , Chungkingosaurus , Gigantspinosaurus , and Tuojiangosaurus . Other dinosaurs discovered include sauropods ( Daanosaurus , Mamenchisaurus spp., Omeisaurus spp., and Zigongosaurus ), theropods ( Chienkosaurus , Sinraptor (Yangchuanosaurus) hepingensis, Szechuanosaurus , and Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis ), [22] and neornithischians ( Gongbusaurus and Yandusaurus ). The non-dinosaurian fauna includes several turtle species, crocodyliforms ( Sichuanosuchus , Peipehsuchus , and Hsisosuchus spp.), therapsids ( Bienotheroides and Shunotherium ), and fish ( Chungkingichthys and Ceratodus spp.). [1]

The lower layers of the formation, which date to older ages, have also yielded a similar dinosaur fauna, including the stegosaurs Bashanosaurus and Huayangosaurus and various sauropods, theropods, basal ornithischians. [1] [23]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Mamenchisaurus</i> Sauropod dinosaur genus from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Period

Mamenchisaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur known for their remarkably long necks which made up nearly half the total body length. Numerous species have been assigned to the genus; however, the validity of these assignments has been questioned. Fossils have been found in the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan Province in China. Several species from the Upper Shaximiao Formation, whose geologic age is uncertain, have been described. However, evidence suggests this formation to be no earlier than the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic. M. sinocanadorum dates to the Oxfordian stage, and M. anyuensis to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Most species were medium-large to large sauropods, measuring roughly 15 to 26 meters in length—possibly up to 35 meters (115 ft), based on two undescribed vertebrae.

<i>Kentrosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs from late Jurassic in Lindi Region, Tanzania

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<i>Chialingosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<i>Wuerhosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Wuerhosaurus is a genus of stegosaurid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Period of China and Mongolia. As such, it was one of the last genera of stegosaurians known to have existed.

<i>Huayangosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Huayangosaurus is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name derives from "Huayang" (華陽), an alternate name for Sichuan, and "saurus", meaning "lizard". It lived during the Bathonian to Callovian stages, around 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, Stegosaurus appeared in North America. At only approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, Huayangosaurus shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with the sauropods Shunosaurus, Datousaurus, Omeisaurus and Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus and the carnivorous Gasosaurus.

<i>Tuojiangosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stegosauria</span> Extinct clade of dinosaurs

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<i>Chungkingosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<i>Gigantspinosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<i>Miragaia longicollum</i> Extinct species of dinosaur

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<i>Alcovasaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of stegosaur research</span>

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<i>Adratiklit</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

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<i>Bashanosaurus</i> Extinct genus of stegosaurian dinosaurs

Bashanosaurus is an extinct genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation of Yunyang County, China. The genus contains a single species, Bashanosaurus primitivus, known from incomplete skeletons belonging to three individuals. It is one of the basalmost stegosaurs, as well as one of the oldest known stegosaurs, along with Adratiklit, Isaberrysaura, and Thyreosaurus.

<i>Baiyinosaurus</i> Genus of stegosaurian dinosaurs

Baiyinosaurus is an extinct genus of stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic Wangjiashan Formation of China. The genus contains a single species, B. baojiensis, known from a partial skeleton including cranial bones. The skeletal anatomy of Baiyinosaurus demonstrates transitional features between basal thyreophorans and stegosaurs. While many stegosaurs are known from China, Baiyinosaurus is the only one currently named from Gansu Province.

References

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  2. 1 2 Zhou, Yuxuan; Dai, Hui; Yu, Haidong; Ma, Qingyu; Tan, Chao; Li, Ning; Lin, Yu; Li, Deliang (2022-04-15). "Zircon geochronology of the new dinosaur fauna in the Middle Jurassic lower Shaximiao Formation in Chongqing, SW China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 592: 110894. Bibcode:2022PPP...59210894Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110894.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Zhu, Songling (1994). "记四川盆地营山县一剑龙化石" [Record of a fossil stegosaur from Yingshan in the Sichuan Basin]. Sichuan Cultural Relics. 1: 8–14.
  4. 1 2 3 Hao, Baoqiao; Peng, Guangzhao; Qin, Gang; Ye, Yong; Jiang, Shan (2018-09-20). "中国剑龙类的发展史和演化" [History and evolution of stegosaurs in China]. 地质通报 (Geological Bulletin of China) (in Chinese). 37 (10): 1777–1782. ISSN   1671-2552.
  5. ↑ Zhou, Shiwu (1984). "Stegosaurs". 四川自贡大山铺中侏罗世恐龙动物群[The Middle Jurassic dinosaurian fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan]. Vol. 2. Chengdu: Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House. pp. 1–52.
  6. ↑ Zhou, Shiwu (September 2–6, 1985). "De l'origine et de l'évolution systématique des Stegosauria à la lumière des fossiles connus" [On the origin and systematic evolution of the Stegosauria in light of the known fossils]. Les Dinosaures de La Chine à La France, Colloque International de Paléontologie[Dinosaurs from China to France, International Colloqium on Paleontology]. Toulouse, France: Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse (published 1986). p. 31–38.
  7. 1 2 Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Wei, Guangbiao (2006). "A review of the Late Jurassic stegosaurs (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the People's Republic of China". Geological Magazine. 143 (5): 621–634. Bibcode:2006GeoM..143..621M. doi:10.1017/S0016756806002500. S2CID   83661067 . Retrieved 2025-01-08.
  8. 1 2 Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Nomina Nuda". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 1001–1002. ISBN   0-89950-917-7.
  9. ↑ Wings, Oliver; Pfretzschner, Hans-Ulrich; Maisch, Michael W. (2007-03-13). "The first evidence of a stegosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang/China". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie : 113–118. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0113.
  10. ↑ Dixon, Dougal (2016). "The Jurassic Period". In Hill, Simona (ed.). The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. London: Anness Publishing. p. 227. ISBN   978-1-84681-209-5.
  11. ↑ Malam, John; Parker, Steve (2002). Pickreing, James (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and other Prehistoric Creatures. Parragon Publishing. p. 109. ISBN   1-40545-839-9.
  12. ↑ Ben Creisler (2014-12-02). "Re: Yingshanosaurus (Stegosauria) not a nomen nudum". Archives of the Dinosaur Mailing List. Yingshanosaurus was previously declared as a nomen nudum...however, a paper describing [it] was released back on 1994 by Zhu SongLin, but...was unknown by most western researchers
  13. 1 2 Ulansky, Roman E. (2015). "Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis u Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, примитивные юрские стегозавры из Китая" [Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis and Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, a primitive Jurassic stegosaurs from China.](PDF). Dinoweb (in Russian). Dinologia. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-03.
  14. ↑ Hao, Baoqiao; Peng, Guangzhao; Qin, Gang; Ye, Yong; Jiang, Shan (March 2018). "四川盆地剑龙类腰带演化" [Evolution of pelvic girdles of stegosaurs in the Sichuan Basin]. 四川地质学报 (Journal of Sichuan Geology) (in Chinese). 38 (1): 62–69. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-0995.2018.01.012.
  15. 1 2 Hao, Baoqiao; Zhang, Qiannan; Peng, Guangzhao; Ye, Yong; You, Hailu (2018-04-27). "Redescription of Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Sichuan, Southwestern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 92 (2): 431–441. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13535. ISSN   1000-9515.
  16. ↑ Hayashi, Shoji; Carpenter, Kenneth; Watabe, Mahito; McWhinney, Lorrie A. (2011-12-12). "Ontogenetic histology of Stegosaurus plates and spikes". Palaeontology. 55 (1): 145–161. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01122.x. ISSN   0031-0239.
  17. ↑ Galton, Peter M.; Upchurch, Paul (2004). "16. Stegosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 343–362. ISBN   0-520-24209-2.
  18. ↑ Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN   9780691167664.
  19. 1 2 Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Brassey, Charlotte; Barrett, Paul Michael (2015-10-14). Farke, Andrew A. (ed.). "The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A." PLOS One . 10 (10): e0138352. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038352M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138352 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4605687 . PMID   26466098.
  20. ↑ Mallison, Heinrich (2011-02-01). "The real lectotype of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig, 1915". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie : 197–206. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0114.
  21. ↑ Ma, Di; Zhang, Zhijie; Zhou, Chuanmin; Cheng, Dawei; Hong, Haitao; Meng, Hao; Yu, Xinghe; Peng, Zixiao (2023-08-10). "Element geochemical characteristics and geological significance of mudstones from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan Basin, Southwest China". ACS Omega . 8 (33): 29979–30000. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01496 . ISSN   2470-1343. PMC   10448696 . PMID   37636928.
  22. ↑ Mortimer, Mickey. "Carnosauria". The Theropod Database. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  23. ↑ Dai, Hui; Li, Ning; Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Wei, Guangbiao; Zhou, Yuxuan; Hu, Xufeng; Ma, Qingyu; Wang, Xunqian; Hu, Haiqian; Peng, Guangzhao (2022). "New stegosaurs from the Middle Jurassic Lower Member of the Shaximiao Formation of Chongqing, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (5): e1995737. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2021.1995737 . S2CID   247267743.
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