Omeisaurus

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Omeisaurus
Temporal range: Bathonian–Callovian
Taikoodino.JPG
O. tianfuensis on display in Hong Kong
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade:† Sauropodomorpha
Clade:† Sauropoda
Family:† Mamenchisauridae
Genus:† Omeisaurus
Young, 1939
Type species
†Omeisaurus junghsiensis
Young, 1939 [1]
Species
  • †O. junghsiensisYoung, 1939 [1]
  • †O. changshouensisYoung, 1958 [2]
  • †O. fuxiensis Dong, Zhou & Zhang, 1983
  • †O. tianfuensisHe et al., 1984
  • †O. luoquanensisHe, Li & Cai, 1988
  • †O. maoianusTang et al., 2001
  • †O. jiaoiJiang et al., 2011
  • †O. puxianiTan et al., 2021 [3]

Omeisaurus (meaning "Omei lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period (Bathonian-Callovian stage) of what is now China. Its name comes from Mount Emei, where it was discovered in the lower Shaximiao Formation of Sichuan Province. [1]

Contents

Like most sauropods, Omeisaurus was herbivorous and large. The largest species, O. tianfuensis, measured 18–20.2 metres (59–66 ft) long, and weighed 8.5–9.8 metric tons (9.4–10.8 short tons). [4] [5] Other species were much smaller, as the type species O. junghsiensis reached a size of 14 metres (46 ft) in length and 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons) in body mass, and O. maoianus reached a size of 15 metres (49 ft) and 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). [4]

Discovery and species

Initial discovery and O. changshouensis

The initial discovery of Omeisaurus was in 1936 when Charles Lewis Camp and Yang Zhongjian collected a partial skeleton from strata of the Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan, China. [6] [7] The material was taken to and prepared in what is now the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. [7] The skeleton was named Omeisaurus junghsiensis in 1939 by Yang Zhongjian, the skeleton consisting of a partial postcranial skeleton that included four cervical (neck) vertebrae. [6] It was named after the sacred mountain Omeishan, which is near where O. junghsiensis was found, and the species name after the locality. [1] The skeleton of O. junghsiensis was lost during WWII. [7] In 1955, Xuanmin Li and colleagues collected several Sauropod remains from the same strata as O. junghsiensis in Changshou during construction of a reservoir. [6] The IVPP sent Youling Su to conduct the excavation in Changshou, the crew finding eleven vertebrae and several appendicular elements (IVPP V930). The specimen was described later in 1958, also by Yang Zhongjian, [8] [7] as a new species, O. changshouensis. [7]

Discoveries at Wujiaba

During the construction of the Wujiaba Dam in Zigong during the mid-to-late 1970s, crews discovered many large Sauropod remains from strata of the Upper Shaximiao Formation. [7] The amount of material was vast and was collected by the Chongqing Museum of Natural History over five years, and was prepped and briefly described. [7] The material consisted of many partial skulls and skeletons, consisting of between thirteen and sixteen individuals and 2 composite skeletons were later mounted in Chongqing and Zigong. [7] Wujiaba also saw the collection of a fragmentary partial skull of an additional species of Omeisaurus, Omeisaurus fuxiensis, that was described by Zhiming Dong and colleagues in 1983. [7]

Dashanpu Quarry finds

O. tianfuensis Omeisaurus tianfuensis34.jpg
O. tianfuensis

The next and most bountiful Omeisaurus discovery came in the 1980s when many dinosaur remains were found at Dashanpu in Zigong, these remains including a nearly complete skeleton, several skulls, and additional postcrania from several individuals. [9] The best of these skeletons, a nearly complete and semi articulated postcranial skeleton (ZDM T5701), was selected as the holotype and described by He et al in 1984. [10] [9] A nearly complete skull and partial postcranial skeleton (ZDM T5702) was selected as the paratype, and was is one of the few known Omeisaurus specimens with a well preserved skull. The several specimens were described in much detail later in 1988, with a skeleton mounted at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum sometime later. [9] Interestingly, O. tianfuensis was discovered to have a tail club on the end of its caudal vertebrae based on a specimen from Dashanpu. [11] [12] A second new species was named in 1988, O. luoquanensis, in the osteology of O. tianfuensis off of a partial postcranial skeleton. [9]

Recent discoveries

Several Omeisaurus species have been named since the 1980s, with the most complete of them coming in 2001 with Omeisaurus maoianus from the Shaximiao Formation in Jingyan. [13] O. maoianus was collected by Jin Xingshen and Zhang Guojin during the 1990s and the remains consisted of a skull, partial vertebral column, and several additional postcranial elements (ZNM N8510). [13] O. maoianus was mounted at the Zhejiang Natural History Museum with its holotype skull on display. [13] O. maoianus' generic assessment has been questioned, with several phylogenetic analyses finding it more closely related to Mamenchisaurus and Xinjiangtitan. [14] [15] [16] 10 years later in 2011, Omeisaurus jiaoi was named based on a well preserved and partially articulated postcranial skeleton, also from Zigong and is deposited at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum (ZDM 5050). [17] The most recently named Omeisaurus species, O. puxiani, was discovered in Yunyang and is one of the best preserved Omeisaurus species, with fossils from most of the vertebral column and girdles recovered. [18] The specimen is deposited under CLGRP V00005 at the Chongqing Laboratory of Geoheritage Protection and Research. [18]

Classification

Size comparison of O. tianfuensis "Omeisaurus" tianfuensis Scale.svg
Size comparison of O. tianfuensis

It was once classified as a member of the family Cetiosauridae, which had long been a wastebasket taxon. The species O. fuxiensis is sometimes confused with Zigongosaurus , but the two are based on different material despite having the same species name.

Omeisaurus was formerly assigned to Euhelopodidae. [1] However, it and other Jurassic sauropods from Asia formerly assigned to Euhelopodidae are now placed in the separate family Mamenchisauridae, which is more basal in Sauropoda. In 2021, John D'Angelo determined that all Omeisaurus species, besides O. maoianus, were valid and likely members of the same genus, with O. junghsiensis as the most basal species. [15]

The cladogram from Tan et al., 2020 below shows a possible phylogenetic position:

Sauropoda

Plateosaurus

Lessemsaurus

Gongxianosaurus

Amygdalodon

Vulcanodon

Isanosaurus

Sauropoda

Vulcanodon

Tazoudasaurus

Cetiosaurus

Eusauropoda

Patagosaurus

Mamenchisauridae

Omeisaurus

Mamenchisaurus

Yuanmousaurus

Turiasaurus

Neosauropoda

Paleoecology

Omeisaurus lived in dense forests. Different species of Omeisaurus sometimes shared habitats with each other (O. junghsiensis and O. tianfuensis, for example). In addition to other species of Omeisaurus, Shunosaurus and Datousaurus are also known from the Xiashaximiao Formation, while Mamenchisaurus is present in the Shangshaximiao Formation. Yangchuanosaurus is a large theropod from the Shangshaximiao, and it probably preyed on sauropods. The smaller Xuanhanosaurus was also present. In the Xiashaximiao, another theropod, Gasosaurus , was also present, as was the herbivorous stegosaur Huayangosaurus . The latter probably did not compete with sauropods for food. [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Mamenchisaurus</i> Sauropod dinosaur genus from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Period

Mamenchisaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur known for their remarkably long necks which made up nearly half the total body length. Numerous species have been assigned to the genus; however, many of these might be questionable. Fossils have been found in the Sichuan Basin and Yunnan Province in China. Several species are from the Upper Shaximiao Formation whose geologic age is uncertain. However, evidence suggests that this be no earlier than the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic. M. sinocanadorum dates to the Oxfordian stage and M. anyuensis to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous around 114.4 mya. Most species were medium to large size sauropods, around 15 to 26 meters in length and possibly up to 35 meters (115 ft) based on two undescribed vertebrae.

<i>Yangchuanosaurus</i> Metriacanthosaurid theropod dinosaur genus from Middle Jurassic period. It is big

Yangchuanosaurus is an extinct genus of metriacanthosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in China from the Middle to Late Jurassic periods, and was similar in size and appearance to its North American and European relative, Allosaurus. Yangchuanosaurus hails from the Upper Shaximiao Formation and was the largest predator in a landscape that included the sauropods Mamenchisaurus and Omeisaurus and the stegosaurs Chialingosaurus, Tuojiangosaurus and Chungkingosaurus. This theropod was named after the area in which was discovered, Yongchuan, in China.

<i>Abrosaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Abrosaurus is a genus of macronarian sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period of what is now Asia, one of many dinosaurs found at the Dashanpu Quarry in the Sichuan Province of China. Like most sauropods, Abrosaurus was a quadrupedal herbivore but it was rather small for a sauropod, not much more than 30 feet (9.1 m) long. Its head was boxy and topped with a tall bony arch containing the nostrils.

<i>Chialingosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Chialingosaurus is a genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur similar to Kentrosaurus from the Upper Shaximiao Formation, Late Jurassic beds in Sichuan Province in China. Its age makes it one of the oldest species of stegosaurs, living about 160 million years ago. Since it was an herbivore, scientists think that Chialingosaurus probably ate ferns and cycads, which were plentiful during the period when Chialingosaurus was alive.

<i>Shunosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Shunosaurus, meaning "shu lizard", is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) beds in Sichuan Province in China, approximately 159±2 million years ago. The name derives from "Shu", an ancient name for the Sichuan province.

<i>Huayangosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Huayangosaurus is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name derives from "Huayang" (華陽), an alternate name for Sichuan, and "saurus", meaning "lizard". It lived during the Bathonian to Callovian stages, around 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, Stegosaurus appeared in North America. At only approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, Huayangosaurus shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with the sauropods Shunosaurus, Datousaurus, Omeisaurus and Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus and the carnivorous Gasosaurus.

<i>Tuojiangosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Tuojiangosaurus is a genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period, recovered from the Upper Shaximiao Formation of what is now Sichuan Province in China.

Zigongosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic-Late Jurassic-age Shaximiao Formation of Zigong, Sichuan, China. Because of incomplete knowledge of Jurassic Chinese sauropods, it has been hard to interpret, with some sources assigning it to Omeisaurus, some to Mamenchisaurus, and some to its own genus.

<i>Datousaurus</i> Extinct species of reptile

Datousaurus was a dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. It was a sauropod collected from the Lower Shaximiao Formation in Dashanpu, Zigong Sichuan province, China. It shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with other sauropods such as Shunosaurus, Omeisaurus, Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus, the early stegosaur Huayangosaurus as well as the carnivorous Gasosaurus.

Bashunosaurus is a genus of potentially macronarian sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation of Kaijiang, China. The type and only species is Bashunosaurus kaijiangensis.

<i>Chungkingosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Chungkingosaurus, meaning "Chongqing Lizard", is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Upper Shaximiao Formation in what is now China. It is a member of the Stegosauria.

<i>Daanosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Daanosaurus was a genus of dinosaur. It was a sauropod which lived during the Late Jurassic. It lived in what is now China, and was similar to Bellusaurus. When it was described, Daanosaurus was placed in the Bellusaurinae, a sub-family of Brachiosauridae that Dong Zhiming had raised in 1990 to house Bellusaurus, or the Klamelisauridae, used to house Klamelisaurus and possibly also Daanosaurus and Abrosaurus. More recently, other authors have placed Daanosaurus in the Eusauropoda, potentially the Macronaria, but one hypothesis is that it is a mamenchisaurid.

Hexinlusaurus is a genus of basal ornithischian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The holotype, consists of an almost complete, articulated skull and some postcranial material, collected from a terrestrial sandstone within the Lower Shaximiao Formation (?Bajocian) at the famous dinosaur-bearing quarries at Dashanpu. A paratype consists of a partial skull and postcranial remains. Previously, it had been described as a species of Yandusaurus, Y. multidens, but was reclassified as a new taxon by Paul M. Barrett, Richard J. Butler and Fabien Knoll in 2005, who diagnosed this anatomically conservative species as follows: "A small ornithischian dinosaur distinguished from all other basal ornithischians by a single autapomorphy, the presence of a marked concavity that extends over the lateral surface of the postorbital." The etymology of the genus name honors Professor He Xin-Lu who originally named the specimen as Y. multidens + the Greek sauros (=lizard). Hexinlusaurus was a small, fleet-footed herbivore.

<i>Yuanmousaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Yuanmousaurus was a sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic period of China. It is known from incomplete remains, recovered in 2000 from the Zhanghe Formation in Yuanmou County in Yunnan Province. Yuanmousaurus was a relatively large sauropod and may have reached about 17 meters (56 ft) in length. It was a basal member of the Sauropoda, but its exact systematic position is unclear. A recent study placed Yuanmousaurus within the family Mamenchisauridae. The only and type species was Yuanmousaurus jiangyiensis.

Dong Zhiming is a Chinese vertebrate paleontologist formerly employed at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in Beijing. He began working at the IVPP in 1962, studying under Yang Zhongjian, who was director at the time. He has described fossil remains of many dinosaurs. He investigated and described the Shaximiao Formation; an important contribution to science since they are composed of Middle Jurassic beds which do not commonly yield fossils.

Dashanpusaurus is an extinct genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the middle of the Jurassic period. The dinosaur was described in 2005 by Peng Guangzhao, Ye Yong, Gao Yuhui, Shu Chunkang, and Jiang Shan. Its type and only species is Dashanpusaurus dongi, named in honor of the paleontologist Dong Zhiming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaximiao Formation</span> Late Jurassic geological formation in China

The Shaximiao Formation is a Middle to Late Jurassic aged geological formation in Sichuan, China, most notable for the wealth of dinosaurs fossils that have been excavated from its strata. The Shaximiao Formation is exposed in and around the small township of Dashanpu, situated seven kilometres north-east from Sichuan's third largest city, Zigong, in the Da'an District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamenchisauridae</span> Extinct family of dinosaurs

Mamenchisauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs belonging to Eusauropoda known from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Asia and Africa. Some members of the group reached gigantic sizes, amongst the largest of all sauropods.

<i>Yuzhoulong</i> Genus of titanosauriform dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period

Yuzhoulong is a genus of macronarian sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation of Chongqing, China. The type and only species is Yuzhoulong qurenensis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Young, C.C. (1939). "On a New Sauropoda, with Notes on Other Fragmentary Reptiles from Szechuan". Bulletin of the Geological Society of China. 19 (3): 279–315. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.1939.mp19003005.x.
  2. ↑ Young, C.C. (1958). "New sauropods from China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2 (1): 1–29.
  3. ↑ Chao Tan; Ming Xiao; Hui Dai; Xu-Feng Hu; Ning Li; Qing-Yu Ma; Zhao-Ying Wei; Hai-Dong Yu; Can Xiong; Guang-Zhao Peng; Shan Jiang; Xin-Xin Ren; Hai-Lu You (2020). "A new species of Omeisaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Yunyang, Chongqing, China fauna". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. in press. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1743286. S2CID   216282369.
  4. 1 2 Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 202. ISBN   978-1-78684-190-2. OCLC   985402380.
  5. ↑ Mazzetta, G.V.; et al. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs". Historical Biology. 16 (2–4): 1–13. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.694.1650 . doi:10.1080/08912960410001715132. S2CID   56028251.
  6. 1 2 3 Young, C. C. (1939). On a new Sauropoda, with notes on other fragmentary reptiles from Szechuan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 19(3), 279-315.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dong, Z. (1983). The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan basin, China. Palaeontologia Sinica, new series C, 23, 1-145.
  8. ↑ Young C C, (1958). New sauropods from China. Vert PalAsiat, 2: 1–28
  9. 1 2 3 4 Li, K., & Cai, K. (1988). The Middle Jurassic dinosaur fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan: Omeisaurus tianfuensis. Sauropod dinosaurs (2). Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology.
  10. ↑ X. He, K. Li, K. Cai and Y. Gao. (1984). "Omeisaurus tianfuensis—a new species of Omeisaurus from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan". Journal of Chengdu College of Geology 1984 (suppl. 2): 13-32
  11. ↑ Lida, Xing; Yong, Y. E.; Chunkang, S. H. U.; Guangzhao, Peng; Hailu, Y. O. U. (2009). "Structure, Orientation and Finite Element Analysis of the Tail Club of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 83 (6): 1031–1040. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00134.x. ISSN   1755-6724. S2CID   129309522.
  12. ↑ Dong Zhiming, Peng Guangzhao and Huang Daxi. 1988. "The Discovery of the bony tail club of sauropods". Vertebrata PalAsiatica27 (3): 219-224
  13. 1 2 3 Tang F, Jin X S, Kang X M et al., 2001. Omeisaurus maoianus: a Complete Sauropoda From Jingyan, Sichuan. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 1–128
  14. ↑ Xing LD, Miyashita T, Zhang JP, Li DQ, Ye Y, Sekiya T, Wang FP, Currie PJ. 2015b. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (1):e889701.
  15. 1 2 D' Angelo, John (2021). "A Maze of Omeisaurus: Observations on the Taxonomic Status of Omeisaurus junghsiensis". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Meeting. 2021: 94.
  16. ↑ Xin-Xin Ren; Jian-Dong Huang; Hai-Lu You (2018). "The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology.49 (2): 185-194. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1515935.
  17. ↑ 江山, 李飞, 彭光照, & 叶勇. (2011). A new species of Omeisaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Zigong, Sichuan. 古脊椎动物学报, 49(2), 185-194.
  18. 1 2 Tan, C., Xiao, M., Dai, H., Hu, X. F., Li, N., Ma, Q. Y., ... & You, H. L. (2021). A new species of Omeisaurus (Dinosauria: sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Yunyang, Chongqing, China. Historical Biology, 33(9), 1817-1829.
  19. ↑ Paul, G.S. (2010). "Sauropodomorphs". The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 244. ISBN   9780691167664.

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