Issi Temporal range: Late Triassic (Norian), | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Skulls of the holotype and paratype | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | † Sauropodomorpha |
Family: | † Plateosauridae |
Genus: | † Issi Beccari et al., 2021 |
Species: | †I. saaneq |
Binomial name | |
†Issi saaneq Beccari et al., 2021 | |
Issi (meaning "cold" in Greenlandic) is a plateosaurid dinosaur described in 2021 from the Late Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of Greenland. It contains one species, Issi saaneq; the full binomial name means "cold bone".
Fossils of Issi were previously assigned to the species Plateosaurus trossingensis , but new finds allowed for a reassessment of that material that showed that it possessed features thought to be exclusive to Brazilian sauropodomorphs such as Unaysaurus and Macrocollum . This ultimately led to the designation of Issi as a distinct genus. [1] Issi is the first non-avian dinosaur described from Greenland.
On 27 July 1991, at the east coast of Greenland, on Jameson Land, in the Iron Cake site on the northern slope of the MacKnight Bjerg near the Flemingfjord, by William W. Amaral, William R. Downs, Stephen M. Gatesy, Neil H. Shubin and Niels Bonde, members of a team from Harvard University headed by Farish Jenkins, a skull was uncovered of a basal sauropodomorph. In 1994, the find was reported in the scientific literature and referred to Plateosaurus engelhardti. [2] In 2018, the correctness of this assignment was doubted. [3] In 1995, a skull was discovered of a smaller juvenile animal. In 2012, an additional three skeletons were excavated. After a CAT-scan by Marco Marzola, Filippo Rotatori and Alexandra Fernandes of the first two finds, followed by a digital deformation, it was concluded in a master's thesis by Victor Beccari that they represented a taxon new to science. [4]
In 2021, the type species Issi saaneq was named and described by Victor Beccari Dieguez Campo, Octávio Mateus, Oliver Wings, Jesper Milàn and Lars Bjørn Clemmensen. The generic name means "cold" and the specific name "bone", both in Kalaallisut, a reference to the fact that it was the most northern basal sauropodomorph ever discovered. [1]
The holotype, NHMD 164741, was found in a layer of the Malmros Klint Formation of the Fleming Fjord Group, dating from the middle Norian. It consists of a relatively complete skull with lower jaws and teeth. It is the exemplar found in 1994. It mainly lacks parts of the right side and the rear side of the right lower side. The skull is partly articulated. It represents a later stage juvenile or subadult individual. [1]
The paratype is specimen NHMD 164758, found in 1995 in the same layer. It consists of a skull with lower jaws, more complete than the holotype. It only lacks the rear right corner of the skull roof. It represents a medium stage juvenile, about a third shorter than the holotype. Both types are part of the collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark. The three skeletons discovered in 2012, specimens NHMD 164734, GM.V 2013‐683 and NHMD 164775, were in 2021 not formally referred or described; the latter skeleton had even not been fully prepared yet. This limited the description to the head. [1]
The skull of the holotype of Issi has a preserved length of 243.7 millimetres. [1]
The describing authors in 2021 indicated some distinguishing traits. Four of these are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. The base of the main body of the premaxilla is pierced by a small foramen. The squamosal bone has a rear branch that is long horizontally. The quadrate bone is rather tall relative to the height of the snout. The articular bone has a well-developed process at the rear upper side, with a rectangular profile in side view. [1]
Furthermore, a unique combination is present of six traits in themselves not unique. The depression around the bony nostril is weakly developed. The foramen below the nostril is small. The front edge of the nostril is positioned in front of the horizontal midpoint of the premaxilla. The horizontal length of the antorbital fenestra is less than the length of the eye socket. The depression around the antorbital fenestra ends in front of the descending branch of the lacrimal bone. The ectopterygoid the branch connecting to the jugal bone is strongly curved. [1]
The holotype and paratype, NHMD 164741 and NHMD 164758, were initially considered to represent some species of Plateosaurus, likely P. engelhardti or P. trossingensis. However, in 2021 they were reinterpreted as belonging to a distinct genus, the sister species of Plateosaurus. The results of the describers' phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below: [1]
Unaysaurus is a genus of unaysaurid sauropodomorph herbivore dinosaur. Discovered in southern Brazil, in the geopark of Paleorrota, in 1998, and announced in a press conference on Thursday, December 3, 2004, it is one of the oldest dinosaurs known. It is closely related to plateosaurid dinosaurs found in Germany, which indicates that it was relatively easy for species to spread across the giant landmass of the time, the supercontinent of Pangaea.
Plateosaurus is a genus of plateosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period, around 214 to 204 million years ago, in what is now Central and Northern Europe. Plateosaurus is a basal (early) sauropodomorph dinosaur, a so-called "prosauropod". The type species is Plateosaurus trossingensis; before 2019, that honor was given to Plateosaurus engelhardti, but it was ruled as undiagnostic by the ICZN. Currently, there are three valid species; in addition to P. trossingensis, P. longiceps and P. gracilis are also known. However, others have been assigned in the past, and there is no broad consensus on the species taxonomy of plateosaurid dinosaurs. Similarly, there are a plethora of synonyms at the genus level.
Jameson Land is a peninsula in eastern Greenland.
Gresslyosaurus is a genus of plateosaurian sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period, around 214 to 204 million years ago, in France, Germany, Norway, Greenland and Switzerland.
Efraasia is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur. It was a herbivore which lived during the middle Norian stage of the Late Triassic, around 210 million years ago, in what is now Germany. It was named in 1973 after Eberhard Fraas, who during the early twentieth century collected what were the original type specimens.
Plateosauridae is a family of plateosaurian sauropodomorphs from the Late Triassic of Europe, Greenland, Africa and Asia. Although several dinosaurs have been classified as plateosaurids over the years, the family Plateosauridae is now restricted to Plateosaurus, Yimenosaurus, Euskelosaurus, and Issi. In another study, Yates (2003) sunk Sellosaurus into Plateosaurus. Gresslyosaurus is alternatively considered its own genus or a synonym of Plateosaurus.
Octávio Mateus is a Portuguese dinosaur paleontologist and biologist Professor of Paleontology at the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. He graduated in Universidade de Évora and received his PhD at Universidade Nova de Lisboa in 2005. He collaborates with Museu da Lourinhã, known for their dinosaur collection.
Plateosauria is a clade of sauropodomorph dinosaurs which lived during the Late Triassic to the Late Cretaceous. The name Plateosauria was first coined by Gustav Tornier in 1913. The name afterwards fell out of use until the 1980s.
Cyclotosaurus is an extinct genus of temnospondyl within the family Mastodonsauridae. It was of great size for an amphibian, had an elongated skull up to 56 cm (22 in).
The Fleming Fjord Formation, alternatively called the Fleming Fjord Group is an Upper Triassic geological formation in the northeastern coast of Jameson Land, Greenland. It consists of terrestrial sediments and is known for its fossil content.
Paratypothorax is an extinct genus of aetosaur, known from a single species, Paratypothorax andressorum. It was a broadly distributed member of the group found in Germany, North America, and possibly parts of Gondwana. The best specimens come from Germany, though for more than a century they were mistakenly considered phytosaur armor. Paratypothorax was a large and wide-bodied typothoracine aetosaur, as well as the namesake of the tribe Paratypothoracisini.
Daemonosaurus is an extinct genus of possible theropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic of New Mexico. The only known fossil is a skull and neck fragments from deposits of the latest Triassic Chinle Formation at Ghost Ranch. Daemonosaurus was an unusual dinosaur with a short skull and large, fang-like teeth. It lived alongside early neotheropods such as Coelophysis, which would have been among the most common dinosaurs by the end of the Triassic. However, Daemonosaurus retains several plesiomorphic ("primitive") traits of the snout, and it likely lies outside the clade Neotheropoda. It may be considered a late-surviving basal theropod or non-theropod basal saurischian, possibly allied to other early predatory dinosaurs such as herrerasaurids or Tawa.
Arcusaurus is an extinct genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa.
Smok is an extinct genus of large carnivorous archosaur. It lived during the latest Triassic period. Its remains have been found in Lisowice, southern Poland. The only species is Smok wawelski and was named in 2012. It is larger than any other known predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic of central Europe. The relation of Smok to other archosaurs has not yet been thoroughly studied; it may be a rauisuchid, prestosuchid, an ornithosuchid pseudosuchian or a theropod dinosaur.
Lars Bjørn Clemmensen is a Danish Professor of Sedimentology in the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University. Lars was born in Valby (Copenhagen) and grew up in Hvidovre, before moving to Frederiksberg. He extensively worked with the geology of Greenland, mostly on the Late Triassic of Jameson Land, in East Greenland. He was part of 10 expeditions to Greenland. With a publication record over 100 titles that grant him an h-index of 27 mainly on sedimentology and stratigraphy. In 1997 a new mammal from the Triassic of East Greenland was named after him: Haramiyavia clemmenseni. Co-author of the species Cyclotosaurus naraserluki.
Arcticodactylus is a genus of basal pterosaur living during the Late Triassic in the area of present Greenland. Its only species was previously attributed to Eudimorphodon, and its closest relatives may have been Eudimorphodon or Austriadraco.
Bagualosaurus is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Candelária Sequence of Brazil, dating to around 230 million years ago in the Carnian of the Late Triassic. It includes one species, Bagualosaurus agudoensis.
Unaysauridae is a clade of basal sauropodomorphs from the Late Triassic of India and Brazil.
Gnathovorax is a genus of herrerasaurid saurischian dinosaur from the Santa Maria Formation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The type and only species is Gnathovorax cabreirai, described by Pacheco et al. in 2019.
Schleitheimia, is an extinct genus of sauropodiform sauropodomorph dinosaur, from the Gruhalde Member of Klettgau Formation of Switzerland. The type species, Schleitheimia schutzi was formally described in 2020.