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Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate. Most animals use a variety of gaits, selecting gait based on speed, terrain, the need to maneuver, and energetic efficiency. Different animal species may use different gaits due to differences in anatomy that prevent use of certain gaits, or simply due to evolved innate preferences as a result of habitat differences. While various gaits are given specific names, the complexity of biological systems and interacting with the environment make these distinctions "fuzzy" at best. Gaits are typically classified according to footfall patterns, but recent studies often prefer definitions based on mechanics. The term typically does not refer to limb-based propulsion through fluid mediums such as water or air, but rather to propulsion across a solid substrate by generating reactive forces against it.
Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection.
Bullet time is a visual effect or visual impression of detaching the time and space of a camera from that of its visible subject. It is a depth enhanced simulation of variable-speed action and performance found in films, broadcast advertisements, and realtime graphics within video games and other special media. It is characterized by its extreme transformation of both time, and of space. This is almost impossible with conventional slow motion, as the physical camera would have to move implausibly fast; the concept implies that only a "virtual camera", often illustrated within the confines of a computer-generated environment such as a virtual world or virtual reality, would be capable of "filming" bullet-time types of moments. Technical and historical variations of this effect have been referred to as time slicing, view morphing, temps mort and virtual cinematography.
Horses can use various gaits during locomotion across solid ground, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans.
Steven Pippin is an English photographer and installation artist. Pippin works with converted or improvised photographic equipment and kinetic sculptures which are often based on physical models and are metaphors for social mechanisms.
A small multiple is a series of similar graphs or charts using the same scale and axes, allowing them to be easily compared. It uses multiple views to show different partitions of a dataset. The term was popularized by Edward Tufte.
The trot is a two-beat diagonal horse gait where the diagonal pairs of legs move forward at the same time with a moment of suspension between each beat. It has a wide variation in possible speeds, but averages about 13 kilometres per hour (8.1 mph). A very slow trot is sometimes referred to as a jog. An extremely fast trot has no special name, but in harness racing, the trot of a Standardbred is faster than the gallop of the average non-racehorse, and has been clocked at over 30 miles per hour (48 km/h).
Chronophotography is a photographic technique from the Victorian era which captures a number of phases of movements. The best known chronophotography works were mostly intended for the scientific study of locomotion, to discover practical information for animal handlers and/or as reference material for artists. Although many results were not intended to be exhibited as moving pictures, there is much overlap with the more or less simultaneous quest to register and exhibit photographic motion pictures.
The canter and gallop are variations on the fastest gait that can be performed by a horse or other equine. The canter is a controlled three-beat gait, while the gallop is a faster, four-beat variation of the same gait. It is a natural gait possessed by all horses, faster than most horses' trot, or ambling gaits. The gallop is the fastest gait of the horse, averaging about 40 to 48 kilometres per hour. The speed of the canter varies between 16 and 27 kilometres per hour depending on the length of the horse's stride. A variation of the canter, seen in western riding, is called a lope, and is generally quite slow, no more than 13–19 kilometres per hour (8–12 mph).
Horses have appeared in works of art throughout history, frequently as depictions of the horse in battle. The horse appears less frequently in modern art, partly because the horse is no longer significant either as a mode of transportation or as an implement of war. Most modern representations are of famous contemporary horses, artwork associated with horse racing, or artwork associated with the historic cowboy or Native American tradition of the American West. In the United Kingdom, depictions of fox hunting and nostalgic rural scenes involving horses continue to be made.
Lead refers to which set of legs, left or right, leads or advances forward to a greater extent when a quadruped animal is cantering, galloping, or leaping. The feet on the leading side touch the ground forward of its partner. On the "left lead", the animal's left legs lead. The choice of lead is of special interest in horse riding.
The chronophotographic gun is one of the ancestors of the movie camera. It was invented in 1882 by Étienne-Jules Marey, a French scientist and chronophotographer. It could shoot 12 images per second and it was the first invention to capture moving images on the same chronomatographic plate using a metal shutter.
The 1821 Derby at Epsom, or Horse Race is an 1821 painting by the French artist Théodore Géricault in the Louvre Museum, showing The Derby of that year.
The Horse in Motion is a series of cabinet cards by Eadweard Muybridge, including six cards that each show a sequential series of six to twelve "automatic electro-photographs" depicting the movement of a horse. Muybridge shot the photographs in June 1878. An additional card reprinted the single image of the horse "Occident" trotting at high speed, which had previously been published by Muybridge in 1877.
Jacob Davis Babcock Stillman (1819–1888) was personal physician to Leland Stanford, the eighth governor of California. He is "'credited with counseling Mrs. Stanford sufficiently so that after eighteen years of marriage, she bore a son, Leland Jr., in whose memory Stanford University was established by his father.' The nature of this miraculous counseling is not specified."
Palo Alto Stock Farm Horse Barn, also known as Stanford Red Barn or Stanford Stables, is located at present-day address 621 Fremont Road in Stanford, California. This barn was established c.1878-1880 and is an example of Victorian-era Stick-Eastlake style architecture, though the architect is unknown. Palo Alto Stock Farm Horse Barn has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1985. There are only two original buildings left from the Palo Alto Stock Farm: the red barn and the brick stable.
Animal Locomotion: An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements is a series of scientific photographs by Eadweard Muybridge made in 1884 and 1885 at the University of Pennsylvania, to study motion in animals. Published in July 9, 1887, the chronophotographic series comprised 781 collotype plates, each containing up to 36 pictures of the different phases of a specific motion of one subject.
Events in 1882 in animation.
Events in 1878 in animation.
Events in 1873 in animation.
References
- ↑ Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography, Volume 1. CRC Press, 2008; p.164+
- ↑ "Eadweard Muybridge and His Influence on Horse Art". Your-guide-to-gifts-for-horse-lovers.com. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ↑ Mitchell Leslie (May–June 2001). "The Man Who Stopped Time". Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ↑ Nail, Thomas (2019). Theory of the Image. Oxford University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0190924058 . Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ↑ Viscomi, Rick; Davies, Andy; Duran, Marcel (2015). Using WebPageTest: Web Performance Testing for Novices and Power Users. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1491902806.
- ↑ "Immagine 36 / Image 36 [ Birth certificate no 1169 serial A]" (in Italian). Archivio di Stato di Roma / States Archives in Rome > Antenati: Gli Archivi per la Ricerca Anagrafica / Ancestors: Archives for Research Registry. 16 April 1872. Retrieved 9 November 2016. Birth name Romolo Bachini.
- ↑ Roberto Chiti, Enrico Lancia (2005). Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film. Vol. 1. Gremese Editore. p. 42. ISBN 9788884403513.
- ↑ "La Stampa - Consultazione Archivio". Archiviolastampa.it. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ↑ The Animated Cartoon Factory - History of Animation Timeline
- ↑ Lambiek Comiclopedia biography.
- ↑ "Lucille La Verne, noted actress, 72". The New York Times. March 4, 1945. p. 21. ProQuest 107039613 . Retrieved November 12, 2020– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Slethaug, p. 218.
- ↑ Dodge, Brent (February 2010). From Screen to Theme: A Guide to Disney Animated Film References Found ... – Brent Dodge – Google Boeken. Dog Ear. ISBN 9781608444083 . Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ↑ "10 Mind-Blowing Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | Oh My Disney". Blogs.disney.com. April 21, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
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