1855 in animation

Years in animation:	1852   1853   1854   1855   1856   1857   1858
Centuries:	18th century  ·  19th century  ·  20th century
Decades:	1820s   1830s   1840s   1850s   1860s   1870s   1880s
Years:	1852   1853   1854   1855   1856   1857   1858

Events in 1855 in animation.

Events

• August 12: The Afonso Henriques Theatre was inaugurated with a masquerade ball. ^[1] It was baptized with the name of Portugal's first king, Dom Afonso Henriques, making official the name Theatro Dom Affonso Henriques, later modified due to various orthographic reforms. ^[2] The theatre contributed to the completion of the Santos Passos Church by donating funds received from plays and magic lantern slide shows. ^[3]
• Specific date unknown:
  • In 1855, the Austrian-German physiologist Johann Nepomuk Czermak published an article about his Stereophoroskop and other experiments aimed at stereoscopic moving images. He mentioned a method of sticking needles in a stroboscopic disc so that it looked like one needle was being pushed in and out of the cardboard when animated. He realized that this method provided basically endless possibilities to make different 3D animations. He then introduced two methods to animate stereoscopic pairs of images, one was basically a stereo viewer using two stroboscopic discs and the other was more or less similar to the later zoetrope. Czermak explained how suitable stereoscopic photographs could be made by recording a series of models, for instance to animate a growing pyramid. ^[4]
  • In 1855, the physician John Snow used a dot map to visualise the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. ^[5] It is an early two-dimensional example of scientific visualization, and it prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques that use computer graphics. ^[6] Snow collected data about the individual cases of the cholera outbreak, especially their location in Soho, using nascent methods of spatial analysis and contact tracing to conclude that contaminated water was the disease vector, and successfully had the source shut off. ^[7] The map that accompanied his 1855 report showed individual cases, stacked at each house location, clearly showing a concentration around the Broad Street Pump as well as gaps in locations that had other water sources. ^[8]
  • Publication of Al-Saq ‘ala al-Saq (1855) by Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq. It is a modern example of the maqama genre of picaresque short stories. ^{[9] [10] [11]} The illustrations of the genre tend to share formal qualities with the art of shadow play. ^[12] Shadow plays are considered a precursor to silhouette animation. ^[13]
  • In 1855, Count Franz Graf von Pocci and Josef Leonhard Schmid established the Munich Marionette Theatre in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Pocci hired the premises, drew stage curtains and designs, and wrote pieces for the hero of Schmid's shows, Kasperl Larifari, a descendant of Hans Wurst and all the classical comic figures in traditional European puppetry. This collaboration was highly influential and is credited with inspiring the formation of other theaters. ^[14] Pocci was a shadow puppeteer, and he wrote countless puppet plays and children's stories. ^[15]

Births

August

• August 17: Wilhelm Grube, German sinologist and ethnographer, (provided the German translations of a set of Chinese shadow play scripts), (d. 1908). ^[16]

December

• December: R. E. O'Callaghan, English vegetarianism activist, lecturer and writer (O'Callaghan gained recognition for his effective lectures on vegetarianism, often enhanced with illustrations by using a magic lantern), (d. 1936). ^{[17] [18]}

Specific date unknown

• Jean de Paleologu, Romanian illustrator, painter, and poster artist, (created advertisements and publicity material for the American film industry and animation industry), (d. 1942). ^{[19] [20]}
• Henry Underhill, English artist, photographer, and amateur scientist, (co-founder and president of the Oxfordshire Natural History Society, gave lectures on a variety of scientific topics. All of his lectures were illustrated by his hand-painted and photographic magic lantern slides. He also illustrated folk tales from England, Russia, Japan and Ireland. The Folklore Society holds a collection of over 300 of Underhill's folk tale magic lantern slides), (d. 1920). ^{[21] [22] [23]}

References

1. Moraes, Maria Adelaide Pereira de (2001). Velhas Casas de Guimarães[Old Houses of Guimarães] (in European Portuguese). Vol. II. Porto: Centro de Estudos de Geneologia, Heráldica e História da Família da Universidade Moderna do Porto. p. 815. ISBN   972-8682-11-5.
2. Sousa Bastos, Antonio (1908). Diccionario do theatro portuguez (in Portuguese). Robarts – University of Toronto. Lisboa Imprensa Libanio da Silva. p. 331.
3. Caldas, Antonio José Ferreira (1881). Guimarães: apontamentos para a sua historia (in Portuguese). Typ. de A. J. da Silva Teixeira. pp. 153–156. Archived from the original on 2024-07-08. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
4. Czermak (1855). "Das Stereophoroskop" (in German).
5. Michael Friendly (2008). "Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization".
6. Thomas G.West (February 1999). "Images and reversals: James Clerk Maxwell, working in wet clay" . ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 33 (1): 15–17. doi:10.1145/563666.563671. S2CID   13968486.
7. Johnson, Steven (2007). The Ghost Map: The story of London's most terrifying epidemic – and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world. Riverhead Books.
8. Snow, John (1855). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill.
9. Meisami, J.S.; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 54–56. ISBN   0415185718.
10. Qian, A. (2012). The Maqāmah as Prosimetrum: A Comparative Investigation of its Origin, Form and Function [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Pennsylvania.
11. Omri, Mohamed-Salah (2008). "Local Narrative Form and Construction of the Arabic Novel" . Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 41 (2/3): 244–263. doi:10.1215/ddnov.041020244. JSTOR   40267737.
12. Roxburgh, David J. (2014-01-31). "In Pursuit of Shadows: Al-Hariri's Maqāmāt" . Muqarnas Online. 30 (1): 171–212. doi:10.1163/22118993-0301P0009. ISSN   0732-2992.
13. Jouvanceau, Pierre (2004). The Silhouette Film. Pagine di Chiavari. trans. Kitson. Genoa: Le Mani. ISBN   88-8012-299-1.
14. Salzburg Marionetten Theatre, p. 11
15. Bad Toelz, The History of the Bad Toelz Marionette Theatre, p. 1
16. Chavannes, Édouard (1908). "Nécrologie : Le professeur Wilhelm Grube". T'oung Pao. Second Series. 9 (4): 593–595.
17. "Births Dec 1855". FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 2024-06-21.
18. Forward, Charles Walter (1898). Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England. London; Manchester: The Ideal Publishing Union; The Vegetarian Society. p.  148.
19. "PAL (Jean de Paléologue) (1860 - 1942)". Cerutti Miller Online. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
20. BnF Notice d'autorité personne. Saur 2000, vol. 7, p. 533 says Paleologue died in Miami.
21. Harlan, Debi; Price, Megan (2003). "Henry Underhill: Entomologist, Grocer, Antiquarian and Magic Lantern Artist". The New Magic Lantern Journal. 9 (4): 51–53.
22. Wood, Juliette (2012). "Fairytales and the Magic Lantern: Henry Underhill's Lantern Slides in the Folklore Society Collection". Folklore. 123 (3): 254–263.
23. Price, Megan (2008). "H. M. J. Underhill (1855–1921); Oxford Antiquarian, Artist, and 'Provision Merchant'" (PDF). Oxoniensia . Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society: 99–119.

Sources

• Salzburg Marionetten Theater. Salzburg, Austria: Salzburg Marionette Theater. 2004.
• The Bad Toelz Theatre Company (2001). "The History of the Bad Toelz Theatre Company". The Bad Toelz Theatre Company. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2011.