1870s

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From left to right, clockwise: Conflicts start to increase between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia leading to the Franco-Prussian War in 1870; a fire in Chicago kills approximately 300 people and leaves about another 100,000 people homeless in 1871; Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise is recognized as the source of inspiration for the Impressionist movement; The U.S. Army is defeated by Arapaho, Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes during the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876; Nicolaus Otto patents the first commercial four-stroke internal combustion engine; Queen Victoria is recognized as the "Empress of India" in the Royal Titles Act 1876; Emirate of Afghanistan forces defend against British Raj invaders in the Second Anglo-Afghan War; British Empire and Zulu Kingdom fighters engage in combat during the Anglo-Zulu War. 1870s Montage.jpg
From left to right, clockwise: Conflicts start to increase between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia leading to the Franco-Prussian War in 1870; a fire in Chicago kills approximately 300 people and leaves about another 100,000 people homeless in 1871; Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise is recognized as the source of inspiration for the Impressionist movement ; The U.S. Army is defeated by Arapaho, Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes during the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876; Nicolaus Otto patents the first commercial four-stroke internal combustion engine ; Queen Victoria is recognized as the "Empress of India" in the Royal Titles Act 1876 ; Emirate of Afghanistan forces defend against British Raj invaders in the Second Anglo-Afghan War ; British Empire and Zulu Kingdom fighters engage in combat during the Anglo-Zulu War .

The 1870s (pronounced "eighteen-seventies") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1870, and ended on December 31, 1879.

Contents

The trends of the previous decade continued into this one, as great new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, though the Reconstruction era introduced its own legacies of bitterness and racial segregation in the country. Germany unified as a nation in 1871 and became the German Empire. Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of labor unions in order to demand better pay and working conditions, with strikes occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until World War I. The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement; the phonograph, telephone, and electric light bulb were all invented during the 1870s, though it would take several more decades before they became household items.

The last living person from this decade, Jeanne Calment, died in 1997.

Politics and wars

Wars

Colonization, decolonization, and independence

Political and social events

Science and technology

Franco-Prussian War Lignedefeu16August.jpg
Franco-Prussian War
Photograph of Thomas Edison with his phonograph, taken by Mathew Brady in 1877 Edison and phonograph edit1.jpg
Photograph of Thomas Edison with his phonograph, taken by Mathew Brady in 1877
The first version of the light bulb was invented by Edison in 1879 Light Bulb.jpg
The first version of the light bulb was invented by Edison in 1879

Environment

Literature and arts

Fashion

People

Politics

Famous and infamous people

Births

1870

Ernst Barlach ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg
Ernst Barlach
Gustav Bauer Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J0113-0500-001, Gustav Bauer.jpg
Gustav Bauer
Hamaguchi Osachi Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi photograph.jpg
Hamaguchi Osachi
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin.jpg
Vladimir Lenin
Franz Lehar Bain News Service - Franz Lehar.jpg
Franz Lehár
Maria Montessori Maria Montessori1913.jpg
Maria Montessori
Georges Claude Georges Claude 1926.jpg
Georges Claude

1871

James Weldon Johnson (Portrait of James Weldon Johnson) (LOC) - Flickr - The Library of Congress.jpg
James Weldon Johnson
Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert face.jpg
Friedrich Ebert
Birdie Blye BIRDIE BLYE.jpg
Birdie Blye
Heinrich Mann Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R98911, Heinrich Mann.jpg
Heinrich Mann
Christian Morgenstern Morgenstern-h420.jpg
Christian Morgenstern
Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach Ernst Stromer.jpg
Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach
Marcel Proust Marcel Proust vers 1895.jpg
Marcel Proust
Orville Wright Orville Wright-1928.jpg
Orville Wright
Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford LOC.jpg
Ernest Rutherford
Pietro Badoglio Pietro Badoglio 3.jpg
Pietro Badoglio

1872 * January 6 Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)

Ladislas Lazaro Ladislas Lazaro.jpg
Ladislas Lazaro
Paul Laurence Dunbar Paul Laurence Dunbar circa 1890.jpg
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge cph.3g10777 (cropped).jpg
Calvin Coolidge
Roald Amundsen Amundsen in fur skins.jpg
Roald Amundsen
Aubrey Beardsley Aubrey Beardsley ca. 1895.jpg
Aubrey Beardsley
Louisa Martindale Louisa Martindale, President of the Medical Women's Federation.jpg
Louisa Martindale
Maude Adams Maude Adams1.jpg
Maude Adams

1873

Adolph Zukor Adolph Zukor 001.jpg
Adolph Zukor
Melitta Bentz Melitta Bentz.jpg
Melitta Bentz
Enrico Caruso Enrico Caruso XV.png
Enrico Caruso
Sergei Rachmaninoff Sergei Rachmaninoff cph.3a40575.jpg
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Hans Berger HansBerger Univ Jena.jpeg
Hans Berger
Otto Loewi Otto Loewi nobel.jpg
Otto Loewi
Alexis Carrel Alexis Carrel 02.jpg
Alexis Carrel
Prince Yamashina Kikumaro HIH Yamashina Kikumaro on Yagumo.jpg
Prince Yamashina Kikumaro
Karl Schwarzschild Schwarzschild.jpg
Karl Schwarzschild
Ramon Castillo Ramoncastillo.jpg
Ramón Castillo

1874

John D. Rockefeller Jr. John D. Rockefeller Jr. cph.3a03736.jpg
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Honus Wagner Honus Wagner (crop).JPG
Honus Wagner
Harry Houdini HarryHoudini1899.jpg
Harry Houdini
Robert Frost Robert Frost NYWTS.jpg
Robert Frost
Lou Henry Hoover Louhenryhoover.jpg
Lou Henry Hoover
Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marconi.jpg
Guglielmo Marconi
Howard Carter Howard carter.jpg
Howard Carter
Herbert Hoover President Hoover portrait.jpg
Herbert Hoover
Carl Bosch Carl Bosch.jpg
Carl Bosch
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg
Winston Churchill
William Lyon Mackenzie King WLMackenzieKing.jpg
William Lyon Mackenzie King

1875

Thomas Hicks 1904 Thomas J Hicks.jpg
Thomas Hicks
King Ibn Saud Ibn Saud.png
King Ibn Saud
Albert Schweitzer Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D0116-0041-019, Albert Schweitzer.jpg
Albert Schweitzer
Jeanne Calment JeanneCalmentaged40.jpg
Jeanne Calment
Syngman Rhee Rhee Syng-Man in 1948.jpg
Syngman Rhee
Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya.jpg
Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya
Thomas Mann Thomas Mann 1937.jpg
Thomas Mann
Carl Jung Jung 1910-crop.jpg
Carl Jung
Katharine McCormick Suffragists Mrs. Stanley McCormick and Mrs. Charles Parker, April 22, 1913.jpg
Katharine McCormick
Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis photo portrait.jpg
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
Gregorio del Pilar PH nhi gregorio del pilar.jpg
Gregorio del Pilar
Theodor Innitzer Theodor Kardinal Innitzer -001-.jpg
Theodor Innitzer

1876

Konrad Adenauer Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg
Konrad Adenauer
Otto Diels Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg
Otto Diels
Pope Pius XII Pius PP XII.jpg
Pope Pius XII
Oskar Fischer Oskar Fischer.JPG
Oskar Fischer
Erich Raeder Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1980-128-63, Erich Raeder.jpg
Erich Raeder
Wilhelm Cuno Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2002-0625-505, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno.jpg
Wilhelm Cuno
Alphaeus Philemon Cole Al'fius Fileimon Koul. 1920 god..jpg
Alphaeus Philemon Cole
Mata Hari Mata Hari 2.jpg
Mata Hari
Karl Leopold von Moller Karl von Moller.jpg
Karl Leopold von Möller
Adolf Windaus Windaus.jpg
Adolf Windaus

1877

Edmund Landau Edmund Landau.jpg
Edmund Landau
Pascual Ortiz Rubio Pascual Ortiz Rubio (cropped).jpg
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
James Montgomery Flagg James Montgomery Flagg (1).jpg
James Montgomery Flagg
Hermann Hesse Hermann Hesse 2.jpg
Hermann Hesse
George Hackenschmidt Georg Hackenschmidt.jpg
George Hackenschmidt
John Latham John Latham 1931.jpg
John Latham
Frederick Soddy Frederick Soddy.jpg
Frederick Soddy
Enrico De Nicola Enrico De Nicola (cropped).jpg
Enrico De Nicola
Edward Ellington Marshal of the RAF Sir Edward Ellington.jpg
Edward Ellington

1878

Carl Sandburg Carl Sandburg NYWTS.jpg
Carl Sandburg
Theodoros Pangalos Theodoros Pangalos.jpg
Theodoros Pangalos
Gordon Coates Joseph Gordon Coates, 1931.jpg
Gordon Coates
Koki Hirota Kohki Hirota suit cropped.jpg
Kōki Hirota
Vicente Mejia Colindres Vicente Mejia Colindres.jpg
Vicente Mejía Colindres
Lionel Barrymore Lionel Barrymore 2.jpg
Lionel Barrymore
Roy Atwell Roy Atwell, from The Little Broadcast (1933).png
Roy Atwell
Gustav Stresemann Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-040-27, Gustav Stresemann.jpg
Gustav Stresemann
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark Princess Ingeborg of Denmark.jpg
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark
Alfred Doblin Alfred Doeblin 1930.jpg
Alfred Döblin
Lise Meitner Lise Meitner (1878-1968), lecturing at Catholic University, Washington, D.C., 1946.jpg
Lise Meitner
Joseph Stalin Stalin Full Image.jpg
Joseph Stalin

1879

Grace Coolidge Grace Coolidge 1924.jpg
Grace Coolidge
Otto Hahn Otto Hahn (Nobel).jpg
Otto Hahn
Albert Einstein Einstein 1933.jpg
Albert Einstein
Ahmad Nami Ahmad nami.jpg
Ahmad Nami
Kartini COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van Raden Ajeng Kartini TMnr 10018776.jpg
Kartini
Richard Weisz Richard Weisz 1908 matchbox label 2.jpg
Richárd Weisz
Georgia Ann Robinson Georgia Ann Robinson.jpg
Georgia Ann Robinson
Emperor Taisho Emperor Taisho (cropped).jpg
Emperor Taishō
Joseph Wirth Bundesarchiv Bild 146III-105, Joseph Wirth.jpg
Joseph Wirth
Joseph Lyons Joseph Lyons.jpg
Joseph Lyons
Emiliano Zapata Emiliano Zapata.tiff
Emiliano Zapata
Max von Laue Bundesarchiv Bild 183-U0205-502, Max von Laue.jpg
Max von Laue
Leon Trotsky Trotsky Portrait.jpg
Leon Trotsky
Paul Klee Paul Klee 1911.jpg
Paul Klee
Prudencia Grifell Prudencia Grifell c. 1904 (cropped).jpg
Prudencia Grifell

Deaths

1870

Francisco Solano Lopez Lopez1870.jpg
Francisco Solano López
Charles Dickens Dickens Gurney head.jpg
Charles Dickens
Aasmund Olavsson Vinje Portrett av forfatter Aasmund Olavsson Vinje.jpg
Aasmund Olavsson Vinje
Alexandre Dumas, pere Nadar - Alexander Dumas pere (1802-1870) - Google Art Project 2.jpg
Alexandre Dumas, père

1871

John Herschel Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored) levels.jpg
John Herschel
Samuel Harvey Taylor Samuel Taylor.png
Samuel Harvey Taylor
Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso by Henri Lehmann.jpg
Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso

1872

Hugo von Mohl Hugo von mohl.jpg
Hugo von Mohl
Jonathan Letterman Letterman.jpg
Jonathan Letterman
Samuel Morse Samuel Morse 1840.jpg
Samuel Morse
James Gordon Bennett Sr. James Gordon Bennett Sr.jpg
James Gordon Bennett Sr.
Ludwig Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg
Ludwig Feuerbach
Lady Beaconsfield Mary anne disraeli.JPG
Lady Beaconsfield
Aleksis Kivi Aleksis Kivi.jpg
Aleksis Kivi

1873

Napoleon III Alexandre Cabanel 002.jpg
Napoleon III
Justus von Liebig Justus von Liebig NIH.jpg
Justus von Liebig
David Livingstone David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg
David Livingstone
Johan Gabriel Stahlberg Johan Gabriel Stahlberg.jpg
Johan Gabriel Ståhlberg

1874

Moritz von Jacobi Moritz Hermann von Jacobi 1856.jpg
Moritz von Jacobi
Anders Jonas Angstrom Anders Jonas Angstrom - 001.png
Anders Jonas Ångström

1875

Tongzhi Emperor Qing Yi Ming  <<Qing Mu Zong Tong Zhi Huang Di Zhao Fu Xiang >> .jpg
Tongzhi Emperor
Jean-Francois Millet Jean-Francois Millet by Nadar, Metropolitan Museum copy.jpg
Jean-François Millet
Georges Bizet Georges bizet.jpg
Georges Bizet
Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Brullov AKTolstoy.jpg
Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
Maximilian Piotrowski Maksymilian Antoni Piotrowski - Autoportret z paleta 1849.jpg
Maximilian Piotrowski

1876

General George Armstrong Custer Custer Bvt MG Geo A 1865 LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg
General George Armstrong Custer
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Wild Bill Hickok Wild Bill Hickok sepia.png
Wild Bill Hickok

1877

Cornelius Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt Daguerrotype2.jpg
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Henrietta A. Bingham Henrietta A. Bingham.png
Henrietta A. Bingham
J. L. Runeberg Johan Ludvig Runeberg 1893.jpg
J. L. Runeberg
Sophie of Wurttemberg Koningin Sophie Wurttemberg.jpg
Sophie of Württemberg

1878

Victor Emmanuel II VictorEmmanuel2.jpg
Victor Emmanuel II
Pope Pius IX Pius IX, by Adolphe Braun, 1875.jpg
Pope Pius IX
Anna Sewell Anna Sewell.jpg
Anna Sewell
William Cullen Bryant William Cullen Bryant Cabinet Card by Mora-crop.jpg
William Cullen Bryant
Saint Mariam Baouardy Mirjam Abbelin 4.jpg
Saint Mariam Baouardy

1879

Heinrich Geissler Heinrich Geissler.jpg
Heinrich Geissler
Saint Bernadette Soubirous Bernadette Soubirous.jpg
Saint Bernadette Soubirous
Sarah Hale Sarah Hale portrait.jpg
Sarah Hale
Miguel Grau Miguel Maria Grau Seminario.jpg
Miguel Grau
James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell big.jpg
James Clerk Maxwell
Louisa McCord Louisa S. McCord.png
Louisa McCord

See also

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Further reading