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The magic lantern, also known by its Latin name lanterna magica, was an early type of image projector that used pictures—paintings, prints, or photographs—on transparent plates, one or more lenses, and a light source. Because a single lens inverts an image projected through it, slides were inserted upside down in the magic lantern, rendering the projected image correctly oriented.
A zoetrope is a pre-film animation device that produces the illusion of motion, by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. A zoetrope is a cylindrical variant of the phénakisticope, an apparatus suggested after the stroboscopic discs were introduced in 1833. The definitive version of the zoetrope, with replaceable film picture film strips, was introduced as a toy by Milton Bradley in 1866 and became very successful.
A stereopticon is a slide projector or relatively powerful "magic lantern", which has two lenses, usually one above the other, and has mainly been used to project photographic images. These devices date back to the mid 19th century, and were a popular form of entertainment and education before the advent of moving pictures.
A stereoscope is a device for viewing a stereoscopic pair of separate images, depicting left-eye and right-eye views of the same scene, as a single three-dimensional image.
A slide show, or slideshow, is a presentation of a series of still images (slides) on a projection screen or electronic display device, typically in a prearranged sequence. The changes may be automatic and at regular intervals or they may be manually controlled by a presenter or the viewer. Slide shows originally consisted of a series of individual photographic slides projected onto a screen with a slide projector. When referring to the video or computer-based visual equivalent, in which the slides are not individual physical objects.
The megalethoscope is a larger version (mega-) of the alethoscope, which it largely superseded, and both are instruments for viewing single photographs with a lens to enlarge and to create some illusion of three-dimensionality. They were used to view photographic albumen prints that were coloured, perforated and mounted on a curved frame. Night effects were achieved when viewing pictures in transmitted light from a fitted oil or kerosine lamp and a daytime version of the same scene was seen when lit by the reflected light from two side mirrors. They are sophisticated versions of the peep show, and were designed by Carlo Ponti of Venice before 1862. Lke the similar graphoscope which descends from the eighteenth century zograscope predating photography, these devices were, and are, often confused with the stereoscope which was of a different design and effect. Improvements to the megalethoscope over the alethoscope, mainly the addition of a compound lens, are detailed in The Practical Mechanic's Journal of 1867.
The history of photography began with the discovery of two critical principles: The first is camera obscura image projection, the second is the discovery that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. There are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate any attempt to capture images with light sensitive materials prior to the 18th century.
Precursors of film are concepts and devices that have much in common with the later art and techniques of cinema.
James Wallace Black, known professionally as J.W. Black, was an early American photographer whose career was marked by experimentation and innovation.
A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an external projection screen.
Owen Graystone Bird (1862–1943) was a British professional photographer, active during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some sources give his first name as William instead of Owen, however, all sources agree on the prominent use of Graystone. The cause of confusion about the correct form of Bird's full name is unclear, but it does not seem to be a case of multiple photographers using the names "Graystone" and "Bird" in combination, contemporaneously.
The history of film technology traces the development of techniques for the recording, construction and presentation of motion pictures. When the film medium came about in the 19th century, there already was a centuries old tradition of screening moving images through shadow play and the magic lantern that were very popular with audiences in many parts of the world. Especially the magic lantern influenced much of the projection technology, exhibition practices and cultural implementation of film. Between 1825 and 1840, the relevant technologies of stroboscopic animation, photography and stereoscopy were introduced. For much of the rest of the century, many engineers and inventors tried to combine all these new technologies and the much older technique of projection to create a complete illusion or a complete documentation of reality. Colour photography was usually included in these ambitions and the introduction of the phonograph in 1877 seemed to promise the addition of synchronized sound recordings. Between 1887 and 1894, the first successful short cinematographic presentations were established. The biggest popular breakthrough of the technology came in 1895 with the first projected movies that lasted longer than 10 seconds. During the first years after this breakthrough, most motion pictures lasted about 50 seconds, lacked synchronized sound and natural colour, and were mainly exhibited as novelty attractions. In the first decades of the 20th century, movies grew much longer and the medium quickly developed into one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment. The breakthrough of synchronized sound occurred at the end of the 1920s and that of full color motion picture film in the 1930s. By the start of the 21st century, physical film stock was being replaced with digital film technologies at both ends of the production chain by digital image sensors and projectors.
Barrier-grid animation or picket-fence animation is an animation effect created by moving a striped transparent overlay across an interlaced image. The barrier-grid technique originated in the late 1890s, overlapping with the development of parallax stereography (Relièphographie) for 3D autostereograms. The technique has also been used for color-changing pictures, but to a much lesser extent.
The solar camera, or solar enlarger, is an ancestor of the darkroom enlarger, and was used in the mid-to-late 19th century to make photographic enlargements from negatives.
Peter Hubert Desvignes (Born April 29, 1804, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire; died December 27, 1883, at Hither Green, Kent, England) was a civil engineer, architect, and inventor. While working for Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Desvignes oversaw the renovation and reconstruction of the Liechtenstein family seat in Austria. He is credited with inventing early versions of the spirograph and the zoetrope.
For the history of animation after the development of celluloid film, see history of animation.
Events in 1884 in animation.
Events in 1870 in animation.
Events in 1862 in animation.
References
- ↑ Zone, Ray (February 3, 2014). Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4589-1 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Medals and Honourable Mentions Awarded by the International Juries: With a ..." Her Majesty's Commissioners. April 10, 1862. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Hunt, Robert (1862). Handbook to the industrial department of the International exhibition, 1862.
- ↑ "The photographic news. v.3–4 (1859–1860)". HathiTrust. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
- ↑ Treen, Kristen. "Stereopticon" – via www.academia.edu.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Robinson, David (1996). From Peep Show to Palace: The Birth of American Film . Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10339-5.
- ↑ "Biunial and Triunial Magic Lanterns". De Luikerwaal. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ↑ Koch, Joe (2009). "A Refersher on German Toy Lanterns" (PDF). The Magic Lantern Gazette. 21 (3): 26. ISSN 1059-1249.
- ↑ "Lantern Slides". Magic Lantern Society. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
- 1 2 3 Dale, Rodney (1991) [1968]. Louis Wain: the man who drew cats. London: Michael O'Mara Books Limited in association with Chris Beetles Limited.