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Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection.
Rotoscoping is an animation technique that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action. Originally, live-action movie images were projected onto a glass panel and traced onto paper. This projection equipment is referred to as a rotoscope, developed by Polish-American animator Max Fleischer. This device was eventually replaced by computers, but the process is still called rotoscoping.
The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an important predecessor of the movie projector. It was conceived by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879. Muybridge used the projector in his public lectures from 1880 to 1895. The projector used 16" glass disks onto which Muybridge had an unidentified artist paint the sequences as silhouettes. This technique eliminated the backgrounds and enabled the creation of fanciful combinations and additional imaginary elements. Only one disk used photographic images, of a horse skeleton posed in different positions. A later series of 12″ discs, made in 1892–1894, used outlines drawn by Erwin F. Faber that were printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand. These colored discs were probably never used in Muybridge's lectures. All images of the known 71 disks, including those of the photographic disk, were rendered in elongated form to compensate the distortion of the projection. The projector was related to other projecting phenakistiscopes and used some slotted metal shutter discs that were interchangeable for different picture disks or different effects on the screen. The machine was hand-cranked.
Charles-Émile Reynaud was a French inventor, responsible for the praxinoscope and was responsible for the first projected animated films. His Pantomimes Lumineuses premiered on 28 October 1892 in Paris. His Théâtre Optique film system, patented in 1888, is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. The performances predated Auguste and Louis Lumière's first paid public screening of the cinematographe on 26 December 1895, often seen as the birth of cinema.
The phenakistiscope was the first widespread animation device that created a fluid illusion of motion. Dubbed Fantascope and Stroboscopische Scheiben by its inventors, it has been known under many other names until the French product name Phénakisticope became common. The phenakistiscope is regarded as one of the first forms of moving media entertainment that paved the way for the future motion picture and film industry. Similar to a GIF animation, it can only show a short continuous loop.
The decade of the 1880s in film involved significant events.
Symphonie diagonale, or Diagonal-Symphonie as its German title was, is a 1923 German film directed by Viking Eggeling.
The Horse in Motion is a series of cabinet cards by Eadweard Muybridge, including six cards that each show a sequential series of six to twelve "automatic electro-photographs" depicting the movement of a horse. Muybridge shot the photographs in June 1878. An additional card reprinted the single image of the horse "Occident" trotting at high speed, which had previously been published by Muybridge in 1877.
For the history of animation after the development of celluloid film, see history of animation.
Animal Locomotion: An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements is a series of scientific photographs by Eadweard Muybridge made in 1884 and 1885 at the University of Pennsylvania, to study motion in animals. Published in July 9, 1887, the chronophotographic series comprised 781 collotype plates, each containing up to 36 pictures of the different phases of a specific motion of one subject.
Events in 1893 in animation.
Events in 1887 in animation.
Events in 1885 in animation.
Events in 1884 in animation.
Events in 1883 in animation.
Events in 1882 in animation.
Events in 1879 in animation.
Events in 1877 in animation.
References
- ↑ Laurent Mannoni, The great art of light and shadow : archaeology of the cinema (1995)
- ↑ "Plasteline". sculpturetools.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008.
- ↑ Putman, Brenda, (1939). The Sculptor’s Way: A Guide to Modelling and Sculpture. Farrar & Rinehart, Inc, New York, p. 8
- ↑ Frierson, Michael (1993). "The Invention of Plasticine and the Use of Clay in Early Motion Pictures". Film History. 5 (2): 142–157. ISSN 0892-2160. JSTOR 27670717.
- ↑ "Eadward Muybridge (1830–1904)". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
- ↑ Lipton, Lenny (2021-04-07). The Cinema in Flux: The Evolution of Motion Picture Technology from the Magic Lantern to the Digital Era. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-1-0716-0951-4.
- ↑ "Compleat Eadweard Muybridge - Muy Blog 2009". www.stephenherbert.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018.
- ↑ Dixon, Bryony. "Smith, Percy (1880-1945)". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ↑ "Percy Smith". wildfilmhistory.org. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ↑ "Twenty famous films". Charles Urban. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- ↑ England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966 - Frank Percy Smith (1945) - Ancestry.com (subscription required)
- ↑ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 46. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7 . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- ↑ "Tony Sarg is Dead; Artist, Puppeteer" (PDF). The New York Times. New York City. 8 March 1942. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
- ↑ "The First Circus". US Library of Congress: American Memory. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
- ↑ "The First Circus". Silent Era: Progressive Silent Film List. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
- ↑ Craig Yoe (2008). Modern arf. Fantagraphics Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1560979128.
- ↑ Gaetana Marrone, Paolo Puppa (cured by) (26 December 2006). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. Routledge, 2006. ISBN 1135455309.
- ↑ "Antonio Rubino". Lambiek . Retrieved 12 October 2014.
- ↑ Juliet Kinchin, Aidan O'Connor (2012). Century of the Child: Growing by Design, 1900-2000. The Museum of Modern Art, 2012. ISBN 978-0870708268.
- ↑ "Earl Hurd".
- ↑ Telotte, J.P. (2010). Animating Space: From Mickey to WALL-E. University Press of Kentucky. p. 31. ISBN 9780813139791 . Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ↑ Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood cartoons : American animation in its golden age. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-19-503759-3.
- ↑ "Innovative Animators: Early American Animation Featured in American Memory". Library of Congress . Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's who in animated cartoons : an international guide to film & television's award-winning and legendary animators. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781557836717.
- ↑ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). Cartoons: One hundred years of cinema animation. Translated by Anna Taraboletti-Segre. Indiana University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-253-20937-4.
- ↑ Jerry Beck (1 October 2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press. pp. 257-. ISBN 978-156976-222-6.
- ↑ Motherwell, Robert (1981). The Dada Painters and Poets (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. xxxviii.
- ↑ "Symphonie Diagonale by Viking Eggeling". { feuilleton }. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ↑ Louise O'Konor, Viking Eggeling, 1880–1925, Artist and Filmmaker: Life and Work, translated by Catherine G. Sundström and Anne Libby, Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell, 1971.
- ↑ Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe, European Culture in a Changing World: Between Nationalism and Globalism, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2004
- ↑ Daniel Robbins, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, MoMA, 2009